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Attorney General of Canada, 2017 ABCA 393-- summary under Rectification & Rescission Summary Under Tax Topics- General Concepts- Rectification & Rescission cannot use general equitable jurisdiction to do an end run around the narrow (post- Fairmont) rectification doctrine A last-minute requirement of a lender (“ATB”) to the target corporation (“Krang Energy”) for ATBH’s loan to be repaid on closing resulted in the purchase price being reduced by $35M and that amount being lent by an affiliate of the buyer (a predecessor (“Viking Holdings”) to the appellant in this action) to Krang Energy to fund the loan repayment. ... The means that the parties utilized in pursuit of their goal of a tax-neutral transaction – and not the goal of tax neutrality – are the primary focus of a rectification application. ... There is no principled basis, in the guise of exercising our equitable jurisdiction, to pump theoretical steroids into the rectification doctrine and give it the strength or force that the Supreme Court of Canada recently and consistently has declined to do. … ...

Barker v Baxendale Walker Solicitors (a firm) & Anor, [2017] EWCA Civ 2056-- summary under Negligence, Fiduciary Duty and Fault Summary Under Tax Topics- General Concepts- Negligence, Fiduciary Duty and Fault tax solicitor was negligent in not advising of the risk of an alternative interpretation Mr Baxendale-Walker, the sole equity partner in a law firm specializing in advising on tax-avoidance schemes, charged the taxpayer (Mr Barker) a fee of £2.4 million in advising on a scheme which Mr Barker implemented with a view to avoiding capital gains tax and inheritance tax respecting his shares of a private company. ... Turning to the negligence issue and in setting the stage, Asplin LJ stated (at paras 59 and 61): …The question is whether in the light of all the circumstances no reasonably competent solicitor in the position of the Respondents would have failed to give the specific warning that there was a significant risk that the EBT arrangement would fail to be tax effective because of the post-death exclusion construction. … …[I]t is perfectly possible to be correct about the construction of a provision or, at least, not negligent in that regard, but nevertheless to be under a duty to point out the risks involved and to have been negligent in not having done so …. In allowing the appeal, Asplin LJ found (at para 71): … [T]here was a significant risk that the … arrangement would not work as a result of the post-death exclusion construction which was centrally important to its structure and the likelihood that the promised tax advantages would be delivered. ...

The Queen, 2019 TCC 6-- summary under Rectification & Rescission Summary Under Tax Topics- General Concepts- Rectification & Rescission a rectification judgment was “justifiably obtained” and, therefore, followed for tax purposes On April 15, 2002, the taxpayer signed an agreement for the purchase of shares of a real estate corporation (“Quatre Saisons”) that stated that the purchase price was to be satisfied by the payment to the vendor (“Placeval,” a corporation owned by a Mr. ... Before granting the taxpayer’s appeal from the assessment, Favreau J stated (at paras. 55, 59-60, 62): [T]he judgment of the Superior Court is not binding on the respondent as neither the Attorney General of Canada nor the Minister was involved in the application. … Although the judgment of the Superior Court is not binding on the respondent and is not res judicata, the conduct of the parties, both before and after the concluding of the transaction, clearly demonstrates their true intention to purchase and sell the shares of Quatre Saisons for nominal consideration and not for consideration based on the future sales of lots. ... The financial statements of Quatre Saisons for its fiscal years ending on March 31 of 2003, 2004 and 2005, also reflected the commissions paid in the cost of the sales of the lots. … [I]t is evident that the agreement, as reduced to writing, contained drafting errors of material importance …. ...

Clark v HM Revenue and Customs, [2020] EWCA Civ 204-- summary under Payment & Receipt Summary Under Tax Topics- General Concepts- Payment & Receipt there can be a payment even where there is a resulting trust in favour of the payor The taxpayer, a retired UK businessman, implemented a scheme to transfer funds (the “Suffolk Life Transfer") from his self-invested personal pension plan ("SIPP") to a second pension scheme (the “LML Pension,” of which the taxpayer was the sole member and whose named employer was a Cyprus company that entered into an employment contract with the taxpayer) in order to free up those funds for investment by him in the London residential property market. ... Unbeknownst to the participants, the LML Pension was void for uncertainty, as to which Henderson LJ stated (at para. 37): It is agreed … that the effect of the failure of the trusts of the LML Pension is that the transfer conveyed only bare legal title to the money, because an immediate resulting trust arose by operation of law. ... The money was intended to pass from the control and supervision of one registered pension scheme to another …. ...

The Queen, 2022 TCC 29-- summary under Scientific Research & Experimental Development Summary Under Tax Topics- Income Tax Act- Section 248- Subsection 248(1)- Scientific Research & Experimental Development presumption that a taxpayer satisfying the “how” SR&ED tests will also satisfy the “why” test The taxpayer (“Airzone”) provided comprehensive air quality monitoring services to government agencies, international organizations, and businesses. In connection with addressing the CRA denial of SR&ED claims for six of Airzone’s projects, Hogan J made a number of general observations, including that: The taxpayer is required to demonstrate satisfaction both of “how factors,” namely “that the work was carried out by way of systematic investigation or search through experiment and analysis of a hypothesis … [and the] results of the work must also be preserved” (para. 5) and also a “why factor,” namely “that the work was carried out to resolve technical uncertainties that could not be solved through standard procedures and methods” (para. 6). ... “[T]he ‘why factor’ cannot be so strictly applied that only large corporations that employ dedicated research staff can qualify for the SR&ED incentives … [as m]oving the goal post so far afield … would be contrary to the intention of Parliament” (para. 51). ...

Revenue and Customs v Frank A Smart & Son Ltd (Scotland), [2019] UKSC 39-- summary under Subsection 141.01(2) Summary Under Tax Topics- Excise Tax Act- Section 141.01- Subsection 141.01(2) input credits were available for fund raising costs of a taxable business The taxpayer (“FASL”) purchased entitlements to an EU farm subsidy, the Single Farm Payment (“SFP”). ... The needed link exists if the acquired goods and services are part of the cost components of that person’s taxable transactions which utilise those goods and services …. iii) Alternatively, there must be a direct and immediate link between those acquired goods and services and the whole of the taxable person’s economic activity because their cost forms part of that business’s overheads and thus a component part of the price of its products …. iv) Where the taxable person acquires professional services for an initial fund-raising transaction which is outside the scope of VAT, that use of the services does not prevent it from deducting the VAT payable on those services as input tax and retaining that deduction if its purpose in fund-raising, objectively ascertained, was to fund its economic activity and it later uses the funds raised to develop its business of providing taxable supplies. … v) Where the cost of the acquired services, including services relating to fund-raising, are a cost component of downstream activities of the taxable person which are either exempt transactions or transactions outside the scope of VAT, the VAT paid on such services is not deductible as input tax. … Where the taxable person carries on taxable transactions, exempt transactions and transactions outside the scope of VAT, the VAT paid on the services it has acquired has to be apportioned under article 173 of the PVD. vi) The right to deduct VAT as input tax arises immediately when the deductible tax becomes chargeable …. vii) The purpose of the taxable person in carrying out the fund-raising is a question of fact which the court determines by having regard to objective evidence. ...

BCM Cayman LP & Anor v Commissioners for His Majesty's Revenue and Customs, [2023] EWCA Civ 1179-- summary under Subsection 102(2) Summary Under Tax Topics- Income Tax Act- 101-110- Section 102- Subsection 102(2) a two-tier partnership structure can be legally respected as such if the upper-tier partnership is a limited partnership The taxpayer (“Cayman Ltd.”) was a Cayman company which was the general partner of a Cayman LP (“Cayman LP”). ... He was not considering the position of limited partners in a limited partnership, whose role is limited and circumscribed by statute. … Cayman LP's business was carried on by its general partner (Cayman Ltd) and … the limited partners (including Fyled) were prohibited by Cayman law from taking part in Cayman LP's business …. ... A further basis for finding that Fyled was not a member of the UK LLP was that Cayman LP could not (and was not) recorded as a member of the UK LLP, nor was Fyled (para. 47): In any event, UK LLP is a UK corporate body governed by the Limited Liability Partnership Act 2000 which imposes a number of requirements, including … the requirement that members must subscribe their name to the incorporation document …. ...

Amos-Yeo, [2015] EWHC 2480 (Ch)-- summary under Rectification & Rescission Summary Under Tax Topics- General Concepts- Rectification & Rescission number of transferred shares rectified to access capital gains incentive In order that the life tenants of two trusts (the 1968 and 1987 settlements) could access a reduced rate of U.K. capital gains tax on a sale of shares of a company held by the two trusts, it was necessary that they have held 5% of the nominal capital and of the voting rights for one year prior to closing the sale. ... In granting an application to rectify the agreements for the sales to the life tenants to increase the number of shares sold, the Court stated (at paras. 29, 36, 38): As Barling J in Giles, [2014] EWHC 1373 points out, the distinction drawn in this criterion is between a mistake as to the effect of a document and a misapprehension of what the fiscal or other consequences are of a document which does not in fact misimplement the parties' or donor's intention. … [T]he parties' intention was that the defendants should receive…enough shares…to satisfy the ER requirements. ... …[T] herefore the claimants have shown a sufficient mistake to found the jurisdiction to rectify the agreements. … [T]he parties to the agreements had a sufficiently specific intention which was not reflected in the agreements as executed by them. ...

BLP Group plc v Commissioners of Customs & Excise, [1995] EUECJ C-4/94 (ECJ (5th Chamber))-- summary under Supply Summary Under Tax Topics- Excise Tax Act- Section 123- Subsection 123(1)- Supply mere borrowing of money is not a supply BLP was a management holding company which provided services to a group of trading companies producing goods for use in the furniture and DIY industries. ... In finding that taking out a loan did not involve a VATable transaction by the borrower at all, even if it pays interest (it was the mere recipient of a service provided by the lender) the Court stated (at para. 47): The taking up of a loan and the selling of an interest in a company are not … operations of the same type for the purposes of the VAT system — nor are they, moreover, for an undertaking's operational purposes, since the income from the sale of shares is part of the undertaking's own resources, whereas the loan is part of its borrowed resources — because that system focuses on transactions and makes a clear distinction between taxable and exempt transactions. ...

The Queen, 2019 TCC 108-- summary under Scientific Research & Experimental Development Summary Under Tax Topics- Income Tax Act- Section 248- Subsection 248(1)- Scientific Research & Experimental Development initial well placed in order to validate improved reservoir analysis was not SR&ED A participant in the Hibernia joint venture, treated its share of the costs of the initial well in one of the oil reservoirs (which was expected to shed light on where the boundary was between the water sitting at the bottom of the reservoir and the oil atop it) as SR&ED on the grounds that it provided experimental validation of the predictions made using an improved systematic and logical methodology (the “reservoir connectivity analysis,” or “RCA”) for evaluating how a reservoir is connected. In rejecting this position and confirming the denial of the claim after reviewing the general jurisprudential test as to what constituted SR&ED, Owen J stated (at paras. 68-69): [C]ommon sense and commercial reality dictate that the primary purpose of any such well (even the first one) is not to validate the RCA methodology but rather to obtain data regarding oil in the southern extension. … The drilling of a conventional well, based on the predicted location of oil, to establish whether and to what extent oil is present may be distinguished from the construction of a pilot plant to test a new or improved process or technology. ... Accordingly, the drilling of the well is excluded …. ...