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This translation was prepared by Tax Interpretations Inc. The CRA did not issue this document in the language in which it now appears, and is not responsible for any errors in its translation that might impact a reader’s understanding of it or the position(s) taken therein. See also the general Disclaimer below.
Principal Issues: [TaxInterpretations translation] (1) What is the commencement date of a judgment of the Superior Court of Quebec - for the purposes of child support - where that judgment is preceded by a judgment dated XXXXXXXXXX 1995 and an order dated XXXXXXXXXX 2005?
(2) What are the consequences for the determination of the date of enforcement when the judgment provides for retroactive support obligations?
Position: (1) In this case, the most recent judgment (dated XXXXXXXXXX 2006) imposed new support obligations on the payer so that a commencement date was created.
(2) The commencement date regarding a judgment is the day on which the modified amounts are first payable, i.e. XXXXXXXXXX 2003.
Reasons: Interpretation of the Income Tax Act.
Mr. Robin Plourde
Canada Revenue Agency
Jonquière Tax Centre 2006-021842
2251 René-Lévesque Blvd.
Jonquière QC G7S 5J1
February 21, 2007
Dear Sir,
Subject: Request for technical interpretation: child support
This is further to your fax dated December 21, 2006, in which you requested our opinion on the above subject. More specifically, you wish to know the commencement date regarding a judgment of the Superior Court of Quebec is made, as determined under subsection 56.1(4) of the Income Tax Act (the "Act").
Facts
For the purposes of our analysis, we will repeat the facts on which our opinion is based:
- On XXXXXXXXXX 1995, Monsieur and Madame obtained a divorce judgment from the Superior Court of Quebec in which Madame obtained custody of the couple's two children;
- Under the terms of the divorce judgment, Monsieur was required to pay support payments totalling $XXXXXXXXXX per month for the two children of the marriage;
- On XXXXXXXXXX 2003, the elder child moved in with Monsieur;
- Because of that significant change, Monsieur filed a motion to modify the ancillary measures in order to reduce the amount of support paid to Madame;
- Pending judgment on the motion, a safeguard order was issued on XXXXXXXXXX 2005 by the Superior Court of Quebec directing Monsieur to pay a reduced support amount of $XXXXXXXXXX per month to Madame;
- On XXXXXXXXXX 2006, the Superior Court of Quebec rendered judgment on the motion to modify the accessory measures brought by Monsieur The main points of the order are as follows:
o Monsieur was granted legal custody of the elder child effective XXXXXXXXXX 2003;
o Monsieur was required to pay child support to Madame, as follows:
XXXXXXXXXX 2003: $XXXXXXXXXX
XXXXXXXXXX 2004: $XXXXXXXXXX
XXXXXXXXXX 2005: $XXXXXXXXXX
XXXXXXXXXX 2006: $XXXXXXXXXX
- Madame must pay a portion of the older child's special expenses according to the income distribution factor found on the support determination forms;
- Madame must repay support payments received in excess from XXXXXXXXXX 2003 to XXXXXXXXXX 2005;
- Monsieur must pay his share of certain special expenses for the child who remains in Madame's custody.
Questions
You are seeking an answer to the following question:
For the purposes of the regime for exempting child support amounts, do the safeguard order and/or ancillary relief order establish a commencement date, as that term is defined in subsection 56.1(4)?
Analysis
Before May 1997, child support payments were subject to the same tax rules as those paid to former spouses, i.e. the amounts paid were deductible to the payer and taxable to the recipient. However, effective May 1, 1997, child support payments are subject to a new tax regime, i.e. the tax exemption regime.
An amount is "child support" if the amount is "support" that is not solely for the support of a recipient who is either the spouse or common-law partner or former spouse or common-law partner of the payer.
Under the new regime, child support amounts paid on or after the "commencement date" are neither included in the recipient's income nor deductible to the payer. With respect to an agreement or order, the term "commencement day" is defined in subsection 56.1(4):
(a) where the agreement or order is made after April 1997, the day it is made; and
(b) where the agreement or order is made before May 1997, the day, if any, that is after April 1997 and is the earliest of
(i) the day specified as the commencement day of the agreement or order by the payer and recipient under the agreement or order in a joint election filed with the Minister in prescribed form and manner,
(ii) where the agreement or order is varied after April 1997 to change the child support amounts payable to the recipient, the day on which the first payment of the varied amount is required to be made,
(iii) where a subsequent agreement or order is made after April 1997, the effect of which is to change the total child support amounts payable to the recipient by the payer, the commencement day of the first such subsequent agreement or order, and
(iv) the day specified in the agreement or order, or any variation thereof, as the commencement day of the agreement or order for the purposes of this Act.1
In this case, the initial obligation to pay child support was created by the divorce judgment dated XXXXXXXXXX 1995. That initial obligation - prior to May 1, 1997 - was subject to the old rules providing for the inclusion of that amount in the income of the recipient and its deduction by the payer. However, subsequent orders, including those dated XXXXXXXXXX 2005 and XXXXXXXXXX 2006, were made to modify the obligation of Monsieur to pay child support to Madame The issue, therefore, is whether one or both of those orders create a "commencement day" under subsection 56.1(4) for the purpose of exempting child support amounts paid by Monsieur on or after that date.
In Poirier v. The Queen,2 Archambault J. interpreted subsection 56.1(4) as follows:
… The wording of the definition of "date of performance" is not very clear. Having read it several times and having read Interpretation Bulletin IT-530R on support payments, my understanding is as follows. Paragraph (a) appears to refer to any written agreement or order made after April 1997 (whether or not it is a first written agreement or order), while paragraph (b) appears to refer to a written agreement or order made before May 1997. …
Or, as Deputy Chief Justice Bowman (as he then was) put it so well in the Samycia case:3
Broadly, what the legislation seems to be seeking to achieve is this. If payments are being made under a pre-May 1997 order or agreement the old régime applies after April 1997 unless a new order or agreement is made after April 1997 that varies the total child support amounts payable.
In this case, we have a divorce decree which predated May 1, 1997, and which established certain obligations for the husband in terms of child support, as well as two orders/judgments which post-dated that date.
Faced with a similar situation in Samycia - where two pre-May 1, 1997 orders were followed by a post-May 1, 1997 order - Chief Justice Bowman found that the child support payments were made pursuant to the post-May 1, 1997 order and, accordingly, paragraph 56.1(4)(a) was to be applied to determine the commencement date.
The salient facts in the Samycia case are as follows:
- on January 5, 1994, an initial interim order was made requiring the husband to pay $450 per child, by May 1997;
- The husband appealed this order and on August 2, 1994, the Supreme Court of British Columbia reduced the amount of support to $400 per child;
- on September 26, 1997, the Supreme Court of British Columbia issued a consent order providing for custody of the children and $400 per child in support for the three children.
Bowman J. held that paragraph 56.1(4)(a) applied on the basis that the September 26, 1997, order completely superseded the earlier orders:
The short answer is that it radically changed them. It effected the final resolution of all of the differences between the spouses. It entirely superseded the August 2, 1994 order and most importantly it changed the total child support payments payable to Mrs. Samycia by her spouse.
With respect to Justice Bowman's reasoning on the application of paragraphs 56.1(4)(a) and (b), we do not believe that we can import a similar conclusion and hold that paragraph 56.1(4)(a) must apply in this case. Indeed, unlike the September 26, 1997 order in Samycia, the purpose of the order of XXXXXXXXXX 2005 and the judgment of XXXXXXXXXX 2006 in the present situation is not to completely replace the divorce judgment of XXXXXXXXXX 1995, since the latter remains applicable with respect to the division of the family patrimony and the date on which the obligation to pay child support ceases. In other words, the judgment of XXXXXXXXXX 2006 only aims at revising the maintenance obligation of Monsieur, as it was initially set out in the divorce judgment of XXXXXXXXXX 1995.
Thus, we believe that paragraph 56.1(4)(b) is the applicable provision in this case.
Interim order followed by a final judgment
In the context of the analysis to determine an enforcement date in this case, generally only maintenance amounts paid by Monsieur under an agreement or order made or issued after April 1997 will benefit from the exemption regime.
Thus, is it necessary to determine a commencement date for the safeguard order of XXXXXXXXXX 2005? We do not think so, for the following two reasons:
(1) the judgment on the motion to vary ancillary relief sets aside the safeguard order, the latter being only an interim order;
(2) since the judgment on the motion to modify ancillary relief had retroactive effect, payments that were initially made under the safeguard order became paid under the judgment on the motion to modify ancillary relief.
The validity of that approach was confirmed in McNeil v. The Queen:4
To the extent that payments are attributable to or paid pursuant to or under the Third Order, there is a commencement day. Determination of the question requires close examination of the Second and Third Orders. […] The Second Order states expressly that it is an interim order. It states expressly that its term is until "further order of the Court". That interim order ends upon issue of a further order. …
[…] Under which order are the payments commencing June 15, 1998 made? I think they are made under the Third Order. That order replaces an interim order. As at June 28, 1998 (the date of the Third Order) there is no prior order pursuant to which payments can be made.
Thus, we do not believe it is necessary to pay particular attention to payments made under the safeguard order in our analysis.
We wish to bring to your attention Technical Interpretation 2000-0060537 where the Canada Revenue Agency ("CRA") held that a temporary judgment did not replace the original judgment but merely suspended its application. However, that conclusion was reached in a context where the latest judgment - following the temporary judgment - reinstated the terms of the original judgment. We therefore do not believe that the conclusions set out in that technical interpretation are of much utility.
Application of subparagraphs 56.1(4)(b)(ii) and (iii)
Where it is intended that paragraph 56.1(4)(b) should apply to an agreement or order, it is necessary to determine whether the commencement date is determined pursuant to subparagraph 56.1(4)(b)(ii) or (iii).
At the outset, we can eliminate subparagraphs 56.1(4)(b)(i) and (iv) since no joint election was made and the 1995 XXXXXXXXXX judgment did not stipulate a date after April 1997 for the purposes of exempting child support.
With respect to situations covered by subparagraph 56.1(4)(b)(ii), Monsieur Justice Mogan of the Tax Court of Canada wrote in Miller:5
[…] In my opinion, a commencement day would be established after April 1997 under subparagraph (b)(ii) only if there were a change in the support amount payable per child. When there are two or more children all eligible for child support payments, and when one child becomes ineligible for child support because of age, educational achievement, marriage, moving out, etc., the gross amount payable to the recipient by the payor will, of course, be reduced but such reduction is not, in my view, a "change" in the child support amounts for the purposes of subparagraph (b)(ii).
For his part, Associate Chief Justice Bowman (as he then was) emphasized that s. 56.1(4)(b)(iii) was intended to apply where the total amounts of support are varied by a subsequent agreement or order:
Whether the February 12, 1998 agreement is a new agreement or simply a variation of the 1990 agreement it clearly changes the child support payments from $900 per month to $450 per month. I do not see how the plain words of the definition can be avoided, however sophisticated the rules of statutory interpretation one may choose to use may be. […]
The liability for one child — the older one — remains admittedly the same but the total changes.6
In this case, the divorce judgment had imposed an obligation on the husband to pay support of $XXXXXXXXXX per month for the couple's two children. On XXXXXXXXXX 2005, the safeguard order - to reflect the fact that the elder child had been living with the husband since XXXXXXXXXX 2003 - reduced the amount of support to be paid by the husband to $XXXXXXXXXX. Subsequently, the judgment on the motion to modify ancillary relief again modified the amount of child support to be paid by the husband and established new obligations for both the wife and the husband.
In light of the facts of this case, where the judgment on the motion to vary ancillary relief changed the amount of child support payable per child, we are of the view that subparagraph 56.1(4)(b)(ii) should apply. This conclusion is also based on the fact that the judgment of XXXXXXXXXX 2006 does not completely replace the provisions of the divorce judgment of XXXXXXXXXX 1995 but only makes certain changes to the obligation of the husband to pay child support.
The "day on which the first payment of the varied amount is required to be made”
The final issue to be resolved is the interpretation to be given to the phrase "the day on which the first payment of the varied amount is required to be made” in subparagraph 56.1(4)(b)(ii). In our view, that day will be the commencement date for the purposes of the exemption regime for amounts of support paid by Monsieur In this case, that issue is particularly important because the judgment on the motion to vary ancillary relief - dated XXXXXXXXXX 2006 - provides for a reduction in the child support payable by Monsieur from XXXXXXXXXX 2003.
In Technical Interpretations 2000-0003687 and 2000-0041917, the CRA had to determine "the day on which the first payment of the varied amount is required to be made” when an order was issued retroactively. In both interpretations, the CRA concluded that the day in question was the day of the order, not the day from which the order applied retroactively.
However, the T.C.C. has also addressed this issue in McGeachy7 and Callwood.8 In McGeachy, where the order of February 7, 2002, was retroactive to September 1, 2000, Sarchuk J wrote:
The provisions of the Income Tax Act are clear and unequivocal and the effect of a change to the support amounts payable, the commencement day will be the day on which the first payment of the varied amount is required to be made. The Order in issue in these appeals was made by Eberhard J. on February 7, 2002. Notwithstanding the language used in this Order, it is clear that there was in fact a variation to the child support amounts payable in that the Court ordered Laural to pay support payments to the Appellant in the amount of $468 per month based on her income and the Child Support Guidelines and that this amount was offset against the amount the Appellant would have paid under the separation agreement in respect of the remaining three children. As a result, a new commencement day was triggered thereby, in this case September 1, 2000. […]
Similarly, in Callwood, the Court found that the commencement date of an order made in September 2002, with retroactive effect to December 14, 2001, was December 14, 2001.
The wording of subparagraph 56.1(4)(b)(ii), including the phrase "the day on which the first payment of the varied amount is required to be made”, appears to confirm the accuracy of the T.C.C.'s conclusion in McGeachy and Callwood. Indeed, where a court issues an order or judgment in which a taxpayer's obligation to pay support is established retroactively, it is our view that the amounts set out in the order or judgment are "payable" on the date the order is deemed to take effect. Our conclusion might have been different if the wording of subparagraph 56.1(4)(b)(ii) had been "the day on which the varied amount is first paid".
Thus, we believe that the CRA's position - set out in Interpretations 2000-0003687 and 2000-0041917 - no longer reflects the current state of the law when it comes to determining the date of enforcement of a retroactive order. In the present case, we are therefore of the view that the date of execution of the judgment of XXXXXXXXXX 2006 is XXXXXXXXXX 2003. Amounts paid after that date under that judgment must therefore be subject to the new rules providing for the deferral of child support amounts.
We hope that the above comments are of assistance.
Best regards,
François D. Bordeleau, LL.B.
Business and Partnerships Section
Income Tax Rulings Directorate
ENDNOTES
1 See definition of "date of execution" in paragraph 56.1(4).
2 2004 DTC 3606 (T.C.C.)
3 [2002] T.C.J.. no 82
4 2003 TCC 326
5 2003 TCC 603
6 Kovarik c. Canada, [2001] T.C.J.. no 181
7 2005 TCC 145
8 2006 FCA 188, varying 2005 TCC 179
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