Date:
20130130
Docket:
IMM-8800-11
Citation:
2013 FC 95
Ottawa, Ontario,
January 30, 2013
PRESENT: The
Honourable Mr. Justice O'Keefe
BETWEEN:
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FERENC HORVATH
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Applicant
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and
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THE MINISTER OF CITIZENSHIP AND
IMMIGRATION
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Respondent
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REASONS FOR
JUDGMENT AND JUDGMENT
[1]
This
is an application pursuant to subsection 72(1) of the Immigration and
Refugee Protection Act, SC 2001, c 27 (the Act) for judicial review of a
decision of the Immigration and Refugee Board, Refugee Protection Division (the
Board), dated November 4, 2011, wherein the applicant was determined to be
neither a Convention refugee within the meaning of section 96 of the Act nor a
person in need of protection as defined in subsection 97(1) of the Act.
[2]
The applicant requests that the Board’s
decision be set aside and the application be referred back to the Board for
redetermination by a different panel.
Background
[3]
The
applicant is a citizen of Hungary of Roma ethnicity. He alleges that since
childhood, he has experienced verbal and physical assaults in Hungary due to his ethnicity. As an adult, he was denied work for the same reason.
[4]
The
applicant was assaulted in 1991, 2005, 2007 and 2009. Each of these attacks was
a result of his fellow citizens targeting him due to his ethnicity. After the
2007 attack, the applicant sought the help of the police who responded by using
a racial slur and physically removing the applicant from the police station.
The applicant’s doctor believes he now requires mental health treatment as a
result of these attacks. Multiple members of the applicant’s extended family
were also attacked due to being Roma.
[5]
After
the 2007 attack, the applicant and his wife moved to Budapest with the hope
that it would be safer. However, in March 2010, the applicant’s wife was
assaulted and suffered a neck injury. As a result of this incident, the
applicant decided to leave Hungary.
[6]
The
applicant arrived in Canada on March 13, 2010 and applied for refugee
protection on the same day. His claim was heard on August 9, 2011.
Board’s Decision
[7]
The
Board began by summarizing the applicant’s allegations and accepted his
identity and citizenship.
[8]
On
the issue of credibility, the Board drew adverse inferences against the applicant
due to the omission from his Personal Information Form (PIF) narrative and
initial oral testimony of police attacks in 1991 and 2005. The details of the
use of tear gas and an extendable baton during a 2007 attack were similarly
omitted. The Board rejected the applicant’s explanation of following
instructions of keeping his narrative short, due to the importance of these
events to his claim.
[9]
The
Board also noted that the Hungarian medical report did not confirm the use of
the tear gas. The Board made a negative credibility determination.
[10]
The
Board rejected the applicant’s submission that discrimination against Roma in Hungary rises to the level of persecution, while noting that racial discrimination does
marginalize Roma people.
[11]
The
Board identified state protection as the determinative issue in this claim. The
Board found that there was a presumption that Hungary was capable of protecting
the applicant given its status as a functioning democracy. The Board found that
the applicant had not made a concerted effort to seek protection, as he had not
reported the 1991, 2005, 2009 or 2010 incidents to the police and did not
further pursue his complaint regarding the 2007 incident after help was denied
at a police substation.
[12]
The
Board reviewed country conditions evidence and found that Hungary has made
significant improvements in its protection of Roma citizens and that the state
for the most part does not acquiesce to the discriminatory behaviour of the
police, the public or radical groups.
[13]
Given
the availability of venues to seek protection against discrimination, the Board
found the applicant cannot claim he has received no state protection over the
eighteen year period. His lack of concerted effort to seek protection was fatal
to his claim. The applicant did not rebut the presumption of protection.
Therefore, the Board rejected his claim.
Issues
[14]
The
applicant submits the following points at issue:
1. Did the Board err
in its credibility assessment?
2. Did the Board err
in failing to assess whether discrimination amounted to persecution?
3. Did the Board err
in finding that state protection was available?
[15]
I
would rephrase the issues as follows:
1. What is the
appropriate standard of review?
2. Did the Board err
in rejecting the applicant’s claim?
Applicant’s Written Submissions
[16]
The
applicant argues that the 1991 and 2005 incidents were omitted from his PIF
because he thought he would be asked for more details later and was told online
to outline events since 2007. As for his initial oral testimony, it is
reasonable to only expect the applicant to answer those questions asked by the Board.
[17]
The
details of the tear gas and the baton were omitted because the applicant was
told to keep his narrative short. The applicant was unrepresented when completing
his PIF, has a grade eight education, little English fluency and therefore
cannot be expected to understand instructions perfectly.
[18]
The
Board’s assumption that tear gas would require treatment by a doctor is
unfounded given its lack of medical expertise. The Board ignored corroborating
evidence of the applicant’s family members.
[19]
The
Board was obliged to consider the applicant’s credibility with the applicant’s
psychological assessment in mind. The reasons show no evidence that the Board
ever acknowledged the applicant was suffering from mental health issues.
[20]
The
Board did not appear to understand the concept that cumulative discrimination
can amount to persecution, regardless of a state’s efforts to alleviate such
discrimination. The issue of whether discrimination amounts to persecution is
distinct from whether the applicant’s claim has a nexus to the Convention. The
applicant clearly has the nexus of ethnicity.
[21]
On
state protection, the Board believes that a European country cannot give rise to
refugees because a certain level of democracy exists. Democracy should be
assessed on a spectrum and state protection must be assessed contextually.
[22]
The
most any agency in Hungary can do with a complaint against police is to make a
recommendation. This is not a method of protection. Police reports are not
required where they would be futile.
[23]
The
Board has referred to the attacks against the applicant as common crimes, when
they are in fact hate crimes. The applicant’s country conditions evidence showed
that the police failed to label hate crimes as such.
[24]
The
Board ignored the most crucial piece of country conditions evidence, a summary
by the United Nations Special Rapporteur to Hungary concluding that anti-Roma
discrimination and violence in Hungary has worsened, not improved. While the Board
is not required to mention all evidence, its reasoning must reflect the fact
that the evidence was actually considered.
[25]
State
protection implies prevention, not just recourse after attacks. Violence
against Roma is increasing, which means protection is inadequate.
Respondent’s Written Submissions
[26]
The
respondent argues it is reasonable for the Board to consider omissions from a
claimant’s PIF as undermining credibility. The Board is in the best position to
weigh evidence. The Board considered the applicant’s explanation for the
omissions and rejected it.
[27]
The
respondent submits a reasonable finding of state protection is a sufficient basis
upon which to dispose of an application for judicial review. The Board
canvassed the documentary evidence and reasonably concluded that the state
would be forthcoming in protecting the applicant. It was reasonable for the Board
to conclude the applicant’s lack of action to seek assistance is fatal to his
claim.
[28]
There
is no evidence the Board ignored the UN report. The Board acknowledged that
some problems continue for the Roma in Hungary. The applicant is asking the
Court to reweigh the evidence.
Analysis and Decision
[29]
Issue
1
What is
the appropriate standard of review?
Where previous
jurisprudence has determined the standard of review applicable to a particular
issue before the court, the reviewing court may adopt that standard (see Dunsmuir
v New Brunswick, 2008 SCC 9 at paragraph 57, [2008] 1 S.C.R. 190).
[30]
It
is established jurisprudence that credibility findings, described as the
“heartland of the Board’s jurisdiction”, are essentially pure findings of fact
that are reviewable on a reasonableness standard (see Lubana v Canada
(Minister of Citizenship and Immigration), 2003 FCT 116 at paragraph 7,
[2003] FCJ No 162; Canada (Citizenship and Immigration) v Khosa, 2009
SCC 12 at paragraph 46, [2009] 1 S.C.R. 339; and Demirtas v Canada (Minister of
Citizenship and Immigration), 2011 FC 584 at paragraph 23, [2011] FCJ No
786 at paragraph 23).
[31]
Similarly,
issues of state protection and of the weighing, interpretation and assessment
of evidence are reviewable on a reasonableness standard (see Giovani Ipina
Ipina v Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration), 2011 FC 733 at
paragraph 5, [2011] FCJ No 924 and Oluwafemi v Canada (Minister of
Citizenship and Immigration), 2009 FC 1045 at paragraph 38, [2009] FCJ No
1286).
[32]
In
reviewing the Board’s decision on the standard of reasonableness, the Court should
not intervene unless the Board came to a conclusion that is not transparent,
justifiable and intelligible and within the range of acceptable outcomes based
on the evidence before it (see Dunsmuir above, at paragraph 47, and Khosa
above, at paragraph 59). As the Supreme Court held in Khosa above,
it is not up to a reviewing court to substitute its own view of a preferable
outcome, nor is it the function of the reviewing court to reweigh the evidence
(at paragraph 59).
[33]
Issue
2
Did the Board err in
rejecting the applicant’s claim?
The applicant
argues that the Board was not aware that discrimination could rise to the level
of persecution within the meaning of section 96 of the Act. While the Board’s
consideration of this point may have been cursory, the decision clearly
contemplates the applicant’s argument on this point, as indicated by its
finding that “this behaviour [discrimination in Hungary] does not reach the
level of persecution” and its conclusion that “the claimant in the case at bar
has not suffered discrimination that rose to the level of persecution”.
[34]
I
do not agree with the applicant that the decision confuses the issues of nexus
and persecution, despite their analysis under a shared heading. Instead, my
concern is that the Board provided no reasons for its finding of a lack of
nexus other than the bald statement that the Board “does not agree with these
submissions”. The subsequent paragraphs discuss persecution and there is no
further discussion of nexus elsewhere in the decision. This opacity, combined
with the fact that the applicant obviously and repeatedly alleged that the
violence he suffered was due to his Roma ethnicity, renders this finding
unreasonable.
[35]
On
the issue of credibility, the Board was concerned about the inconsistencies in
the applicant’s PIF narrative and testimony relating to the dates and other
details of various acts of violence against him. This is a valid concern. Such
a concern, however, should have been analyzed in light of the medical evidence
adduced by the applicant relating to his mental state in the form of a letter
from his clinical psychologist:
Mr.
Horvath has become distracted and forgetful (e.g., he confuses dates and
details of past events; he forgets names, telephone numbers, and addresses; he
often misplaces his keys). Concentration and memory problems are common among
people exposed to traumatic stress and are associated with mental illness.
Difficulties are exacerbated under pressure, such as arises in the high-stakes
context of a Refugee Hearing. Symptoms can take the form of difficulty
understanding questions, requests for questions to be repeated or rephrased,
inability to retrieve specific details of the past, or an apparent inability to
formulate a coherent response.
[36]
The
Board is presumed to have considered all of the evidence before it and need not
mention every piece of evidence (see Oprysk v Canada (Minister of
Citizenship and Immigration), 2008 FC 326 at paragraph 33, [2008] FCJ No
411). However, the more important the evidence that is not mentioned, the more
willing a court may be to infer from silence that a tribunal made a finding of
fact without regard to the evidence (see Pinto Ponce v Canada (Minister of
Citizenship and Immigration), 2012 FC 181 at paragraph 35, [2012] FCJ No
189).
[37]
The
Board made no mention of this letter or the applicant’s mental health issues.
Given the important and obvious relevance of such evidence to the applicant’s
credibility and his ability to provide a consistent and detailed narrative of
his persecution from memory, this omission rises to the level described in Pinto
Ponce above. The credibility finding is therefore unreasonable and outside
the range of acceptable outcomes.
[38]
However,
even if the applicant had established nexus and was found by the Board to be
credible in regard to his allegations of past persecution based on a Convention
ground, a finding of state protection alone is sufficient for a refugee claim
to fail (see Cienfuegos v Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration),
2009 FC 1262 at paragraph 39, [2009] FCJ No 1591). Therefore, I turn to state
protection, which the Board identified as determinative.
[39]
It
is well established that an applicant bears the burden of demonstrating, on a
balance of probabilities and based on relevant, reliable and convincing
evidence, that his or her home country provides inadequate state protection (see
Giovani Ipina Ipina above, at paragraph 5).
[40]
I
do not agree with the applicant’s argument that the Board operated on the
blanket assumption that a European country cannot give rise to refugees, nor
did it infer that the existence of free elections dictated the availability of
state protection. In making its determination, the Board conceded that
discrimination does exist against Roma in Hungary and identified a number of
institutions relevant to protection.
[41]
The
applicant argues the Board failed to mention one country conditions document,
the report of the UN Rapporteur, which indicated that conditions for Roma have
worsened.
[42]
Specifically,
the applicant further argues that the state institutions identified by the Board
are not those which can provide him protection against the threat of racist
violence by private citizens. Indeed, many of the institutions cited by the Board,
such as the Equal Treatment Authority, the Department of Roma Integration and
the Roma Anti-Discrimination Customer Service Network, appear designed to
combat anti-Roma discrimination as opposed to anti-Roma violence.
[43]
The
applicant did include discrimination as part of the grounds for his claim, so
it was entirely appropriate for the Board to consider anti-discrimination
institutions. The issue, though, is whether the Board additionally adequately
dealt with the applicant’s contention that the Hungarian state could not
protect him from outright violence.
[44]
On
this point, the applicant emphasizes that the UN Rapporteur’s report indicated
that racial violence has worsened, as well as an Amnesty International report
indicating that Hungarian police response fail to properly label hate crimes as
such, instead referring to them as common crimes. The Board did acknowledge
that extremist violence has increased, noting “as claimant’s counsel has noted
in her written submissions, some problems have worsened, such as extremist
violence and public rhetoric against ethnic and religious minorities”.
[45]
This
raises the Dunsmuir above value of justification; that is, whether the Board
has reasonably justified its finding of state protection given its
acknowledgement of submissions indicating violence was increasing.
[46]
The
Board found that “the documentary evidence indicates that Hungary is making best efforts to offer state protection when requested and it has made significant
improvements”. It is true that some of the documents considered by the Board
indicated efforts had been made by the Hungarian government; however, positive
efforts do not always bring positive outcomes. The distinct finding that Hungary had made significant improvements was not adequately justified in light of the
country conditions evidence described above.
[47]
It
is not clear from the Board’s reasons or the record why the UN Rapporteur’s
findings that violence had gotten worse was rejected in favour of a
determination that conditions had improved. The fact that the Board referred to
the increase in violence as a submission of the applicant’s counsel, instead of
originating in the Rapporteur’s report, compounds this lack of transparency, as
it is not clear whether the underlying document was properly considered.
[48]
These
omissions render the Board’s decision on state protection unreasonable.
[49]
As
a result of my findings, the application for judicial review must be allowed
and the matter is referred to a different panel of the Board for
redetermination.
[50]
Neither
party wished to submit a proposed serious question of general importance for my
consideration for certification.
JUDGMENT
THIS
COURT’S JUDGMENT is that the application for judicial review is
allowed, the decision of the Board is set aside and the matter is referred to a
different panel of the Board for redetermination.
“John A. O’Keefe”
ANNEX
Relevant
Statutory Provisions
Immigration
and Refugee Protection Act,
SC 2001, c 27
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72. (1) Judicial
review by the Federal Court with respect to any matter — a decision,
determination or order made, a measure taken or a question raised — under
this Act is commenced by making an application for leave to the Court.
96. A
Convention refugee is a person who, by reason of a well-founded fear of
persecution for reasons of race, religion, nationality, membership in a
particular social group or political opinion,
(a) is
outside each of their countries of nationality and is unable or, by reason of
that fear, unwilling to avail themself of the protection of each of those
countries; or
(b) not
having a country of nationality, is outside the country of their former
habitual residence and is unable or, by reason of that fear, unwilling to
return to that country.
97. (1) A
person in need of protection is a person in Canada whose removal to their
country or countries of nationality or, if they do not have a country of
nationality, their country of former habitual residence, would subject them
personally
(a) to
a danger, believed on substantial grounds to exist, of torture within the
meaning of Article 1 of the Convention Against Torture; or
(b) to
a risk to their life or to a risk of cruel and unusual treatment or
punishment if
(i) the
person is unable or, because of that risk, unwilling to avail themself of the
protection of that country,
(ii) the
risk would be faced by the person in every part of that country and is not
faced generally by other individuals in or from that country,
(iii) the
risk is not inherent or incidental to lawful sanctions, unless imposed in
disregard of accepted international standards, and
(iv) the
risk is not caused by the inability of that country to provide adequate
health or medical care.
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72. (1) Le
contrôle judiciaire par la Cour fédérale de toute mesure — décision,
ordonnance, question ou affaire — prise dans le cadre de la présente loi est
subordonné au dépôt d’une demande d’autorisation.
96. A
qualité de réfugié au sens de la Convention — le réfugié — la personne qui,
craignant avec raison d’être persécutée du fait de sa race, de sa religion,
de sa nationalité, de son appartenance à un groupe social ou de ses opinions
politiques :
a) soit
se trouve hors de tout pays dont elle a la nationalité et ne peut ou, du fait
de cette crainte, ne veut se réclamer de la protection de chacun de ces pays;
b) soit,
si elle n’a pas de nationalité et se trouve hors du pays dans lequel elle
avait sa résidence habituelle, ne peut ni, du fait de cette crainte, ne veut
y retourner.
97. (1) A
qualité de personne à protéger la personne qui se trouve au Canada et serait
personnellement, par son renvoi vers tout pays dont elle a la nationalité ou,
si elle n’a pas de nationalité, dans lequel elle avait sa résidence
habituelle, exposée :
a) soit
au risque, s’il y a des motifs sérieux de le croire, d’être soumise à la
torture au sens de l’article premier de la Convention contre la torture;
b) soit
à une menace à sa vie ou au risque de traitements ou peines cruels et
inusités dans le cas suivant :
(i) elle
ne peut ou, de ce fait, ne veut se réclamer de la protection de ce pays,
(ii) elle
y est exposée en tout lieu de ce pays alors que d’autres personnes
originaires de ce pays ou qui s’y trouvent ne le sont généralement pas,
(iii) la
menace ou le risque ne résulte pas de sanctions légitimes — sauf celles
infligées au mépris des normes internationales — et inhérents à celles-ci ou
occasionnés par elles,
(iv) la
menace ou le risque ne résulte pas de l’incapacité du pays de fournir des
soins médicaux ou de santé adéquats.
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