Docket: IMM-3644-16
Citation:
2017 FC 422
Ottawa, Ontario, April 28, 2017
PRESENT: The
Honourable Mr. Justice Gascon
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BETWEEN:
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LAP TRUNG
TRUONG
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Applicant
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and
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THE MINISTER OF
CITIZENSHIP AND IMMIGRATION
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Respondent
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JUDGMENT AND REASONS
I.
Overview
[1]
The applicant Mr. Lap Trung Truong wished to
sponsor his spouse, Mrs. Thuy Linh Thy Nguyen, for permanent residence in
Canada. An immigration officer dismissed Mr. Truong’s application on the
grounds that the marriage is not genuine, and that the couple has entered into
their relationship primarily for the purpose of obtaining status or privilege under
the Immigration and Refugee Protection Act, SC 2001, c 27. Therefore,
Mrs. Nguyen could not qualify as a member of the family class and be eligible for
sponsorship by Mr. Truong, as provided by subsection 4(1) of the Immigration
and Refugee Protection Regulations, SOR/2002-227.
[2]
Mr. Truong appealed the officer’s decision to
the Immigration Appeal Division [IAD] of the Immigration and Refugee Board of
Canada. In August 2016, the IAD dismissed Mr. Truong’s appeal, agreeing with
the officer’s conclusion that the marriage was motivated primarily by a desire
to obtain an immigration advantage.
[3]
Mr. Truong has applied to this Court for
judicial review of the IAD’s decision. He argues that the decision is
unreasonable because it failed to assess the evidence he had provided on the
genuineness of his marriage, misconstrued the facts and evidence presented, and
erroneously engaged in a microscopic analysis of the evidence. Mr. Truong asks
this Court to quash the decision and to send it back to the IAD for
redetermination by a different panel.
[4]
The only issue raised by Mr. Truong’s
application is whether the IAD’s decision is unreasonable.
[5]
Having considered the evidence before the IAD
and the applicable law, I can find no basis for overturning the decision. The
IAD’s decision was responsive to the evidence and the outcome is defensible
based on the facts and the law. It falls within the range of possible,
acceptable outcomes. I also find that the reasons for
the decision adequately explain how the IAD concluded that Mr. Truong’s
marriage to Mrs. Nguyen is not genuine and was entered into primarily for the
purpose of obtaining immigration status in Canada. I must therefore dismiss Mr. Truong’s application for judicial review.
II.
Background
A.
The factual context
[6]
Mr. Truong is a 46 years-old Canadian citizen of
Vietnamese origin, who landed in Canada in April 1991. From October 1999 to
somewhere between 2008 and 2010, Mr. Truong was in a common-law relationship
with another woman, with whom he had two sons. The children were born in May
2001 and May 2005. Mrs. Nguyen is a 45 years-old Vietnamese national, who was
previously married from September 2000 to August 2007. With her first husband,
she had a daughter born in May 1996.
[7]
Mr. Truong and Mrs. Nguyen met in 2009, through
Mrs. Nguyen’s brother, who is Mr. Truong’s roommate and co-worker at a
restaurant where Mr. Truong works part-time. Mr. Truong and Mrs. Nguyen initially
communicated via phone and yahoo-chat, and met in person in March 2010 when Mr.
Truong travelled to Vietnam. Mr. Truong stayed in Vietnam for three weeks,
during which he proposed to Mrs. Nguyen. She only accepted the proposal after
he returned to Canada.
[8]
In November 2010, Mr. Truong went back to
Vietnam for several weeks accompanied by his two sons from his previous
relationship. Mr. Truong, his children and Mrs. Nguyen all stayed at his
mother’s place in Vietnam for the duration of his visit. On December 17, 2010,
Mr. Truong and Mrs. Nguyen married in Vietnam. Mr. Truong’s two sons did not
attend the marriage ceremony and they in fact do not know that their father
remarried, as he is planning to tell them when they will be old enough to
understand and when his wife will come to Canada. Mr. Truong introduced Mrs. Nguyen
and her daughter to his sons as “auntie” and “auntie’s daughter”.
[9]
After the marriage, Mrs. Nguyen remained in
Vietnam and Mr. Truong came back to Canada. Mr. Truong returned to Vietnam
three times since then, in each of 2012, 2014, and 2015. Mr. Truong and Mrs.
Nguyen never had children together.
[10]
Mr. Truong applied to sponsor his wife and
step-daughter for permanent residence in May 2011. The sponsorship application
was rejected in December 2014 after Mrs. Nguyen’s initial screening and an
interview held in December 2013. The Global Case Management System’s notes
identified a number of concerns arising from Mrs. Nguyen’s interview. These
included: her limited knowledge about Mr. Truong’s life in Canada or his previous
common-law relationship; her inability to answer questions directly; the scarce
information supporting the genesis and evolution of her relationship with Mr.
Truong; the fact that Mr. Truong did not visit her for two years after the wedding;
the lack of satisfactory evidence about the severance of Mr. Truong’s
relationship with his former common-law partner; and the absence of Mr.
Truong’s mother at the marriage ceremony.
B.
The IAD decision
[11]
In its decision, the IAD analyzed the
genuineness of Mr. Truong’s marriage through several factors.
[12]
The IAD first concluded that there was
insufficient and inconsistent evidence about the genesis and evolution of Mr.
Truong and Mrs. Nguyen’s relationship, and about the end of the relationship
between Mr. Truong and his previous common-law partner. Mr. Truong and Mrs.
Nguyen both testified that Mr. Truong’s previous relationship ended in 2008,
but this was inconsistent with the documentary evidence revealing that it still
existed until at least February 2010. Neither Mr. Truong nor Mrs. Nguyen, in
the eyes of the IAD, provided a satisfactory explanation for this
inconsistency.
[13]
The IAD then noted that Mr. Truong testified
that he was living with his brother-in-law for about a year, before clarifying
that they had been living together, at the same address, for seven years.
However, Mrs. Nguyen provided evidence that her brother was living at a
different address when she completed her additional family information form.
When asked about the brother-in-law’s marital status, Mr. Truong indicated that
he was divorced, while Mrs. Nguyen mentioned that he was remarried and in the
process of sponsoring his spouse to Canada from China. As neither Mr. Truong
nor Mrs. Nguyen provided any explanation about this inconsistency, the IAD
inferred that at least one of them was not credible and that the two spouses did
not communicate with each other to the degree they claimed.
[14]
The IAD also observed that Mr. Truong said he
had two jobs, but had failed to include this on his sponsorship questionnaire. Mr.
Truong refused to take responsibility for his application documents, blaming those
who assisted him in completing the forms for all the inconsistencies they
contained, as well as for inconsistencies with his testimony. Referring to Robles
v Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration), 2003 FCT 374 [Robles]
at para 31, the IAD mentioned that absent exceptional circumstances, it should
be able to rely on the information provided through an applicant’s
representatives. The IAD also concluded that the contents of the questionnaires
can be relied upon in finding evidentiary inconsistencies, relying on Vieira
v Canada (Public Safety and Emergency Preparedness), 2007 FC 626 at para
29.The IAD concluded that the information provided on Mr. Truong’s behalf could
not be seen as meaningless and that, in the absence of evidence of
incompetence, Mr. Truong should be held accountable for the work of his
advisor.
[15]
The IAD then noted the discrepancies with regard
to Mr. Truong’s and Mrs. Nguyen’s first face-to-face meeting. Mr. Truong
claimed that he was met at the airport by his sister and Mrs. Nguyen and that
his sister introduced them, while Mrs. Nguyen explained that she was alone with
Mr. Truong. The IAD also detected inconsistencies regarding Mr. Truong’s sons’
knowledge of his marriage. Mr. Truong testified that his sons were still
ignorant up to the June 2016 hearing date. Mrs. Nguyen, on the other hand,
testified that the oldest son was aware of the marriage since he turned 15, a
few months before the hearing. No explanation was given regarding this
discrepancy, qualified as important by the IAD.
[16]
The IAD also had some problems with the fact
that Mr. Truong’s mother did not attend the marriage ceremony. Mr. Truong
testified that his mother’s health was such that she could not attend the
wedding. However, he provided no documentary evidence to that effect, and the
IAD observed that his mother was well enough to care for his two young sons so
that Mr. Truong and Mrs. Nguyen could have their honeymoon immediately
following the ceremony.
[17]
The IAD noted that the spouses’ respective
version of the proposal was different. Mrs. Nguyen said that Mr. Truong
proposed during his visit to Vietnam in March 2010, but that she only accepted
his proposal in September 2010. On the other hand, Mr. Truong indicated that
Mrs. Nguyen accepted the proposal in March 2010, within a week of Mr. Truong’s
return to Canada. The IAD further identified some discrepancies with regard to
Mr. Truong’s previous common-law relationship with the mother of his two sons.
Even though Mr. Truong alleged that he had no contact with her since 2008,
beyond arrangements to see the children, the evidence showed that they crossed
the United States border together in August 2011.
[18]
The IAD indicated that evidence of Mr. Truong
and Mrs. Nguyen’s financial integration was limited at best, but that financial
remittances increased after the refusal of the sponsorship application was
issued, leading it to conclude that the remittance documents had been provided
to bolster Mr. Truong’s appeal before the IAD. There was also little evidence
provided about any credible future plans together.
[19]
The IAD mentioned several times that the
evidence presented by both Mrs. Nguyen and Mr. Truong was not particularly
credible and trustworthy, given the numerous contradictions in several important
areas. The IAD observed that, if the evidence leads to a finding that the
marriage is not genuine, a presumption would apply that the marriage was
entered into primarily for the purpose of acquiring a status and it would
therefore not need to make a finding on this, citing Kaur v Canada
(Citizenship and Immigration), 2010 FC 417 [Kaur] at para 16. The
IAD therefore concluded that, on a balance of probabilities, the marriage was
not genuine, and that Mrs. Nguyen was therefore disqualified as a spouse.
C.
The standard of review
[20]
This Court has consistently held that decisions
of the IAD, as an expert tribunal, are to be assessed on the reasonableness
standard and are owed deference (Nguyen
v Canada (Citizenship and Immigration), 2016 FC 1207 [Nguyen] at para 11; Burton v
Canada (Citizenship and Immigration), 2016 FC 345 [Burton] at para
13). More specifically, whether a marriage is entered into for the primary
purpose of immigration is a question of mixed facts and law and a highly
factual determination, subject to review on a reasonableness standard (Burton at para 15; Bercasio v Canada (Citizenship and
Immigration), 2016 FC 244 [Bercasio] at para 17; Aburime v
Canada (Citizenship and Immigration), 2015 FC 194 at para 19).
[21]
When reviewing a decision
on the standard of reasonableness, the analysis is concerned “with the existence of justification,
transparency and intelligibility within the decision-making process”, and the IAD’s findings should not be
disturbed as long as the decision “falls within
a range of possible, acceptable outcomes which are defensible in respect of the
facts and law” (Dunsmuir v New Brunswick, 2008 SCC 9 [Dunsmuir]
at para 47). In conducting a reasonableness review of factual findings, it is
not the role of the Court to reweigh the evidence or the relative importance
given by the decision-maker to any relevant factor (Kanthasamy v Canada
(Citizenship and Immigration), 2014 FCA 113 at para 99). Under a
reasonableness standard, as long as the process and the outcome fit comfortably
with the principles of justification, transparency and intelligibility, and the
decision is supported by acceptable evidence that can be justified in fact and
in law, a reviewing court should not substitute its own view of a preferable
outcome (Newfoundland and Labrador Nurses' Union v Newfoundland and Labrador
(Treasury Board), 2011 SCC 62 [Newfoundland
Nurses] at para 17).
III.
Analysis
[22]
Mr. Truong submits that the IAD erred in
ignoring evidence that was credible and trustworthy and in misinterpreting the
evidence before it. He contends that the IAD’s decision was based on speculation
and conjecture, and that his evidence was wrongly rejected as not credible. Whether
it was for the discrepancy on the date of the proposal, the address of Mrs.
Nguyen’s brother, the absence of his mother at the wedding, or his entry in the
United States with his former partner in 2011, Mr. Truong contends that
reasonable explanations were given for all the contradictions raised by the
IAD, and that these contradictions should not have resulted in an adverse
credibility finding against him and Mrs. Nguyen. According to Mr. Truong,
relying on the inconsistencies constituted an over-exacting and microscopic
approach by the IAD.
[23]
Mr. Truong further submits that, if the evidence
is instead considered in its totality, it shows that, on a balance of
probabilities, he and Mrs. Nguyen are engaged in a genuine relationship that
has not been entered into primarily for immigration purposes. In the present
case, Mr. Truong and Mrs. Nguyen have similar backgrounds, are of Vietnamese
origin, speak the same language, are of similar age, have children, and they
both demonstrated knowledge of each other’s previous relationships, employment
status and background. There is also documentary proof of financial support, phone
bills, photographs of the wedding, and airline tickets and passport pages of
Mr. Truong confirming his visits in Vietnam. According to Mr. Truong, this
evidence was before the IAD and, in analyzing the totality of the evidence, it
was unreasonable for the IAD to conclude that the marriage was not genuine and
was entered primarily for immigration purposes.
[24]
Mr. Truong also pleads that he provided a
reasonable explanation regarding the discrepancies between his testimony and
the forms, considering that he relied on a consultant to fill out the forms and
did not verify the information before signing them.
[25]
I do not agree with Mr. Truong.
[26]
I acknowledge that Mr. Truong skillfully combed
through the IAD’s reasons, signaling portions of the evidence cited by the panel
which would have favored him and pointing out where the IAD failed to mention
other evidence. Mr. Truong also referred to several authorities in which the
Court was critical of reasons that did not cite all the evidence. However, I find Mr. Truong’s arguments unconvincing. They
merely boil down to an invitation to the Court to substitute itself to the
decision-maker. Unfortunately for Mr. Truong, this is not an appeal but a
judicial review.
[27]
Even if I were left with some doubt regarding some factual
determination made by the IAD, my role in a judicial review is not to make the
determinations that I might have made had I been in the shoes of the IAD.
Rather, it is to determine whether the determinations of the IAD were
reasonable and fall within the range of possible, acceptable outcomes (Dunsmuir
at para 47). Many questions that come before administrative tribunals such
as the IAD do not lend themselves to one specific, particular result. Instead,
they may give rise to a number of possible, reasonable conclusions. But reasonableness
is a deferential standard and tribunals “have a margin of appreciation within the range of acceptable and
rational solutions” (Dunsmuir at para 47; Newfoundland Nurses at para 13).
[28]
The issue is not whether the IAD’s decision
meets the standard or the level of detail that Mr. Truong wished it would have
contained; the issue is whether the decision meets the requirements of
reasonableness. The IAD may not have referred to some evidence as clearly as
Mr. Truong would have preferred, but this is not a ground for judicial review. Reasonableness, not perfection, is the
standard. In the same vein, the question is not whether
the explanations or views offered by Mr. Truong might be a reasonable reading
of the evidence. The question is whether the conclusions reached by the IAD
fall within the range of possible, acceptable outcomes. The fact that there
could be other plausible or reasonable options, and that one of them could be supporting
the genuineness of Mr. Truong’s relationship with Mrs. Nguyen, does not imply that
the interpretation retained by the IAD was unreasonable.
[29]
A recurring theme in the jurisprudence respecting
citizenship matters such as applications for spousal sponsorship is that each
case is fact-specific and must be determined on its own merits. In this case, the IAD did not ignore the evidence. It simply found
it insufficient to demonstrate the existence of a genuine relationship between
Mr. Truong and Mrs. Nguyen. It is well established that the onus is on an
applicant to demonstrate that a marriage is genuine. Mr. Truong’s disagreement
with the weight afforded to the evidence he presented does not raise an error
warranting this Court’s intervention. The IAD instead drew, in my view,
reasonable inferences from the inconsistencies in the evidence.
[30]
I find that there was considerable evidence to
support the IAD’s determinations. Among the numerous
inconsistencies found by the IAD, I can mention the following: inconsistency
between Mr. Truong’s former common-law spouse and Mr. Truong’s testimony
regarding the end of his former relationship; inconsistent evidence given by
Mr. Truong and Mrs. Nguyen regarding the marital status and the address of Mrs.
Nguyen’s brother; inconsistent evidence given by Mr. Truong and Mrs. Nguyen
regarding their first in-person meeting and whether anyone else was present;
and inconsistent evidence given by Mr. Truong and Mrs. Nguyen regarding whether
Mr. Truong’s sons were aware of the marriage.
[31]
On virtually every point, Mr. Truong offers an
alternative interpretation. For the discrepancy on the date of the proposal, he
contends that Mrs. Nguyen said numerous times that the marriage proposal was in
March 2010, but that the interpreter kept saying it was in September 2010
during the interview, and that Mrs. Nguyen herself did not fill out the forms. With
respect to the discrepancy regarding the address of Mrs. Nguyen’s brother, Mr.
Truong submits that Mrs. Nguyen’s brother was living with his girlfriend at her
address during a period of time in 2011 and that he does not know why Mrs.
Nguyen listed her brother’s address as living elsewhere than with him. About
his former common-law partner, Mr. Truong alleges that that they crossed the
border together in 2011 because his former common-law partner needed his help
since her sister was held by border authorities. Turning to the absence of his mother
at the marriage, Mr. Truong contends that he explained to the IAD that his mother
suffers from arthritis and that she was not alone to take care of Mr. Truong’s
sons during his honeymoon.
[32]
However, Mr. Truong failed to produce the necessary
evidence to corroborate his various explanations, and the IAD was therefore
entitled to draw negative credibility findings in that regard. Despite the fact
that Mr. Truong provided documentary evidence of the genuineness of the
relationship, such as photographs, airline tickets, phone bills and proof of
financial support, it was open to the IAD “to give more
weight to the discrepancies than to the documentary evidence provided” (Kaur
at para 27). As stated by the jurisprudence, it is acceptable for the IAD “to place little weight on certain material elements (plane
tickets, numerous photos, calling cards, etc.) given the credibility problems
identified” (Keo v
Canada (Citizenship and Immigration), 2011 FC 1456 [Keo]
at para 33). It was therefore reasonable for the IAD to conclude
that Mr. Truong did not discharge his onus to prove that his marriage to Mrs.
Nguyen was genuine, given the numerous inconsistencies and the credibility
issues.
[33]
I add that, in my view, the IAD did not err in
rejecting Mr. Truong’s explanation for the inconsistencies which he blamed on
the lack of care of his representative. The Robles case relied on by the
IAD clearly establishes that a decision-maker is entitled to draw a negative
inference from immigration documents, even when incompetence of the
representative is alleged. The alleged incompetency of an immigration consultant
does not preclude the IAD to make adverse credibility findings based on the
forms (Robles at paras 31, 42-43). It is trite law that “persons have to
accept the consequences of their choice of counsel” (Robles at para 31).
[34]
I should point out that the inconsistencies in
the forms filled by the consultant were not the only inconsistencies raised by
the IAD. The inconsistencies on the date of the proposal, on the address of
Mrs. Nguyen’s brother, on whether Mr. Truong’s children knew about their
father’s new wife, and on whether they were alone or with Mr. Truong’s sister
at their first face-to-face meeting, were all inconsistencies based on Mr.
Truong’s and Mrs. Nguyen’s respective testimonies. Similarly, inconsistencies
regarding the absence of Mr. Truong’s mother at the wedding because of health
issues, and with regard to Mr. Truong’s previous common-law relationship, were
not related to alleged errors of the consultant.
[35]
I pause to mention that the evidence of
financial interest integration does not lend a very strong support to the IAD’s
conclusion regarding the increase in these remittances after the refusal of the
spousal sponsorship. At best, it is contradictory and could have led to an
opposite conclusion on this particular point. The total amounts sent by Mr.
Truong in the two years preceding the rejection of his spousal application were
actually higher than the amounts he sent in the year after the refusal. Only when
the average amounts sent per month, per year or per transfer are considered for
the whole period of their relationship can it be said that, in line with what
the IAD concluded, the evidence reflects a small increase effectively occurring
after the rejection. That said, even if I found that the IAD committed a
factual error here, this error alone is not determinative and does not change
the outcome of the decision (Sherwani v Canada (Minister of Citizenship and
Immigration), 2005 FC 37 at para 17).
[36]
It is also well recognized that a decision-maker is presumed to have weighed and considered all the
evidence presented to it unless the contrary is shown (Florea v Canada
(Minister of Employment and Immigration), [1993] FCJ No 598 (FCA) at para
1). Mr. Truong did not give examples of evidence that was not assessed by the
IAD, or of evidence that squarely contradicted the findings of the IAD (Cepeda-Gutierrez v Canada (Minister of Citizenship and
Immigration), [1998] FCJ No 1425 (QL) [Cepeda-Gutierrez] at para
17). Moreover, a failure to mention a particular piece
of evidence does not mean that it was ignored (Newfoundland Nurses at para 16). It is only when a tribunal is silent on evidence
clearly pointing to an opposite conclusion that the Court may intervene and
infer that the tribunal overlooked the contradictory evidence when making its
finding of fact (Ozdemir v Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration),
2001 FCA 331 at paras 9-10; Cepeda-Gutierrez at paras 16-17). This is
not the case here.
[37]
The arguments put forward by Mr. Truong simply
express his disagreement with the IAD’s assessment of the evidence and ask the
Court to prefer his own assessment and reading to that of the tribunal. In
essence, Mr. Truong is inviting the Court to reweigh the evidence that he has
presented before the IAD. However, in conducting a reasonableness review of factual
findings, it is not the role of the Court to do so or to reassess the relative
importance given by the decision-maker to any relevant factor or piece of
evidence. It is clear that the testimonies of both spouses were quite different
on central elements of the relationship. This Court does not have to decide
which version is more probable. It suffices to conclude that the reasoning
process of the IAD is not flawed and it is supported by the evidence. Mr.
Truong’s explanations were all dealt with and considered but they were just not
retained by the IAD.
[38]
A reviewing court owes particular deference to
the IAD on credibility issues, which are central to the analysis of the
genuineness of a relationship (Keo at para 24). This applies even more
so in a case like this, where people seeking to deceive the immigration
authorities would want to make their marriage look genuine. As recently
indicated by the Court, “assessing the genuineness of a
marriage is a challenging task at the best of times”, in a context where people “who are intent on committing a form of deceit to gain the
highly valuable status of Canadian permanent residence will conduct themselves
to make the relationship look outwardly genuine, when it is not” (Nguyen at para 21, citing Bercasio at para 23). It is
a highly factual determination at the heart of the IAD’s expertise and
functions. Even though the Court might have evaluated the evidence differently,
it should not intervene and substitute its own view of a preferable outcome when
the decision is justifiable,
transparent and intelligible and falls within the confines of possible,
acceptable outcomes.
[39]
I also reject Mr. Truong’s suggestion that the IAD’s
analysis was unreasonably “microscopic” or
overzealous. I acknowledge that it is not proper for a
decision-maker to base its findings on extensive or overly minute examination
of issues and inconsistencies that are irrelevant or peripheral to the claim,
thereby ignoring serious incidents central to the evidence (Owusu-Ansah v
Canada (Minister of Employment and Immigration), [1989] FCJ No 442 (FCA)
at para 2; Zhang v Canada (Citizenship and Immigration), 2014 FC
713 at para 27). But this is not a situation where the IAD
erroneously applied a “microscopic examination”
of Mr. Truong and Mrs. Nguyen’s testimonies or relied on “peripheral discrepancies” to discredit them. An
analysis does not become microscopic because it is rigorous and comprehensive.
The factors looked at by the IAD were not issues secondary to Mr. Truong’s
appeal of the RPD decision; they were instead highly relevant and went to the
very essence of the question at stake, namely whether his marriage with Mrs.
Nguyen was genuine or not (Konya v Canada (Citizenship and Immigration), 2013 FC 975 at paras
21-22).
[40]
Reasons are to be read
as a whole, in conjunction with the record (Agraira
v Canada (Public Safety and Emergency Preparedness), 2013 SCC 36 at para 53; Construction Labour Relations
v Driver Iron Inc, 2012 SCC 65 at para 3). A
judicial review is not a “line-by-line treasure hunt for
error” (Communications,
Energy and Paperworkers Union of Canada, Local 30 v Irving Pulp & Paper,
Ltd, 2013 SCC 34 at para 54). The Court should instead approach the reasons
with a view to “understanding,
not to puzzling over every possible inconsistency, ambiguity or infelicity of
expression” (Canada (Minister of Citizenship and
Immigration) v Ragupathy, 2006 FCA 151 at para 15). When read as a whole, the IAD’s decision shows that the panel properly
assessed all the necessary factors and provided an analysis of the evidence
presented. The intervention of this Court is not warranted.
IV.
Conclusion
[41]
The IAD’s refusal of Mr. Truong’s appeal on the
ground that his marriage is not genuine and that the couple has entered into
their relationship primarily for the purpose of obtaining immigration status
represents a reasonable outcome based on the law and the evidence before the
panel. On a standard of reasonableness, it suffices if the decision subject to
judicial review falls within a range of possible, acceptable outcomes which are
defensible in respect of the facts and law. This is the case here. Therefore, I
must dismiss Mr. Truong’s application for judicial review.
[42]
Neither party has proposed a question of general
importance for me to certify. I agree there is none.
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