Section 246

A Canadian REIT (the “Fund”) holds the units and notes of a subsidiary unit trust (“Sub-Trust”), whose principal asset is most of the partnership interests, other than exchangeable LP units, in a subsidiary LP (“Partnership”) which holds real estate and a corporate subsidiary (“Opco”).

The Fund first eliminates Sub-Trust by setting up a unit trust (“MFT”), transferring its assets to MFT under s. 107.4, distributing just enough units of MFT to its unitholders for MFT to qualify as a mutual fund trust, and then instigating a s. 132.2 merger of MFT into the Fund.

The Fund does not wish for Opco to pay corporate income tax. Had the Fund now held Opco directly, this would have been accomplished by incorporating a subsidiary (“MFC”), distributing relatively modest shareholdings in MFC to its unitholders sufficient to qualify MFC as a mutual fund corporation, amalgamating MFC and Opco so that Amalco MFC also qualifies as a mutual fund corporation, and then instigating the merger of Amalco MFC into the Fund under s. 132.2 – so that the former assets of Opco are now held directly by a REIT (the Fund).

A complicating factor is that Opco is held by the Partnership. Accordingly, the Partnership first transfers its Opco shares to MFC under s. 85(2) in consideration for most of the shares of MFC (so that Opco then can be vertically amalgamated with MFC). On the s.132.2 merger of Amalco MFC into the Fund, the Partnership renounces the receipt of the Fund units that otherwise would be receivable by it on the merger. CRA ruled that the Partnership will not realize any gain or loss on the disposition of its Fund units as a result of the renunciation because their proceeds of disposition should be equal to their ACB pursuant to s. 132.2(3)(g)(vi)(C)(I), and that none of the conferral-of-benefit provisions in the Act would apply.

Opco is held somewhat equally by three holding companies, each wholly-owned by an individual (A, B or C) who is unrelated to the others. Opco sells an asset to B’s child for 1/2 its fair market value. CRA found that:

• If the benefit conferred by Opco on B’s child was not also indirectly conferred by B’s holding company (Holdco B) on B or B’s child, then such benefit would be deemed by s. 15(1.4)(c) to be a benefit conferred on Holdco B by Opco, so that it would be included in Holdco B’s income.
• On the other hand, if the benefit had been indirectly conferred by Holdco B on B or B’s child (which CRA would generally infer if Holdco B influenced Opco’s conferral of the benefit), s. 246(1) could apply to include the benefit in B's income.
• If Holdco B had concurred in the benefit conferral, s. 56(2) could be an alternative basis for including the benefit in Holdco B’s income.

CRA did not discuss what criteria it would apply to determine whether it would assess Holdco B, or B, for the benefit (or even do both).

The only issued and outstanding share of Opco (which has retained earnings of $500,000) is 1 Class A common share, with a fair market value of $1,000,000 owned by Mr. A. Opco issues to Mrs. A, for nominal consideration, 1 non-voting Class B preferred share, which is redeemable and retractable “for the fair market value for which it is issued” and entitled to discretionary dividends as and when declared.

In Scenario 1, Opco immediately declares and pays out a $100,000 dividend on the Class B preferred share, which would have the effect of reducing the FMV of Opco and the 1 Class A common share by the same amount.

In Scenario 2, Opco does not declare and pay the $100,000 dividend until after it has earns an additional $100,000 of income, and the FMV of Opco after the dividend is at least $1,000,000.

What would be the consequences for Opco and its shareholders of such issuance and dividend? CRA appeared to indicate that it could be difficult to seek to apply s. 56(2) in light of Neuman, but it was more likely that s. 15(1) could be applied “particularly if the amount that is being paid by Mrs. A as consideration for the share does not represent the fair market value of such share at the time of subscription.” CRA then stated:

Alternatively, it may be possible that the circumstances of a particular situation would suggest that Mr. A rather than Opco is conferring the benefit to Mrs. A. If it could be demonstrated that there was a transfer of economic interest in Opco from Mr. A to Mrs. A similar to the situation...Kieboom...Mr. A would be considered to have disposed of a right, interest or right to dividends in Opco to Mrs. A. Under these circumstances, because Mr. A and Mrs. A are spouses, the automatic rollover provision in subsection 73(1) would apply such that the disposition of Mr. A’s economic interest would be at cost.

In…2011-0411491E5, CRA commented on an interest in a United States Limited Liability Corporation (LLC) held by an Alberta Unlimited Liability Corporation (AULC) owned by a Canadian resident individual. …[T]he individual would be subject to US taxation on…LLC income attributed to the AULC. CRA indicated that payment of these taxes on the individual's behalf would constitute a taxable benefit, either under S 15(1) if paid by AULC or under S 246(1) if paid by LLC. Can CRA explain the economic enrichment of the individual which it perceives to arise through the ownership structure? CRA responded:

[A]n amount paid by a corporation to its individual shareholder as a reimbursement of that shareholder's personal tax liability would result in an impoverishment of the corporation and an enrichment of the shareholder for purposes of subsection 15(1). A similar enrichment would result for purposes of subsection 246(1) where the shares are held by that individual indirectly through another corporation.

Corporation A, is wholly owned by Holdco, which has equal unrelated Shareholders 1, 2, 3 and 4. Corporation A disposes of a capital property to the spouse (who is not herself a shareholder) of Shareholder 4 at a price which is determined to be less than the property's fair market value. What are the consequences? After discussing the potential application of ss. 15(1.4)(c) and 56(2), CRA stated (TaxInterpretations translation):

…[Respecting s. 246(1)], it appears that if Holdco had made a payment directly to Shareholder 4, such payment would be required to be included in computing the income of Shareholder 4 pursuant to subsection 15(1). Accordingly, to the extent that subsection 246(1) was applicable, the value of the benefit that Holdco indirectly conferred on Shareholder 4 (through Corporation A) would be included in computing the income of the latter pursuant to paragraph 246(1)(a).

See summaries under s. 15(1.4)(c) and s. 56(2).

In a wholly-owned stacked structure of three Corporations (C holding D, holding E), Corporation E acquired an aircraft for business use but with some percentage use by Mr. A, the sole shareholder of Corporation C, and by his father (Mr. B), who also was the director of Corporations D and E. Was CRA required (as submitted by the taxpayer) to apply IT-160R3 (which was archived for the years under review, and then cancelled in September 2012), under which the taxable benefit to Mr. A was computed on the basis of the cost of a first class ticket for an equivalent trip or should the benefit be based on the quantum of the denied expenses of Corporation E (based on application to those expenses of the personal-use percentage)?

The Directorate stated (TaxInterpretations translation, para. 23) that " we agree with you that section 246(1) applies to your file” (at para. 30), and that "the benefit for the personal use of the Aircraft is conferred on Mr. A in his capacity as shareholder and on Mr. B. in his capacity as being related to shareholder Mr. A.” and that "subsection 15(1) do not apply to a situation where a benefit is conferred…on an indirect shareholder” Although "it does not seem clear … considering that Corporation E conferred the benefit, that it is possible to justify an inclusion in income under subsection 246(1). However, … subsection 246(1) may apply … if it were established that Corporation C conferred the benefit for the personal use of the Aircraft.”(para. 32)." In particular (paras. 33, 34):

… Although it can be shown that Corporation E conferred a benefit on Mr. A, the value of the benefit would not be included in computing Mr. A’s income … if it was a payment made directly to Mr. A, since Mr. A is not a shareholder of Corporation E. From that perspective, subsection 246(1) does not apply to a benefit conferred by Corporation E on Mr. A …

However, in … Masicotte the judge concluded that subsection 246(1) could apply when a corporation confers a benefit on an indirect shareholder.

In order to consider that:

Corporation C confers directly or indirectly a benefit on Mr. A…it imust be shown that Corporation C has an influence on Corporation E. (para. 35)

This condition was satisfied in light of the control of Corporations C and E by Mr. A.

[T]he value of the benefit conferred on Mr. B cannot be included in his income under subsection 246(1), because…if Corporation C had made a payment directly to Mr. B, this payment would not have been included in computing the income of Mr. B by virtue of subsection 15(1) or paragraph 6(1)(a)… .

Under paragraph 15(1.4)(c), the benefit conferred on Mr. B by Corporation B would instead be a benefit conferred on Mr. A, who is a shareholder of Corporation C, since Mr. B is not dealing at arm’s length with Mr. A. Therefore, for this benefit, subsection 246(1) should be applied because Corporation C conferred a benefit on Mr. A.

However, for a benefit conferred on Mr. B before November 1, 2011…it would not be possible to include [it] in the income of Mr. B or Mr. A… (paras. 36-38).

After discussing Youngman, Fingold, Schroter and Anthony (and before discussing Spence to the same effect), the Directorate stated (at para. 57):

[T]he value of the benefit for Mr. A and Mr. B for the personal use of the Aircraft should correspond to the FMV and not to the cost to Corporation E.

These decisions were more authoritative and helpful than decisions dealing specifically with personal aircraft use (paras. 66-67). However (at para. 77):

[T]he aircraft operating costs and the CCA denied to Corporation E can be used to establish the value of the benefit conferred on Mr. A and Mr. B., to the extent that it can be demonstrated that this value approximates the FMV of the benefit received.

Respecting IT-160R3, the Directorate noted that as the personal usage percentage was under 33%, para. 5 thereof did not apply but that, in light of the level of operating expenses, referencing the price of first class tickets for comparable trips would result in too low an estimate of the taxable benefits – so that the guidelines in IT-160R3, paras. 3-5 should not be followed. Instead, the more general guideline in para. 1 “to determine the value of the benefit based on what is reasonable” should be followed, so that “the value of the benefit for the personal use of the Aircraft should be determined based on the FMV of the benefit received.”(para. 91). "[T]he FMV corresponds to the amount the shareholder would have paid under similar circumstances to receive the same benefit from a corporation of which he was not a shareholder.”(para. 99).

A taxable Canadian corporation (Holdco) which is wholly-owned by a trust of which Mr. A is the sole trustee and is a discretionary beneficiary, makes an interest-free loan to another taxable Canadian corporation (Investco) of which Mr. A is the sole shareholder. In finding that this did not give rise to a taxable benefit, CRA indicated that:

• "for the purposes of 15(1) we have generally not considered that a benefit is conferred on a shareholder by reason of the making of a loan to that shareholder…[except] where, for example, there is no reasonable expectation of repayment of the loan amount"
• furthermore, applying s. 15(1) also is problematic as the "loan has been made to Investco, which is not, itself, a shareholder of Holdco"
• "since the amount advanced by Holdco to Investco was a "loan", there is no "payment" that would be considered to have been made that would allow the provisions of s. 56(2) to apply to include the loan amount in the income of Mr. A"
• unlike Massicotte, the case "does not involve a holder of shares of a parent corporation obtaining a benefit from a subsidiary corporation"
• s. 246(1) "does not permit characterizing a loan to a corporation as, instead, one made to the individual who controls that corporation in order to then calculate a benefit under paragraph 80.4(2"
• As there have been no relevant changes since Cooper, s. 105(1) "would not be considered favourably as a ground for including a foregone interest benefit in the income of Mr. A"

A Canadian-resident individual owns all the shares of an Alberta unlimited liability company which, in turn, owns a majority of the membership units of a US LLC. As a result of both corporations being fiscally transparent entities under US tax law, the individual is required under US tax law to pay tax on his proportionate share of the income of the LLC.

The determination of the management of the LLC to pay the US tax liability of the individual would result in an income inclusion to the individual under s. 246(1) given that a payment of that amount by the Alberta ULC would have resulted in an income inclusion under s. 15(1).

In a situation where a second-tier subsidiary provides a benefit to the shareholder of a first-tier corporation, s. 246(1) can be applied on its own to assess the taxpayer for that benefit. (If the first-tier corporation had provided the benefit directly, the benefit would have been taxable under s. 15(1).)

"It our general position that the term 'shareholder' as used in subsection 15(1) of the Act would not include a person who indirectly controls a corporation through a holding corporation. Although the provisions of subsection 15(1) of the Act would not normally apply in respect of the value of any benefit conferred by a corporation on an indirect shareholder, the provisions of subsection 246(1) of the Act could apply to include the amount of the benefit in the hands of the indirect shareholder."

Re potential application of s. 246(1) to a holder of common shares where his father exchanges preferred shares of the corporation for preferred shares having a lower redemption amount and for options.