Translation disclaimer
This translation was prepared by Tax Interpretations Inc. The CRA did not issue this document in the language in which it now appears, and is not responsible for any errors in its translation that might impact a reader’s understanding of it or the position(s) taken therein. See also the general Disclaimer below.
Principal Issues: Status of a corporation as a CCPC where a disqualifying shareholder holds shares of the corporation and rights to acquire additional shares of the corporation such that it is deemed to own more than 50% of the voting shares, where a shareholders' agreement provides a particular process of nomination and replacement of directors and where such agreement also provides the disqualifying shareholder a veto right on important decisions taken by the Board of Directors.
Position: In the particular case, the corporation is not a CCPC because the disqualifying shareholder has de jure and de facto control.
Reasons: The shareholders' agreement does not constitute a unanimous shareholders' agreement (USA) for corporate law purposes. Even if this is not the case, we would consider only the provisions restricting or transferring the powers of the directors in determining de jure control. In this file, the disqualifying shareholder had de jure control over the corporation during the relevant period. Moreover, the disqualifying shareholder had de facto control over the corporation during the relevant period because, inter alia, of the economic dependence of the corporation combined with a veto right on many decisions of the Board and the casting vote of the director designated by the disqualifying shareholder. NOTE: View original document in Word.
December 22, 2009
XXXXXXXXXX Income Tax Rulings Directorate
XXXXXXXXXX Tax Services Office
Sylvie Labarre, CA
2009-034333
Subject: Control of XXXXXXXX
This is in response to your memorandum of September 30, 2009, in which you requested our opinion on the status as Canadian-controlled private corporation (hereinafter "CCPC") of XXXXXXXXXX Corporation (hereinafter "Corporation") for its taxation years ending on XXXXXXXXXX.
For the purposes of our opinion, we reviewed the following documents that you provided us:
- XXXXXXXXXX;
- XXXXXXXXXX;
- XXXXXXXXXX;
- XXXXXXXXXX;
- XXXXXXXXXX;
- copy of a document entitled " XXXXXXXXXX " (“Contract”) dated XXXXXXXXXX;
- copy of a document entitled "XXXXXXXXXX" ("Agreement") dated XXXXXXXXXX;
- copy of lists of shareholders at XXXXXXXXXX and a list of stock options at XXXXXXXXXXXX;
- copy of the certificate of amendment of the Corporation under Part IA of the Québec Companies Act ("QCA") dated XXXXXXXXXX and the XXXXXXXXXX Regulations;
- copy of the minutes of meetings of the board of directors of the Corporation;
- copy of minutes of shareholders' meetings and copy of appointment of directors;
- copy of the Corporation's financial statements for the fiscal years ending in XXXXXXXXXX;
It should be noted that our analysis was based solely on the review of the above documents. You did not consider it relevant, at this stage of the file, for us to review any other documents related to the present document.
Furthermore, unless otherwise indicated, any statutory reference herein is to a provision of the Income Tax Act.
Facts
- The Corporation is a corporation incorporated pursuant to Part IA of the QCA on XXXXXXXXXXXX.
- Under its articles of incorporation, the Corporation is authorized to issue an unlimited number of common shares which are voting and participating and an unlimited number of Class A preferred shares. XXXXXXXXXX common shares were issued and outstanding on XXXXXXXXXX and XXXXXXXXXX could have been issued upon the exercise of stock options granted to employees. The issued and paid-up capital of these shares was CDN$XXXXXXXXXX. On XXXXXXXXXXX, there had been no Class A preferred shares issued and outstanding. The common shares were held by several persons including XXXXXXXXXX
- On XXXXXXXXXX, the Corporation and XXXXXXXXXX (the "Limited Partnership") signed the Contract in which the parties agreed that the Corporation would issue and sell a number of preferred shares of its capital stock to the Limited Partnership (or its affiliates), with the Limited Partnership subscribing for and purchasing such shares. The preferred shares were to be subscribed for and purchased in XXXXXXXXXX tranches according to terms (number, price, date) determined in the Contract. The first of these tranches was to take place on XXXXXXXXXX.
- The Limited Partnership was a partnership formed under a foreign law whose general partner is XXXXXXXXXX. The registered office and place of business of the general partner is located in XXXXXXXXXX.
- Prior to the first issue of preferred shares to the Limited Partnership, the Corporation made a change to its authorized capital stock, which is now composed of the following three classes: XXXXXXXXXX
- The XXXXXXXXXX Class A preferred shares of the capital stock of the Corporation were issued to the Limited Partnership for an aggregate price of XXXXXXXXXX, being an amount of CDN$XXXXXXXXXX.
- The Contract provided that there would be a second issuance of XXXXXXXXXX Class A preferred shares of the capital stock of the Corporation for an aggregate price of XXXXXXXXXX if certain research progress conditions and other miscellaneous conditions were satisfied and that a XXXXXXXXXX issuance of XXXXXXXXXX would take place for an aggregate price of XXXXXXXXXX if certain research progress conditions and other miscellaneous conditions were satisfied. The Contract also provides that the Limited Partnership may make an additional subscription of XXXXXXXXXX.
- XXXXXXXXXX
- On XXXXXXXXXX, the Limited Partnership subscribed for and purchased XXXXXXXXXX Class A preferred shares of the capital stock of the Corporation for an aggregate price of XXXXXXXXXX, being $CANXXXXXXXXXX. On XXXXXXXXXX, the Limited Partnership held XXXXXXXXXX Class A preferred shares of the capital stock of the Corporation for which the Limited Partnership had paid CDN$XXXXXXXXXX.
- Shares of the capital stock of the Corporation held by the Limited Partnership were recorded in the financial statements of the Corporation as liabilities of the Partnership under the item Redeemable Shares in the amount (expressed in Canadian currency) XXXXXXXXXX. Thus, the amount appearing in liabilities was $XXXXXXXXXX in XXXXXXXXXXX, $XXXXXXXXXX in XXXXXXXXXX, $XXXXXXXXXX in XXXXXXXXXX and $XXXXXXXXXX in XXXXXXXXXX.
- On XXXXXXXXXX, the shareholders of the Corporation, the Limited Partnership and the Corporation entered into the Agreement.
- Among the clauses of the Agreement, the following relate to the appointment of directors and quorum: XXXXXXXXXX.
- In addition, Article XXXXXXXXXX of the Agreement provides that important XXXXXXXXXX decisions require the consent of a majority of the directors, a majority that includes the director representing the Limited Partnership. Among these decisions, the following seem to us to be the most important: XXXXXXXXXX.
- In addition, this section of the Agreement provides that the Limited Partnership will not be involved in the day-to-day management of the affairs of the Corporation and its subsidiaries.
- Article XXXXXXXXXX of the Agreement provides that prior to the occurrence of certain events referred to as "XXXXXXXXXX", shareholders, other than the holders of Class A preferred shares, may not transfer their shares in whole or in part unless the majority of the holders of Class A preferred shares have given their written approval.
Article XXXXXXXXXX of the Agreement provides as follows:
XXXXXXXXXX
- Article XXXXXXXXXX of the Agreement states that the parties to the Agreement agree that the Agreement shall constitute a unanimous shareholders' agreement in the following legal sense:
XXXXXXXXXX.
- Furthermore, the Corporation's board of directors was composed of XXXXXXXXXX directors during the XXXXXXXXXX taxation years under review, except for the period between the XXXXXXXXXX when an independent director had been appointed. XXXXXXXXXX
- XXXXXXXXXX
- XXXXXXXXXX
- XXXXXXXXXX
- We noted the minutes of two meetings of the directors that dealt with the tax status of the Corporation. Thus, on XXXXXXXXXX, the following was recorded:
XXXXXXXXXX.
Similarly, the minutes of the XXXXXXXXXX contain the following:
XXXXXXXXXX.
- The Corporation initially filed tax returns for taxation years ending on XXXXXXXXXX in which it did not treat itself as a CCPC. As a result, the Corporation claimed an investment tax credit for scientific research and experimental development ("SR&ED") expenditures at a rate of 20% and did not claim any refund in respect thereof since it did not qualify for it.
- On XXXXXXXXXX, the Corporation filed an amended income tax return (including the amended Schedules XXXXXXXXXX) for its taxation year ending on XXXXXXXXXX. On XXXXXXXXXX, the Corporation also filed an amended income tax return (including the amended Schedules XXXXXXXXXX) for its taxation year ending on XXXXXXXXXX. The purpose of these amended returns and schedules was to compute an investment tax credit at the 35% SR&ED rate and to claim the refundable tax credit on the basis that, in those years, it was a CCPC.
Questions
You asked us whether the Agreement is a unanimous shareholder agreement ("USA") under section 123.91 of the QCA.
To the extent that the Agreement is a USA, you wish to know whether the Corporation is a CCPC as defined in subsection 125(7) for taxation years ending on XXXXXXXXXX and, in particular, whether the Limited Partnership, through its general partner, has de jure or de facto control of the Partnership.
To the extent that the Agreement is not a USA, you wish to know whether the Corporation is a CCPC as defined in subsection 125(7) for taxation years ending on XXXXXXXXXX and, in particular, whether the Limited Partnership, through its general partner, has de jure or de facto control of the Partnership.
Your Opinion
You are of the opinion that the Corporation is not a CCPC for the reasons set out in the following paragraphs.
- Under the Contract, the Limited Partnership has a right referred to in paragraph 251(5)(b) that results in de jure control of the Corporation for the XXXXXXXXXX taxation years.
- The Agreement is not a USA because it does not restrict the powers of the directors and should not be considered in determining control. However, even if the Agreement were a USA, de jure control would still be held by the Limited Partnership.
- In particular, the fact that, under the Agreement, the Limited Partnership may elect only one of the three directors but has the power to elect the independent director is not sufficient to remove its de jure control of the Corporation.
- Article XXXXXXXXXX of the Agreement regarding the quorum provides that the director appointed by the Limited Partnership must be part of the majority to constitute a quorum (if a second meeting is required and that director is not present, the director may agree or disagree with the decisions made by the board of directors within XXXXXXXXXX days, failing which the director will be deemed to have voted against the decision). Article XXXXXXXXXX of the Agreement provides that important XXXXXXXXXX decisions must be made by a majority of the directors, such majority to include the director appointed by the Limited Partnership.
- The process for appointing and replacing the independent director allows the majority shareholder to influence such choice and ultimately to take control of the board of directors in the event of disagreement by means of the second vote accorded to the director appointed by Limited Partnership where the board of directors is limited to two members. This right exists at all annual meetings of shareholders where directors are appointed.
- Article XXXXXXXXXX of the Agreement lists XXXXXXXXXX powers that are generally vested in the directors but which may be subject to the will of the Limited Partnership. In your view, this is a veto power granted directly to the Limited Partnership over important decisions and the mission of the Corporation.
- There were no independent directors at any time in the XXXXXXXXXX taxation years. Consequently, the Limited Partnership effectively controlled the Corporation because the director appointed by the Limited Partnership had a casting vote on decisions of the board of directors.
- Limited Partnership is a very active shareholder through the board of directors and the shareholders meeting. It has a very good knowledge of the Corporation's field of activity.
- The rights granted to the Limited Partnership by the Agreement, including the ability to control the board of directors through the process of appointing and replacing the independent director and the right of veto over major decisions relating to the business and mission of the Corporation conferred by Article XXXXXXXXXX of the Agreement, are contractual in nature and are sufficiently important to confer on the Limited Partnership such influence as to give it de facto control of the Corporation.
Opinion of the Corporation’s representative
The Corporation’s representative is of the view that Corporation is a CCPC for the reasons set out in the following paragraphs.
- Article XXXXXXXXXX of the Agreement restricts the powers of the directors, and the Agreement is a USA that must be taken into account. Consequently, the Limited Partnership does not have de jure or de facto control of the Corporation as it cannot elect a majority of the members of the board of directors.
- The Agreement does not allow the Limited Partnership to unilaterally appoint the independent director because the confirmation of the jointly appointed director must be made by obtaining 75% of the votes, a percentage that the Limited Partnership did not hold and could not obtain.
- The casting vote otherwise attributable to the director appointed by the Limited Partnership could never be exercised since it was not applicable in this case. In addition, XXXXXXXXXX months after the signing of the shareholders' agreement, the casting vote lapsed XXXXXXXXXX. Thus, legally and in fact, the director appointed by the Limited Partnership has never had a casting voting right.
- Article XXXXXXXXXX of the Agreement, which provides that important XXXXXXXXXX decisions must be made by a majority of the directors, with the director appointed by the Limited Partnership having to be part of the majority, in no way confers de facto control of the Corporation to the Limited Partnership. In particular, although this clause assures the Limited Partnership that the director appointed by it will have the ability to restrict the actions of the board of directors, this clause does not give the Limited Partnership the right and ability to make a material change in the board of directors or in the powers of the board, which is, according to the representative, is the test established in Silicon Graphics v. The Queen (F.C.A.), 2002 DTC 7113, to determine whether there is de facto control. In addition, this clause does not result in "control" of the decisions of the board of directors by the director appointed by the Limited Partnership as it could only restrict the ability of the board of directors to act in certain well-defined circumstances.
- Under the Agreement, the Limited Partnership may not interfere with the day-to-day management of the Corporation's operations and affairs. Day-to-day management has always remained the mandate of the officers and senior executives in place immediately prior to the investment by the Limited Partnership.
- For purposes of de facto control, only holding 75% or more of the voting shares of the Corporation could have resulted in a change in the rights of the Limited Partnership, namely the right to elect the independent director who must otherwise be designated by all the shareholders.
In addition to determining whether the Corporation was a CCPC during the XXXXXXXXXX taxation years under review, you will need to determine whether you have the ability to accept the requested changes to information on prescribed forms.
The Corporation initially filed tax returns for taxation years ending on XXXXXXXXXX in which it did not treat itself as a CCPC. As a result, the Corporation claimed an investment tax credit for SR&ED expenditures at a rate of 20% and did not claim a refund for them since it did not qualify for one.
On XXXXXXXXXXX, the Corporation filed an amended income tax return (including the amended Schedules XXXXXXXXXX) for its taxation year ending on XXXXXXXXXX On XXXXXXXXXXX , the Corporation also filed an amended income tax return (including the amended Schedules XXXXXXXXXX) for its taxation year ending on XXXXXXXXXX. The purpose of these amended returns and schedules was to compute an investment tax credit at the 35% SR&ED rate and to claim the refundable tax credit on the basis that, in those years, it was a CCPC.
Under Application Policy SR&ED 2004-02R (as well as under the previous version SR&ED 2004-02), all relevant information claimed on Form T661, Schedule T2SCH31 or Form T2038(IND) is prescribed information. Therefore, it is our position that the information concerning the investment tax credit rate and the information for computing the investment tax credit refund is prescribed information.
Paragraph (m) of the definition of investment tax credit in subsection 127(9) provides that no amount will be included in the investment tax credit for scientific research and experimental development if the taxpayer does not file with the Minister a prescribed form containing prescribed information in respect of the amount on or before the day that is one year after the taxpayer's filing-due date for that year.
Subsection 248(1) defines "filing due date" as the day on which a taxpayer is required to file a return of income under Part I for a taxation year or the day on which the taxpayer would be required to file that return if the taxpayer had tax payable under Part I for the year. A corporation is required to file its return of income within six months after the end of the taxation year.
Taking into account section 28 of the Interpretation Act, the Corporation's filing-due date for its taxation year ending on XXXXXXXXXX would be XXXXXXXXXX. Accordingly, the application date for the amendment of XXXXXXXXXX comes after the period provided for in paragraph (m) of the definition of investment tax credit in respect of the taxation year ending on XXXXXXXXXX.
Subsection 220(2.1) provides that the Minister may waive the requirement that a person file, inter alia, a prescribed form or provide prescribed information under a provision of the Act or Regulations.
However, Bill C-10 of October 29, 2007 contained a subsection adding subsection 220(2.2) to ensure that a prescribed form, receipt or document, or prescribed information, that is filed with the Minister on or after the day specified, in respect of the form, receipt, document or information, in subsection 37(11) or paragraph (m) of the definition “investment tax credit” in subsection 127(9) may not be waived. This new subsection was intended to apply to prescribed forms, receipts, documents and information filed with the Minister of National Revenue after November 16, 2005 (subject to an exception that does not apply in this situation). As a result, if the Department of Finance were to propose this legislative change in a new bill and the effective date of the proposed legislation remained the same as originally proposed, you would not be able to accept the request for changes made to you in respect of the taxation year ending on XXXXXXXXXX, even if it were determined that the Corporation is a CCPC (which we otherwise disagree with, as discussed below).
In respect of the taxation year that ends on XXXXXXXXXX, the time limit under paragraph (m) of the definition of investment tax credit in subsection 127(9) had not expired on the day on which the request to change the prescribed information was made.
Canadian-controlled private corporation
Based on our understanding of the information you have provided us, the Corporation was a private corporation that was a Canadian corporation throughout the period under review. The issue is, therefore, whether it was included in the types of corporations that are not a CCPC under one of the exceptions in the definition of CCPC in subsection 125(7).
A corporation controlled, directly or indirectly in any manner whatever, by one or more non-resident persons, by one or more public corporations (other than a prescribed venture capital corporation), by one or more corporations described in paragraph (c) of the definition of CCPC, or by any combination of such persons or corporations, is not a CCPC under those exceptions.
As the phrase "directly or indirectly in any manner whatever" is used, the concepts of de jure and de facto control are relevant in determining whether a corporation is a CCPC within the meaning of subsection 125(7).
De jure control
As stated in paragraph 13 of Interpretation Bulletin IT-64R4 (hereinafter the "Bulletin"), the general test for de jure control was established by the Exchequer Court of Canada in Buckerfield's Limited et al. v. MNR, 64 DTC 5301, [1964] CTC 504, to be whether the shareholder enjoys “effective control” over the affairs and fortunes of the corporation, as manifested in the ownership of such a number of shares as carries with it the right to a majority of the votes in the election of the board of directors. The test in Buckerfield's was confirmed by the Supreme Court of Canada in Duha Printers (Western) Ltd. v. The Queen, 98 DTC 6334, [1998] 3 CTC 303.
As stated in paragraph [36] of the Supreme Court of Canada decision in Duha Printers, this test is “an attempt to ascertain who is in effective control of the affairs and fortunes of the corporation. That is, although the directors generally have, by operation of the corporate law statute governing the corporation, the formal right to direct the management of the corporation, the majority shareholder enjoys the indirect exercise of this control through his or her ability to elect the board of directors. Thus, it is in reality the majority shareholder, not the directors per se, who is in effective control of the corporation.”
On the other hand, the Supreme Court of Canada stated at paragraph [65] that “it would be truly artificial to conclude, only on the basis of the share register, the articles of incorporation, and the by-laws, that one shareholder has de jure control over the corporation by virtue of its apparent power to elect the majority of the board of directors, if a USA exists which limits substantially the power of the board itself.“
Thus, in Duha Printers, the Court indicated in paragraph [85] that in order to determine whether there is effective control,
“one must consider:
(a) the corporation’s governing statute;
(b) the share register of the corporation; and
(c) any specific or unique limitation on either the majority shareholder’s power to control the election of the board or the
board’s power to manage the business and affairs of the company, as manifested in either:
(i) the constating documents of the corporation; or
(ii) any unanimous shareholder agreement.”
The partnership agreement of a limited partnership must also be taken into consideration where such a partnership holds shares in a corporation. The partnership agreement and the interests held by the partners should be reviewed to determine which partner(s) of the limited partnership is (are) entitled to exercise the voting rights attached to the corporation’s shares. In the case of a limited partnership, this is usually the general partner.
We did not obtain a copy of the Limited Partnership Agreement. We have therefore assumed for the purposes hereof that the usual situation applies and that it is the general partner (XXXXXXXXXX) who can exercise the voting rights attached to the Corporation’s shares.
On XXXXXXXXXX, Limited Partnership held XXXXXXXXXX% of the voting shares of the capital stock of the Corporation. However, pursuant to the Contract, the Limited Partnership had the right to acquire additional shares of the capital stock of the Corporation which, if exercised, would confer more than 50% of the voting rights over the Corporation to the Limited Partnership. On XXXXXXXXXX, the Limited Partnership held XXXXXXXXXX% of the voting shares of the capital stock of the Corporation.
Subsection 251(5) applies for the purposes of the definition of CCPC.
Subparagraph 251(5)(b)(i) provides where at any time a person has a right under a contract, in equity or otherwise, either immediately or in the future and either absolutely or contingently, to, or to acquire, shares of the capital stock of a corporation or to control the voting rights of such shares, the person shall, except where the right is not exercisable at that time because the exercise thereof is contingent on the death, bankruptcy or permanent disability of an individual, be deemed to have the same position in relation to the control of the corporation as if the person owned the shares at that time.
Assuming that the General Partner (XXXXXXXXXX) is the one who may exercise the voting rights attached to the shares of the capital stock of the Corporation under the Limited Partnership Agreement, it is the General Partner who has a right, either immediately or in the future and either absolutely or contingently, to control voting rights with respect to the shares of the capital stock of the Corporation which the Limited Partnership is entitled to acquire under the Contract. The General Partner (XXXXXXXXXX) is therefore deemed to have the same position with respect to control of the Corporation as if it had acquired the shares referred to in the Contract.
In light of the foregoing, the General Partner would then be considered to exercise control over a number of voting shares greater than 50% of the number of voting shares of the capital stock of the Corporation but less than 75% of the number of such shares for the period under review.
According to the articles and by-laws of the Corporation, it is the Limited Partnership, through its general partner, which has effective control of the Corporation by virtue of the ownership of a sufficient number of shares entitling it to a majority of the votes for the election of the board of directors.
However, the representative of the Corporation advises us of the specific limitation on the power of the Limited Partnership, through its general partner, to control the election of the board of directors, that is set out in Article XXXXXXXX of the Agreement.
We are of the view that a specific or sole limitation clause affecting the majority shareholder's power to control the election of the board of directors should be considered in a shareholders' agreement only if, under the laws governing the Corporation, such majority shareholder's power to control the election of the board of directors has been modified by a USA. In this regard, the direction of the Supreme Court of Canada to consider any restrictions imposed on the majority shareholder's power to control the election of the board, pursuant to a constating instrument or clause of this nature, refers, in our view, only to changes in the number of votes required for the election of such board by the shareholders. In this respect, we refer you to paragraph 67 of the Duha Printers decision.
It does not appear that the QCA and other relevant legislation in this case provide that a USA can alter the power of the majority shareholder to control the election of the board of directors. However, section 123.91 of the QCA states that the shareholders, if all of them consent thereto and make a written agreement to that effect, may restrict the powers of the directors.
We understand, based on the majority view in Quebec, that the shareholders of a corporation governed by Part IA of the QCA can only restrict the powers of the directors by means of an USA by transferring the powers of the directors to the shareholders outright, so that the shareholders can exercise them themselves. On this point, we refer you, inter alia, to paragraphs 27-51 of Maurice and Paul Martel, Volume 1 entitled Les Aspects juridiques de La compagnie au Québec (endnote 1).
Consequently, there is no provision in provincial legislation affecting Part IA corporations under the QCA for the power of the majority shareholder to control the election of the board of directors to be limited or altered by means of a USA.
Furthermore, we understand that Article XXXXXXXXXX of the Agreement gives the preferred shareholders (i.e., the Limited Partnership) a veto right over certain important decisions of the Corporation. This clause of the Agreement does not therefore constitute a transfer of power from the directors to the preferred shareholders. Furthermore, there is no other clause in the Agreement that restricts the powers of the directors by transferring them to the shareholders.
In light of the foregoing, there are arguments to conclude that the Agreement is not a USA for the purposes of the QCA. On this basis, the Agreement would not be taken into account in establishing de jure control of the Corporation.
On the other hand, even if we were to interpret Article XXXXXXXXXX of the Agreement as being a restriction on the powers of the directors within the meaning of section 123.91 of the QCA, we are of the view that there would be arguments to maintain that Article XXXXXXXXXX of the Agreement is the only clause of the Agreement that is consistent with a constating instrument and the only clause that we must take into account for the purposes of determining de jure control of the Corporation. We would not consider other contractual provisions of the Agreement such as Article XXXXXXXXXX (as opposed to any provision that could be construed as a constating clause) in determining de jure control of the Corporation.
We are of the view that this is precisely the approach taken by the Supreme Court of Canada in Duha Printers by considering only the clause in the agreement that restricted the powers of the directors to manage the business and affairs of the corporation.
Taking into account only clause XXXXXXXXXX of the Agreement (in the event that this clause should be considered to restrict the powers of the directors within the meaning of article 123.91 of the QCA), it is possible to argue that de jure control of the Corporation remained in the hands of the Limited Partnership through its general partner, since it is this shareholder who would have an exclusive veto right with respect to the powers set out in this clause. It should be noted that this section does not modify the election of directors but that subjecting significant powers of directors to the veto rights of preferred shareholders could indicate that the criterion of electing a majority of directors is not the relevant criterion for determining who has effective control of the Corporation.
Furthermore, in the present situation, even if we were to take into account Article XXXXXXXXXX of the Agreement for the purposes of establishing de jure control of the Corporation, it should be noted that the number of votes required to elect two of the three directors of the Corporation has not changed even though each of the shareholders has designated one director. In this regard, we refer you to paragraph [54] of the Duha Printers' Reasons for Judgment where Iacobucci J. states the following:
[54]... “In any event, however, the major concern of the de jure test is to ascertain which shareholder or shareholders have the voting power to elect a majority of the directors. The test neither requires nor permits an inquiry into whether a given director is the nominee of any shareholder, or any relationship or allegiance between the directors and the shareholders.”
In concluding, we are of the view that the decision in Alteco Inc. v. The Queen, [1993] 2 CTC 2087 (T.C.C., Informal Procedure) does not prevent us from taking the position described above. Indeed, based on what follows, this decision does not appear to us to have precedential value for the purposes of determining the de jure control of the Corporation in the present case.
First, the facts relating to the Alteco decision are distinct from the facts relating to the present case. The Alteco decision concerned a shareholders' agreement which provided, inter alia, for the appointment of 5 specific persons as members of the board of directors. The composition of the board could not be changed without the unanimous consent of the shareholders, which modified the number of votes required for the election of the board. In addition, the minority shareholder (49%) was entitled to 3 of the 5 seats on the board. The agreement examined in the Alteco decision therefore guaranteed the minority shareholder a majority of the seats on the board of directors. This element was specifically mentioned by the Supreme Court of Canada in paragraph 54 of the reasons for the Duha Printers decision. In the present case, none of the minority shareholders can claim to hold this type of guaranteed control over the Corporation.
The Alteco decision may also be considered to be inconsistent with certain statements of the Supreme Court of Canada contained in the Duha Printers decision, in particular those appearing in paragraph 54 of the judgment. In this respect, it should be noted that in Duha Printers, the Supreme Court of Canada did not rely on the fact that certain persons appointed to the board of directors were nominees or representatives of shareholders in particular to rule on the question of de jure control.
In light of the foregoing, we are of the view that there is a good basis for concluding that at all relevant times in the Corporation's XXXXXXXXXX taxation years, the Limited Partnership, through its general partner (XXXXXXXXXX ), had de jure control of the Corporation, thereby precluding the Corporation from having CCPC status in those taxation years.
De facto control
For the purposes of the Act, a corporation is considered by subsection 256(5.1) to be "controlled, directly or indirectly in any manner whatever," where another corporation or a person or group of persons has any direct or indirect influence that, if exercised, would result in control in fact of the corporation. Certain specific exceptions that do not apply to this situation are also provided for in this subsection of the Act.
Paragraph 21 of the Bulletin states the following:
De facto control goes beyond de jure control and includes the ability to control “in fact” by any direct or indirect influence. De facto control may exist even without the ownership of any shares. It can take many forms, e.g., the ability of a person to change the board of directors or reverse its decisions, to make alternative decisions concerning the actions of the corporation in the short, medium or long term, to directly or indirectly terminate the corporation or its business, or to appropriate its profits and property. The existence of any such influence, even if it is not actually exercised, would be sufficient to result in de facto control.
In support of its view that the Limited Partnership (through its general partner) does not have de facto control of the Corporation, the Corporation's representative refers to the Federal Court of Appeal's decision in Silicon Graphics Ltd, where the Court indicated that in order to find de facto control, a person or group of persons must have the clear right and ability to effect a significant change in the board of directors, or to influence in a very direct way the shareholders who would otherwise have the ability to select the board of directors.
We are of the view that we should not limit the discussion of de facto control to the narrow concept described above. There are several decisions where the courts have clearly applied the broader concept of de facto control favoured by the CRA (see the criteria in paragraphs 19 to 23 of the Bulletin), including Mimetix Pharmaceuticals Inc. v. The Queen, 2001 DTC 1026 (T.C.C.), affirmed by 2003 DTC 5194 (F.C.A.). We also refer you to the recent October 19, 2009 decision of the Tax Court of Canada in Taber Solids Control (1998) Ltd. et al. v. The Queen, 2009 TCC 527.
For example, paragraph [48] of the Tax Court of Canada decision in Mimetix Pharmaceuticals Inc. states the following:
[48] Furthermore, even though the appellant was not in as bad a financial situation as existed in Robson, supra (although I note that the appellant suffered a $1,6 million loss in 1996 and a $2,5 million loss in 1997), I would nevertheless conclude that Mimetix, being the only investor in the appellant's business in 1996, was in a position to exert the kind of pressure that enabled it to have its will prevail with respect to that business. This conclusion is reinforced, in my view, by other instances in which the appellant has not dealt with Mimetix on a commercial basis. Indeed, it was seen that even though Mimetix paid US$100,000 to acquire the licence for DIAC, a sub-licence was granted to the appellant for no consideration. As well, when Mimetix loaned $1,1 million to the appellant, there was no interest charged. With respect to the administrative services, the evidence is unclear as to the cost to the appellant of such services but if there were any costs they would have been minimal. All this, in my view, certainly constitutes a form of economic controlling influence exercised by Mimetix over the appellant in 1996, and that is precisely what is covered by the definition of de facto control in subsection 256(5.1) of the Act.
Furthermore, the following paragraphs of the Taber Solids Control (1998) Ltd. decision also show us the application of a broad concept of de facto control:
[22] I interpret these comments to clarify the test from being one of simply who controls the composition of the board, to who has the potential to make board decisions. This may be a fine distinction, but why else would factors such as economic dependence, family relations and operational control play a role? Those factors speak equally to influence on board decisions as much as influence over who sits on the board. This may be something of a distinction without a difference as the effect of controlling the composition of the board is surely to control its decision-making power. Control of the corporation comes through controlling board decisions one way or the other. This then becomes a question of what decisions are left to a board, and what decisions simply go to management (operational control). The case law suggests that operational control alone is not sufficient to constitute de facto control as contemplated by subsection 256(5.1), yet is a factor to consider.
[23] In the recent case of Brownco Inc. v R, Justice Brent Paris made it clear that it is not simply influence in the determination of the composition of the board, but influence over board decision-making. In Brownco, that influence arose directly in the form of a casting vote at directors' meetings. Justice Paris stated:
In my opinion, for the purpose of determining de facto control of a corporation, it should make no difference whether a shareholder controls the decision making of the board of directors by virtue of being able to elect the majority of the directors of by virtue of the fact that its nominee director is entitled to cast the majority of the votes at a meeting of directors. The point at which the control arises is perhaps different, but the same practical degree of de facto control over the corporation exists in either situation.
[...]
[24]...In reviewing the language of the Federal Court of Appeal on Silicon, I find that reference in its penultimate paragraph not just to a right to effect a change in the composition of the board, but also in the powers of the board, leaves the door wide open to look to the decision-making powers of the board, a broader, more sensible approach.
[26] I turn now to what I consider to be more in the nature of board decisions, as opposed to operational or management decisions. It is up to the Board to provide the vision and direction for the company: will it grow, how quickly, etc.?...
A broad concept of de facto control has also been applied by the courts in the following decisions: Rosario Poirier Inc. v. The Queen, 2002 DTC 1770 (T.C.C..); L.D.G. 2000 Inc. v. The Queen, 2003 DTC 82 (C.C.I.); Plomberie J.C. Langlois Inc. v. The Queen, 2004 TCC 734, affirmed by 2006 FCA 113; and Avotus Corporation v. The Queen, 2006 TCC 505.
Furthermore, in the present situation, one of the elements we must consider is the impact of Article XXXXXXXXXX of the Agreement. As previously mentioned, this article appears to confer an exclusive veto right on the Limited Partnership on major decisions by the board of directors. We have already stated the following position when a shareholder has a veto right:
[TaxInterpretation’s translation] The determination of de facto control for the purposes of subsection 256(5.1) of the Act is, of course, a question of fact which can only be determined after a consideration of all the facts surrounding a particular situation. The existence of a veto power is only one of the factors to be considered for the purposes of de facto control.
The holding by a shareholder of a veto right with respect to the amalgamation or dissolution of a corporation, amendments to the articles or by-laws of a corporation, the issue of additional shares or the purchase of shares of a corporation does not in itself automatically result in de facto control of the corporation by the shareholder.
A shareholder who is the only person with a veto over all transactions of a corporation could have de facto control of a corporation. However, this also depends on all other relevant facts. If all the shareholders of a corporation have a veto over the operations of the corporation, the existence of the veto cannot, in and of itself, give de facto control to any one shareholder.
Even if a veto right by itself does not allow a shareholder to have de facto control of a corporation, it could still, in concert with other sources of influence, allow a shareholder to have de facto control of the corporation.
In the present situation, the Limited Partnership has a veto power over more decisions of the board of directors than is stated in the second paragraph of the opinion set forth above, but not with respect to all Corporation operations. However, such veto power is only granted to the Limited Partnership. We are of the view that we must therefore consider this exclusive veto right, at least in conjunction with the other sources of influence, including the source of economic influence, in determining whether the Limited Partnership, through its general partner, has de facto control of the Corporation.
In the present situation, we are of the view that there are several elements that would make it arguable that the Limited Partnership, through its general partner, has de facto control of the Corporation. This de facto control would result primarily from the economic influence that the Limited Partnership exercises over the Corporation, its exclusive veto right with respect to various important decisions made by the board of directors and the casting voting right of the director appointed by the Limited Partnership. More specifically, the following elements appear to us to demonstrate that the Limited Partnership, through its general partner, had de facto control of the Corporation during the relevant period:
- Based on the Partnership's financial statements, the capital invested in Class A preferred shares by the Limited Partnership ($XXXXXXXXXX) for the years XXXXXXXXXX exceeds the capital invested by any and all other shareholders ($XXXXXXXXXX). Beginning in XXXXXXXXXX, this capital invested by the Limited Partnership ($XXXXXXXXXX) represents more than twice the equity investment of the other shareholders ($XXXXXXXXXX).
- Also according to the Corporation's financial statements, the capital invested by the Limited Partnership appears to have been the only source (other than grants, tax credits and certain minimal income) of cash for the Corporation to pursue research. In addition, it is the Limited Partnership that must give its consent for the Corporation to receive a new investment in the form of an issue of shares or in the form of debt in an amount greater than XXXXXXXXXX. Furthermore, the Limited Partnership must also give its consent before a transfer of shares can occur. In this case, as a result of Articles XXXXXXXXXX of the Agreement, the Limited Partnership has an exclusive veto right (or makes the decision, as interpreted in Article XXXXXXXXXX of the Agreement) on decisions to transfer shares, issue shares and incur debt. On reading the Corporation's minutes, we also note that the Limited Partnership has exercised this influence where it comes to the question of the admission of a new investor or when the intention of a shareholder to transfer shares presented itself in XXXXXXXXXX.
- Under the Contract, where the research progress and other miscellaneous conditions set out in the Contract are not satisfied, it is the Limited Partnership that will choose whether or not to cease its investment. If it decides to invest an additional amount, the first instalment of this new investment will correspond to the amount equal to what is required to meet those conditions, which are basically essential steps in the research and development process. For us, this is a control over financing that is in addition to what is referred to in the previous item to conclude that the Partnership is economically dependent on the Limited Partnership.
- Furthermore, another item that could be an influencing factor is the nature of the shares issued to the Limited Partnership. Class A preferred shares are redeemable at the option of the holder from a certain date at XXXXXXXXXX times the subscription price. Given the size of the amounts that may have to be reimbursed to the Limited Partnership XXXXXXXXXX years after issuance and thereafter, we consider that this could create an influencing factor even though the shares are not redeemable in the first XXXXXXXXXX years.
- In addition to influencing the liquidity or financing of the Corporation, the Limited Partnership has influence over strategic business decisions. The Limited Partnership may, by virtue of its exclusive veto power under Article XXXXXXXXXX of the Agreement, prevent, inter alia, a material change to the Corporation’s business or strategic direction, a significant acquisition of business or assets, or licensing decisions as referred to in paragraph XXXXXXXXXX of the Agreement.
- Based on our understanding of Article XXXXXXXXXX of the Agreement, the director designated by the Limited Partnership would have had a casting voting right during the first XXXXXXXXXX months of the investment. Since the investment was to be made XXXXXXXXXX days after XXXXXXXXXX, the first XXXXXXXXXX months would end at the very end of XXXXXXXXXX. Thus, during the fiscal year ending on XXXXXXXXXX and during part of the fiscal year beginning on XXXXXXXXXX and ending on XXXXXXXXXX, the director designated by the Limited Partnership would have had a casting voting right. In addition, there may be a way of interpreting the Agreement so that the director appointed by the Limited Partnership would have had a casting vote for XXXXXXXXXX months in XXXXXXXXXX when the board of directors was composed solely of XXXXXXXXXX directors.
- Based in part on the Taber Solids Control (1998) Ltd. decision, it is possible to argue that the fact that the Limited Partnership is not involved in the day-to-day management of operations is not in itself a factor that removes it from de facto control of the Corporation.
In light of the foregoing, we are of the view that there are good reasons to conclude that during the period under review, the Limited Partnership, through its general partner, had direct or indirect influence, the exercise of which resulted in de facto control of the Corporation, within the meaning of subsection 256(5.1). Consequently, it is possible to claim that, at all relevant times in the Corporation's XXXXXXXXXX taxation years, the Limited Partnership, through its general partner (XXXXXXXXXX), had de facto control of the Corporation, thereby precluding the Corporation from having CCPC status in those taxation years.
Conclusion
We are of the view that there are good reasons to conclude that the Limited Partnership, through its general partner, has de jure and de facto control of the Corporation for the taxation years ending XXXXXXXXXX. As a result, the Corporation would not be a CCPC within the meaning of subsection 125(7) and you would not be required to accord it a 35% investment tax credit or a refundable tax credit.
In addition, we remind you that if subsection 220(2.2) is reintroduced by the Department of Finance, the CRA would not technically be able to accept the request for amendments made in respect of a corporation's fiscal period ending on XXXXXXXXXX, regardless of whether or not the Corporation has CCPC status.
For your information, unless exempted, a copy of this memorandum will be severed using the Access to Information Act criteria and placed in the Canada Revenue Agency's electronic library. A severed copy will also be distributed to the commercial tax publishers for inclusion in their databases. The severing process will remove all material that is not subject to disclosure, including information that could disclose the identity of the taxpayer. Should your client request a copy of this memorandum, the electronic library version can be provided. Alternatively, the client may request a severed copy using the Privacy Act criteria, which does not remove client identity. Requests for this latter version should be made by you to Ms. Jackie Page at (819) 994-2898. A copy will be sent to you for delivery to the client.
We hope that our comments are of assistance.
Best regards,
Stéphane Prud'Homme, Notary, M. Fisc.
Manager
Mergers and Acquisitions Section
Corporation Reorganizations and Resource Industries Division
Income Tax Rulings Directorate
Legislative Policy and Regulatory Affairs Branch.
ENDNOTES
1 Éditions Wilson & Lafleur, Martel Ltée 2007
All rights reserved. Permission is granted to electronically copy and to print in hard copy for internal use only. No part of this information may be reproduced, modified, transmitted or redistributed in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, or stored in a retrieval system for any purpose other than noted above (including sales), without prior written permission of Canada Revenue Agency, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0L5
© Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada, 2009
Tous droits réservés. Il est permis de copier sous forme électronique ou d'imprimer pour un usage interne seulement. Toutefois, il est interdit de reproduire, de modifier, de transmettre ou de redistributer de l'information, sous quelque forme ou par quelque moyen que ce soit, de facon électronique, méchanique, photocopies ou autre, ou par stockage dans des systèmes d'extraction ou pour tout usage autre que ceux susmentionnés (incluant pour fin commerciale), sans l'autorisation écrite préalable de l'Agence du revenu du Canada, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0L5.
© Sa Majesté la Reine du Chef du Canada, 2009