[93] For example, Mazen Kassis testified that “none of the other ingredients would affect the taste of the pizza more than the sauce would” and agreed with counsel that “by requiring your licensees to all use the Milano sauce, then that essentially makes – the key to all of their pizza all the same across all operators.” On the other hand, Yousef Nassar testified that the dough is the most important aspect of pizza, while other witnesses testified, including Chadi Wansa, Vahid Khorrami and Rania Yehia (a former owner-operator of the Montreal Road Location, and whose father is Chadi Wansa’s father-in-law), that they were free to use their own recipes. In other words, there was nothing to prevent the taste of the sauce being altered by the addition of other ingredients, such as herbs and spices, or by its interaction in the cooking process with other ingredients, significantly the dough. Nor does MPL appear to have monitored in any meaningful way, such as through periodic or regular sampling, the finished product, that is, the pizzas or any other food products on the menus of the MPL Licensees.

[94] Mr. Kassis also testified that “the entire business is fluid” and that “licensees come to Milano, because they are relaxed licence agreements with few requirements.” [Emphasis added.] Further, Mr. Kassis confirmed that there are no uniforms. Additions to the menu are allowed (such as Kemptville Pizza or Manotick Special) because “it won’t affect the larger mark of company.” The control over the quality of the service being provided, in “the early days, would have come through a supplier… a rep that would work for the distributor… by the customers…, and by the licensees themselves.” Mostly, however, controlling the service of a territory is out of MPL’s hands once the territory has been assigned; the MPL Licensees would have to deal with territorial disputes on their own.

[95] While MPL encourages higher pricing, it is neither compelled, nor uniform. Instead, MPL Licensees have control over their pricing. MPL does not audit sales - Mazen Kassis testified that he just goes by experience or makes an educated guess. According to Mr. Kassis, apart from territory and purchasing, the MPL Licensees (that is, the MILANO PIZZERIA owner-operators) essentially control their own operations.

[96] Based on the testimony of Mazen Kassis and having regard to the written licence agreements, apart from initially assigning a territory to a licensee, I am not persuaded that MPL actually controls the territory, a key aspect of MPL’s licensing program. This is a problem for MPL because “…s. 50(1) of the Act requires the owner of the mark, and not the licensed company, to have direct or indirect control of the character or quality of the wares or services in order for the use of a trade-mark by a licensee to be deemed to be used by the owner”: Facton Ltd v Diplomate Watch of Canada, 2012 TMOB 142 (CanLII) at para 59. An exception might occur where a licensing arrangement involves the delegation of control from the trademark owner to a “head” licensee or franchisee who in turn exercises control on behalf of the trademark owner (i.e. indirect control) over sublicensees or subfranchisees. That is not the case here, however.

[97] The Plaintiff argues that the territories were assigned to optimize the speed and quality of delivery of the ordered food and, hence, represents an element of control of the Milano Design Registration services (that is, “take out restaurant services, with delivery”). I am not satisfied, however, that this is meaningful control in the sense of sufficiency. First, territories are different sizes. Vahid Khorrami testified, for example, that the Montreal Road location was too large to be served effectively by only one MILANO PIZZERIA store. Youssef Nassar had a similar complaint regarding the Russell location. Mr. Nassar also testified that timing of delivery is a key factor. Second, in the case of orders that are picked up, the size of the territory may have little, if any, impact on the speed with which an order is filled.

[98] Third, the evidence establishes that the MPL Licensees have control over the hiring and training of drivers. No evidence was adduced on the speed at which delivery drivers drive or the routes they take (i.e. the timing of delivery mentioned by Mr. Nassar). Even assuming they drive at posted speed limits, this is but one factor in the overall timing of order fulfillment. For example, the MPL Licensees also have control over their operations. In other words, they control how the food is prepared, including the timing of preparation. They also control staffing and, thus, whether they have sufficient staff to meet demand at any given time and how quickly they do so.

[99] All of these factors, over which MPL exercises little to no control, are significant determinants, in my view, of the character or quality of the services, including the finished pizza products and the speed at which or how food orders are filled. As noted in an earlier case, “[n]ot only is the provision in that agreement as to the character of the hamburgers to be sold under the agreement of the most superficial and unrestrictive character, but there is no provision for supervision or control and the evidence indicates that actual control concerning ‘nature and quality of the goods’ [or services, here] is practically speaking, non-existent”: Robert C. Wian Enterprises, Inc. v Mady, [1965] 2 Ex. C.R. 3 at p 15.

[100] The Plaintiff’s counsel objected, during Vahid Khorrami’s examination in chief, to the relevance of the line of questioning regarding the sale of the Baxter Location from the Khorrami brothers to the Defendants, having regard to the relevant date for assessing the distinctiveness of the Milano Design Mark (i.e. as of the date of the Defendants’ Counterclaim dated June 2, 2017). Although there is a difference of about 15 years, apart from the development of private label branded pizza ingredients and the increased utilization of written licence agreements, there is little evidence that much else has changed over the intervening years in respect of the actual exercise of control by MPL over the character or quality of the applicable services. I base this observation on the testimony of several of the independent owner-operators of MILANO PIZZERIA stores. Further, as mentioned above, online ordering (and MPL’s belated control) is not a significant factor in this case, in my view.

[101] I therefore conclude that the insufficient control exercised by MPL over the character or quality of the services, including the finished food products, notwithstanding oral or written licence agreements with most of the MPL Licensees, renders the Milano Design Mark non-distinctive, and hence, the Milano Design Registration invalid, as of the date of the Defendants’ counterclaim, namely June 2, 2017.

[102] As a consequence, not only is the Milano Design Mark non-distinctive of MPL, its concurrent use by the MPL Licensees renders the Milano Design Mark non-distinctive of any one of them as well, in my view, particularly in the absence of any direct evidence of acquired distinctiveness by either side to this dispute, notwithstanding lengthy use (about 20 years or more) of the Milano Design Mark and one or more of the Milano Word Marks. I explain the implications of the latter result further below in connection with the Defendants’ counterclaim. This consequence does not apply, however, to the design elements of the New Milano Design.

(ii) Lengthy co-existence of PIZZERIA MILANO in Masson, QC

[103] I find the coexistence of PIZZERIA MILANO in Masson, Québec, undermines any acquired distinctiveness MPL otherwise might have enjoyed in the Milano Design Mark, and the Milano Word Marks, by reason of the TMA s 50(1), were it not for the uncontrolled licensing that occurred.

[104] Justice Mactavish found, as noted above, that the distinctiveness of the Milano Design Mark resides in the combination of the words “Milano” and “Pizzeria”, coupled with the design elements: 2018 Summary Judgment, above at para 96. This finding in my view relates to the inherent distinctiveness of the Milano Design Mark on its face, rather than possible acquired distinctiveness, which is not mentioned in the registrability analysis.

[105] I find, however, that the Milano Design Mark is an inherently weak mark, with the word PIZZERIA specifically disclaimed, and rights in the word MILANO disavowed by MPL (i.e. “‘Milano’ is actually a common trade term in association with restaurants and cafés in Canada”), and the design of a slice of pizza descriptive of “take out restaurant services, with delivery” where the featured, finished product is pizza. (The lack of an express disclaimer of MILANO in the Milano Design Registration is discussed below.)

[106] Further, I find that any distinctiveness that resided in the combination of the words MILANO PIZZERIA is extinguished by the coexistence, and prior use, of PIZZERIA MILANO, by Dimitrios Stougianos for about 40 years. The fact that the words are reversed does not add any meaningful, distinguishing feature between these marks or names; they mean essentially the same thing, and are similar in sound and appearance: Made in Nature, LLC v Pharmavite LLC, 2022 TMOB 21 (CanLII) at para 31; Allan Beverages Ltd. v Canada Dry Ltd., 1974 CarswellNat 489, 15 CPR (2d) 86 at 87-88 (Registrar of Trade Marks).

[107] In addition, the Milano Design Mark and the PIZZERIA MILANO sign used by Mr. Stougianos in the front window of his restaurant, involve the same eye-catching colours of red and yellow.

[108] The Plaintiff sought to rely on the fact that Masson, QC is approximately 30 minutes away from Ottawa by car. I agree with the Defendants, however, that the PIZZERIA MILANO in Masson, QC is closer to Ottawa than a number of the MILANO PIZZERIA stores, including those located in Alfred, Almonte, Arnprior, Beachburg, Bourget, Casselman, Cobden, Cornwall, Kemptville, Pembroke, Perth, Renfrew and Smith Falls (according to the list, in evidence, of MILANO PIZZERIA locations as of August 2018). As the Supreme Court has held, “for the owner of a registered trade-mark to have exclusive use of the trade-mark throughout Canada, there cannot be a likelihood of confusion with another trade-mark anywhere in the country”: Masterpiece Inc. v Alavida Lifestyles Inc., 2011 SCC 27 at para 31 (CanLII), [2011] 2 S.C.R. 387.

[109] During the trial, Mazen Kassis admitted he is aware that there are other restaurants in Ontario and Canada that use MILANO in their name. Apart from this action, and an action against Milano City Pizza in respect of which MPL obtained default judgment (dated June 23, 2016 on Court File No. T-43-16), there is no other evidence that MPL has a program for policing the Milano Design Mark, including in respect of the PIZZERIA MILANO. For example, the written licence agreements with the MPL Licensees do not contain any provision obligating the licensee to bring to MPL’s attention any unauthorized, confusing uses of the Milano Design Mark or the Milano Word Marks by a third party.

[110] In addition, regarding the third party marks evidenced by the Defendants, namely MILANO COFFEE HOUSE design, registration number TMA836,464, MILANO FRUITERIE LOGO TRADEMARK, allowed application number 1,703,103, and MILANO English logo, allowed application number 1,753,787, there is no evidence that MPL sought to oppose them. I find, otherwise, that this evidence is of little assistance to the Defendants in their defence of the main action. In particular, there is an insufficient number of registered and allowed trademarks to draw any inferences regarding the state of the marketplace in respect of the asserted prevalent use of MILANO for restaurant services: Tokai of Canada Ltd v Kingsford Products Company, LLC, 2021 FC 782 at paras 56-57. I give greater weight in this regard to the Plaintiff’s admission made during the processing of the application underlying the Milano Design Registration to the effect that “Milano” is a common trade term in association with restaurants and cafés in Canada.

(b) Invalidity under the TMA s 18(c) because of abandonment

[111] I am not persuaded that the Defendants have established abandonment of the Milano Design Mark. There are two requirements to show abandonment – first, that the trademark no longer is in use in Canada, and second, that the owner intended to abandon the trademark: Diageo Canada Inc. v Heaven Hill Distilleries, Inc., 2017 FC 571 at para 43.

[112] MPL itself does not use the Milano Design Mark for “take out restaurant services, with delivery” and has not done so for many years. It does use the Milano Design Mark, however, in association with private label pizza sauce. MPL asserts that pepperoni and cheese are similarly private labelled; I note, however, that there are no images in evidence of the packaging for these food products.

[113] Further, while I have found a lack of distinctiveness from insufficiently controlled licensing, the Plaintiff’s licensing program, imperfect as it is, does not support an intention to abandon the Milano Design Mark, in my view. I thus find that the two requirements for establishing abandonment have not been met.

[114] Given my finding of invalidity for lack of distinctiveness, the question of whether the Milano Design Mark was used under licence at the time the application for its registration was filed on October 6, 1997 or as of its claimed first use date of March 1994 for the most part no longer is relevant. I agree with the Plaintiff, however, that the TMA s 17(1) operates to preclude the Defendants from succeeding on this ground of invalidity.

[115] I note that the evidence shows the Baxter Location was acquired in 1992 by Marwan and Youssef Kassis, and they owned it until 1994 when they sold it to Kamal Ibrahim. As observed by Justice Mactavish, “Marwan Kassis (one of the Defendants by Counterclaim) identifies himself as the founder of the Milano pizzeria business”: 2018 Summary Judgment, above at para 13. Although Marwan and Youssef Kassis were shareholders of MPL, there is no evidence about whether their initial interests in the MILANO PIZZERIA Business flowed to MPL.

[116] By the time the application to register the Milano Design Mark was filed in 1997, the Khorrami brothers owned the Baxter Location, through their numbered company, and as I have found, they used the Milano Design Mark with permission (that is, under an oral licence), in exchange for purchasing and respecting territory.

[117] Further, while the Bill of Sale for the purchase of the Baxter Location by the Defendants mentions goodwill, it is silent about any trademarks, trademark rights, trade names or other intellectual property, as noted by Justice Mactavish: 2018 Summary Judgment, above at para 73. In light of the TMA s 48(1), however, I am not prepared to infer that trademarks follow goodwill. Subsection 48(1) provides that registered or unregistered trademarks are transferrable, either with or separately from the goodwill of the business. In other words, subsection 48(1) recognizes a commercial reality that a business and its goodwill can be sold with or without the trademark(s) that the business used.

[118] Consequently, while the Defendants in my view are the successors to the business operated by the Khorrami brothers at the Baxter Location, I find that they are not the successors to any trademark rights that would permit them, under the TMA s 17(1), to challenge the Plaintiff’s entitlement to the Milano Design Mark, notwithstanding that the Milano Design Registration is more than five years old: Havana House Cigar & Tobacco Merchants Ltd. v Skyway Cigar Store, 1998 CanLII 7773 (FC) at para 61; varied (in other respects) 1999 CanLII 9100 (FCA).

(d) Invalidity because claimed first use date precedes incorporation date

[119] There is no question that under the TMA, as it existed prior to June 17, 2019, this would have been a valid basis for opposing a trademark application, with regard to paragraphs 38(2)(a) and 30(b). The law is less clear, however, whether a registration could be expunged under the TMA s 18 on that basis (i.e. non-compliance with section 30 which is not mentioned in section 18, unlike the former paragraph 38(2)(a)).

[120] In any event, the Defendants did not address or maintain this issue in their closing arguments. In light of my finding of invalidity for lack of distinctiveness, I conclude it is unnecessary to make a determination regarding this issue.

(e) Whether Corporate Defendant’s predecessor used the Milano Design Mark prior to March 1994

[121] As I have found above, while the evidence shows that 1252106 Canada Inc., the Khorrami brothers’ numbered corporation, is the Corporate Defendant’s predecessor in so far as the business operated at the Baxter Location is concerned, 1252106 Canada Inc. is not a predecessor in my view of any trademarks or trademark rights that the Defendants allege they hold. I therefore conclude it also is unnecessary to make any other determination in connection with this issue.

(f) Invalidity because of lack of disclaimer of MILANO

[122] Again, given the finding of invalidity for lack of distinctiveness, this issue has become moot. That said, were I to consider the issue, I would be inclined to the view that the Defendants’ complaint regarding the lack of a disclaimer in this case is tantamount to an impermissible collateral attack against the registrability finding in the 2018 Summary Judgment.

[123] The Defendants have not articulated clearly, in my view, the statutory basis on which they seek to have the Milano Design Registration declared invalid for lack of a disclaimer of MILANO or, alternatively, to have the Milano Design Registration amended to incorporate the disclaimer. I find that the Defendants’ complaint about the lack of a disclaimer of MILANO appears to be rooted in the registrability of the Milano Design Mark, which Justice Mactavish found is not in issue. I note that neither party appealed the 2018 Summary Judgment. Further, both sides of the dispute were expected to have “put their best foot forward” in their respective motions and responses: 2018 Summary Judgment, above at paras 34-35.

[124] As Justice Gleason (as she then was) observed, “[t]he rule against collateral attack prevents parties from questioning an order made by a court of competent jurisdiction in any other proceeding except through the appeal process applicable to the order”: Strickland v. Canada (Attorney General), 2013 FC 475 at para 43. The Supreme Court defines a “collateral attack” as “an attack made in proceedings other than those whose specific object is the reversal, variation, or nullification of the order or judgment”: Wilson v The Queen, [1983] 2 S.C.R. 594 at 599.

[125] For this reason, I find that the Defendants’ reliance on the decision in Emall.Ca Inc (Cheaptickets.Ca) v Cheap Tickets and Travel Inc., 2007 FC 243 [Cheap Tickets], in respect of this issue, misplaced. The Cheap Tickets decision turned on the question of whether the challenged trademarks were descriptive and, hence, whether they were registrable.

[126] For the above reasons, I would have concluded that the Defendants could not succeed on this issue.

(g) Enforceable rights in the registered Milano Design Mark (and/or the Milano Word Marks)

[127] Given my finding of lack of distinctiveness, because of insufficiently controlled licensing, I conclude that the issue of whether MPL has enforceable rights in the registered Milano Design Mark (and/or the Milano Word Marks) to sustain its claims that the Defendants have contravened the TMA sections 19, 20, 22, 7(b) and/or 7(c) must be answered in the negative for all of the Plaintiff’s asserted Milano Marks. The TMA s 50(1) applies to both registered and unregistered trademarks.

[128] If my finding were not sustainable, however, I would have considered the Defendants’ ongoing use of the exact and otherwise validly registered Milano Design Mark, after MPL’s termination of permission to use it (or in the absence of such permission), to be a breach of at least sections 19 and 20 of the TMA. The evidence demonstrates that the Milano Design Mark was not removed from the Defendants’ website until 2018, and is still on a sign at the Baxter Location. The Defendants also admitted using substantially the Milano Design Mark on their latest menu from 2019.

[129] In any event, I add that the issue of whether the Milano Design Mark is nonetheless distinctive of MPL for the privately-labelled pizza ingredients (i.e. pizza sauce, pepperoni and cheese), or, in other words, the goods it sells through Tannis, was not asserted or argued in the Plaintiff’s claim or the Defendants’ counterclaim. Further, there was no evidence that anyone other than MPL sells such goods. It is not an issue I need to determine and, thus, is not a factor in these Reasons.

[130] In the circumstances, I find it unnecessary to consider issues B, C, D, E and F above, leaving issues G and H for consideration, to which I turn next.

G. Actions and communications of MPL and the Personal Defendants by Counterclaim

[131] I find that the Defendants have not made out their counterclaim of contravention of the TMA s 7(a) by MPL and the Personal Defendants.

[132] The parties do not disagree about the elements required to succeed in a claim under this provision, namely (1) a false and misleading statement, (2) tending to discredit the business, wares or services of a competitor, and (3) resulting damage: S. & S. Industries Inc. v Rowell, 1966 CanLII 53 (SCC), [1966] S.C.R. 419 at 424.

[133] The Defendants assert, in their Reply to the Defence to Counterclaim, however, that the alleged deceptive and misleading actions by the Defendants by Counterclaim with respect to section 7 breaches “stand independently of any determination regarding the ownership of the trade-marks at issue.” I disagree.

[134] As I previously have held, “[t]here is a constitutional limitation on section 7, in that standing alone and in association only with (now) section 55, it would not be valid federal legislation under subsection 91(2) of the British North America Act; the section derives its ‘nourishment’ or validity from rounding out the regulatory schemes prescribed by Parliament exercising its legislative power in respect of patents, copyrights, trademarks and trade names”: Immigration Consultants of Canada Regulatory Council v CICC The College of Immigration and Citizenship Consultants Corp., 2020 FC 1191 at para 62, citing MacDonald et al v Vapor Canada Ltd, 1976 CanLII 181 (SCC), [1977] 2 S.C.R. 134 [Vapor] at 172.

[135] The Supreme Court in Vapor stated further at 172: “The subparagraphs of s. 7, if limited in this way, would be sustainable.” The Supreme Court, thus, concluded that paragraph 7(e) was not sustainable (and hence, it later was repealed) because there was no subject matter left in relation to patents, copyright, trademark and trade names, once paragraphs 7(a) to 7(d) were taken into account.

[136] Regarding the TMA s 7(a) specifically, this Court has held, “[f]or section 7(a) to be valid, its application must be limited to creating a cause of action relating to false and misleading statements made about a trade-mark or other intellectual property owned by the claimant”: Canadian Copyright Licensing Agency v Business Depot Ltd., 2008 FC 737 [Canadian Copyright] at para 27. As I explain below in connection with issue H, to the extent the that Defendants base this claim on alleged rights in MILANO BAXTER, the Defendants have not established that they have used MILANO BAXTER as a trademark within the meaning of section 4 of the TMA, or as trade name for that matter.

[137] The Defendants point to email exchanges in early 2017 between the Plaintiff and two suppliers regarding online order fulfillment, Just Eat and Uber, as well as to the testimony of Chris Bouziotas of Local Media Concepts Inc., doing business as menu.ca, in support of their assertion that the Plaintiff (including the Personal Defendants by Counterclaim) made false or misleading statements tending to discredit the business, goods or services of a competitor, contrary to the TMA s 7(a).

[138] I find the email exchange with Uber to be factual for the most part, while the email exchange with Just Eat is inconclusive. In both cases, the representative of the supplier apparently sought information about the dispute between MPL and the Baxter Location, to which MPL’s counsel responded in the case of Uber and Mazen Kassis responded in the case of Just Eat.

[139] In response to Uber, MPL’s counsel forwarded a copy of the Milano City Pizza judgment and a copy of the Statement of Claim filed naming the owner-operators of the Baxter Location as Defendants and “alleging infringement of our client’s exclusive rights in the trademarks MILANO PIZZERIA, MILANO PIZZA … and MILANO PIZZERIA & Design…” Although in my view it was an overreach to assert exclusive rights in MILANO PIZZERIA and MILANO PIZZA in this statement, nonetheless the Plaintiff had a valid and subsisting registration at the time for the trademark MILANO PIZZERIA & Design (i.e. the Milano Design Registration). Accordingly, pursuant to the TMA s 19, the Plaintiff enjoyed exclusive rights in its registered trademark until the registration was declared invalid.

[140] Regarding Just Eat, the representative indicated that after having spoken with both sides, they wished not be involved until the dispute was resolved. Although Mazen Kassis asserted in his email response that “we are the owners of the trade name Milano Pizza,” this too is not inaccurate because the name of the corporation is Milano Pizza Ltd. (The scope of the rights that reside in that name, Milano Pizza, were not addressed until the trial.) Further, Mr. Kassis ended his response with: “Of course I will respect your position but only ask that you consult with your legal department and see if there is something that can be done.”

[141] As for Mr. Bouziotas, he testified in cross-examination that he understood that Chadi Wansa was a franchisee who owned Baxter’s. As I noted earlier, this is a perception on which the Defendants sought to benefit (i.e. that they were part of a larger group or a franchise). That it worked to their disadvantage in respect of their relationship with menu.ca is not indicative, in my view, of a contravention of the TMA s 7(a). Apart from Mr. Bouziotas testifying that he became aware of the dispute and that Mazen Kassis asked him to remove Milano Baxter’s from the platform, which they did, I find his testimony overall is insufficient to support the Defendants’ claim under the TMA s 7(a).

[142] The Defendants also point to the actions and communications of the Plaintiff in connection with the opening of the Baseline Location in 2016, described above. Although I am prepared to infer that the Baxter Location is implicated in MPL’s communications via letter and menu that mention the unanswered question about why it was opening another location in the area, I am not satisfied this equates to a reference to a trademark, as required by Canadian Copyright, namely, the alleged trademark MILANO BAXTER. Simply, the Defendants have not established that they have used MILANO BAXTER as a trademark.

[143] I thus conclude that the Defendants’ counterclaim based on the TMA s 7(a) cannot succeed.

[144] I am not persuaded that the Defendants can succeed on this ground because, as they have framed it, it is inconsistent with their position that the Milano Design Registration is invalid for non-distinctiveness. More significantly, until the Milano Design Registration was invalidated by this Court, the use of the registered Milano Design Mark was an absolute defence to an action in passing off: Remo Imports Ltd. v Jaguar Cars Ltd., 2007 FCA 258 at para 111; 2018 Summary Judgment, above at para 133; TFI Foods Ltd. v Every Green International Inc., 2021 FC 241 at para 35.

[145] Leaving aside the latter principle for a moment, according to the Supreme Court, the three elements required to establish passing off are goodwill, misrepresentation (resulting in deception), and actual or potential damages: Ciba-Geigy Canada Ltd. v Apotex Inc., 1992 CanLII 33 (SCC), [1992] 3 S.C.R. 120 [Ciba-Geigy] at 132. The Supreme Court also has held that “the [Trademarks] Act creates a scheme regulating both registered and unregistered trade-marks[; … i]n its pith and substance, s. 7(b) is directly connected to the enforcement of trade-marks and trade-names in Canada: the civil remedy in s. 7(b) protects the goodwill associated with trade-marks and is directed to avoiding consumer confusion through use of trade-marks” [emphasis in original]: Kirkbi AG v Ritvik Holdings Inc, 2005 SCC 65 [Kirkbi] at para 35.

[146] The Defendants assert that absent a binding written or verbal agreement with MPL, all their use of Milano Pizzeria and the Milano Design Mark must flow to their benefit in their area of operation. They point to no case law that would permit the Court to entertain the notion that in the face of a finding of non-distinctiveness, the Milano Design Mark nonetheless remains distinctive in a slice of the city of Ottawa where, including in neighbouring regions, there are more than thirty differently owned and operated MILANO PIZZERIA stores, not to mention PIZZERIA MILANO on the other side of the Ottawa River.

[147] Further, online ordering means there are no restrictions on the area of delivery throughout the city, as Mr. Wansa testified, and the evidence demonstrates that the Defendants have delivered food, or filled orders from, outside their area. Online ordering also facilitates the placing of orders by customers from anywhere in the city who then pick up the ordered food. In the circumstances, I am not convinced that the name Milano Pizzeria and the Milano Design Mark are distinctive of the Baxter Location in that area only, if at all. Further, according to the Defendants, there is no defined area. As noted by Mazen Kassis in his email exchange with the Just Eat representative in early 2017, the MPL Licensees “must abide by territorial boundaries, while [the Baxter] location … have none.”

[148] The logical consequence of a lack of controlled licensing for so many years is that the names Milano Pizzeria, Milano Pizza and the Milano Design Mark are not distinctive of anyone, at least in association with “take out restaurant services, with delivery.” Whether the Milano Design Mark is distinctive in association with branded pizza ingredients, and whether the New Milano Design as a whole is distinctive of the Defendants, are different questions that remain undetermined at this time.

[149] In addition, to the extent that the Defendants’ counterclaim includes reliance on asserted rights in MILANO BAXTER, it cannot succeed on this basis either, in my view, because of the Defendants’ failure to establish the use of that term as a trademark or even as a trade name. At the time when the Baxter Location was removed from the website and online ordering system in February 2016, the evidence shows that it had been listed among the “Milano Locations” as “Baxter – Ottawa West.” At an earlier time when Chadi Wansa controlled the website, the Baxter Location was listed as “Ottawa West – Baxter & Iris.” More significantly, there is no direct evidence from any of the Baxter Location’s customers that they know the business as, or that it is called, Milano Baxter. The fact that the Baseline Location was listed on the website as “Milano Baxter – Iris Cobden” after the Baxter Location was removed, is explained by Mazen Kassis’ testimony that this is a description of the area served by that location.

[150] I thus conclude that the Defendants’ have not established first and second elements of the passing off test articulated by the Supreme Court in Ciba-Geigy.

(c) Have MPL and the Personal Defendants by Counterclaim passed off their goods or services as and for those ordered or requested, in contravention of the TMA s 7(c)?

[151] For the same reasons, I am satisfied that the Defendants’ also cannot succeed on their second passing off ground. For example, the Defendants argue they have an excellent reputation among their longstanding customers. Yet there is no direct evidence supporting this assertion from any of the Defendants’ customers, let alone longstanding ones. The Defendants also refer to “regular repeat business” from their customers without any supporting evidence. In other words, the Defendants cannot point to any direct evidence from customers or others showing that “its get-up had acquired a secondary meaning or reputation in the mind of the public such that the public identifies that get-up with the [Defendants]”: Searle Canada Inc. v Novopharm Limited, 1994 CanLII 3502 (FCA), [1994] 3 FC 603.

[152] To the extent that the Defendants’ complaint under the TMA s 7(d)(ii) is based on the use of “Milano Baxter – Iris Cobden” to identify the Baseline Location on the milanopizza.ca website after the Baxter Location was removed, I am not persuaded that this represents a description that is false in a material respect and likely to mislead the public as to the geographical origin of the applicable goods or services, for several reasons.

[153] First, the Defendants have not established goodwill or reputation in “Milano Baxter” because they have not used the term themselves as a trademark under the TMA s 4 or as a trade name.

[154] Second, the street address of the Baseline Location is indicated immediately under the reference to “Milano Baxter – Iris Cobden”. All MILANO PIZZERIA store locations are listed in this manner, i.e. with a bolded reference to the location, followed by the street address of the applicable store. The first reference to the Baseline Location in the list of MILANO PIZZERIA stores appears as “Baseline and Greenbank” with the street address for the location underneath. By increasing the resolution of the map in evidence of the Baxter Location’s territory or area of operation, I can see that Greenbank and Cobden intersect Baseline, while Baxter and Iris are nearby streets.

[155] I thus accept the Plaintiff’s evidence, in the form of Mazen Kassis’ testimony, that the reference to “Milano Baxter – Iris Cobden” describes the area that the Baseline Location serves. I do not find that it is false in a material respect.

H. Have the Defendants used the trademark MILANO BAXTER and acquired any reputation or goodwill in this mark?

[156] I find there is insufficient evidence to establish that the Defendants have used MILANO BAXTER as a trademark and, therefore, I further find they have acquired neither reputation nor goodwill in this asserted trademark.

[157] General ledger entries in evidence identify the Corporate Defendant as “6034799 Canada Inc. (Milano Pizzeria – Baxter).” In my view, the reference to “Baxter” is meant to identify that particular MILANO PIZZERIA store to which the general ledger entries pertain. There is no use of MILANO BAXTER per se in the entries and, in any event, it would not be use as a trademark in association with goods or services, within the meaning of section 4 of the TMA.

[158] An archived screenshot of the website at http://www.milanopizzeria.ca/ from January 6, 2010 shows an Ottawa Location listing for “Ottawa West – Baxter & Iris.” Again, this is not use of MILANO BAXTER per se, and at best, is a description of a location of a MILANO PIZZERIA store (i.e. at or near the streets Baxter and Iris in the west end of Ottawa). It is not, however, trademark use in association with goods or services, within the meaning of section 4 of the TMA.

[159] The Defendants complain about the duplicate entry, in the archived website at http://order.milanopizzeria.ca/ for August 18, 2018, for the MILANO PIZZERIA store located at 2529 Baseline Road in Ottawa, one with the heading “Baseline and Greenbank” and the other with the heading “Milano Baxter – Iris Cobden.” The Defendants have not established, however, that they use MILANO BAXTER as a trademark within the meaning of the TMA s 4 or as a trade name. There is no direct evidence showing the Defendants’ use of MILANO BAXTER as a trademark or trade name or that it has any reputation as such among customers of the Baxter Location or other members of the public who may be familiar with the Defendants’ business.

VIII. Conclusions

[160] For the foregoing reasons, the Plaintiff’s action is dismissed. While the Defendants’ succeed in their counterclaim challenging the validity of the Milano Design Registration for non-distinctiveness of the Milano Design Mark under the TMA s 18(1)(b), their counterclaim is otherwise dismissed. In the circumstances, I find that the issue of damages is moot.

[161] I add that, in any event, the Defendants’ claim for enumerated damages for the Plaintiff’s removal of the Defendants from the online ordering system discussed earlier in these Reasons is not “under a sphere of valid federal jurisdiction vested in the Federal Court”: Salt Canada Inc. v Baker, 2020 FCA 127 at para 24 (CanLII), [2020] 4 FCR 279. In other words, to the extent that the Defendants rely on a breach of covenant (that is, the Plaintiff’s agreement not to remove the Defendants from the milanopizzeria.ca website under any circumstances in exchange for the assignment of the domain name) as a foundation of their counterclaim, the breach of contract allegation is beyond the jurisdiction of this Court to address, in my view.

IX. Costs

[162] Both sides submitted a Bill of Costs through to the end of trial, including their summary judgment motions, the costs of which Justice Mactavish ruled would be payable in the cause. Bearing in mind the general costs principles described below, and for the following reasons, I determine that the Defendants/Plaintiffs by Counterclaim, as the successful parties, are entitled to lump sum costs, including applicable HST and reasonable disbursements, in the amount of $104,848.10, payable by the Plaintiff/Defendants by Counterclaim.

[163] Chief Justice Crampton thoroughly canvassed general costs principles recently in Allergan Inc. v Sandoz Canada Inc., 2021 FC 186 [Allergan] at paras 19-36. Briefly, these include:

- Indemnifying the successful party(ies), even if not successful in respect of all positions pursued, except in cases of divided success or mixed results (noting that success with respect to only some grounds of invalidity does not constitute divided success or mixed results);
- Sanctioning behaviour that increases the duration and expense of the proceeding, or is unreasonable or vexatious;
- Broad discretion of the Court over the amount and allocation of costs, per the Federal Courts Rules, SOR/98-106 [FCR], Rule 400(1);
- Fixing costs with reference to Tariff B (the default level being the mid-point of Column III) or in a lump sum amount, per the FCR Rules 400(4) and 407;
- Determining a lump sum amount by beginning at the mid-point of 25%-50% range for a complex drug patent proceeding, or at the lower end of this range for other cases and assessing the Rule 400(3) factors to determine if a higher amount is warranted (per Seedlings Life Science Ventures, LLC v Pfizer Canada ULC, 2020 FC 505 at para 22); and
- Assessing disbursements in full, provided they are reasonable.

[164] The Defendants have not convinced me that solicitor-client costs are warranted in the circumstances, nor that the Plaintiff’s/Defendants’ by Counterclaim conduct was “so malicious, oppressive and high-handed that it offends the court’s sense of decency,” thus warranting an award of punitive damages: Bauer Hockey Corp. v Sport Maska Inc. (Reebok-CCM Hockey), 2014 FCA 158 at para 19.

[165] The fact that the Court took the Plaintiff to task for a course of conduct in a related but separate proceeding (that is, in connection with the Milano City Pizza matter discussed above), is not a factor, in my view, that justifies a finding of “reprehensible, scandalous or outrageous behaviour,” and hence costs sanctions, in the instant action. Until the Court found the Milano Design Registration invalid for insufficient controlled licensing, the Plaintiff otherwise was entitled to pursue lawful enforcement measures.

[166] Further, I am not persuaded that the Plaintiff’s conduct of its case unduly lengthened or made the proceedings more complex than necessary in the circumstances. As the Defendants’ noted, they raised in their counterclaim multiple grounds of invalidity of the Milano Design Registration, in addition to multiple section 7 claims that both parties raised. That said, I find that this matter was a moderately complex trademark action with multiple inter-related claims raised by both sides.

[167] I have considered the Defendants’/Plaintiffs’ by Counterclaim Bill of Costs. It proposes three possible awards: one based on a mix of mid Column III and top of Column V of Tariff B, another based on 50% of actual costs and the third based on 100% of actual costs. I have noted discrepancies in the total amounts for the actual costs columns, none of which appears to change the totals, however, by more than $1,000.

[168] I observe that a bill of costs generally should not present an accounting exercise for the Court. Further, where a bill of costs is broken down into components, such as “pleadings and documentary discovery,” “examinations for discovery,” and “pre-trial procedures,” among others, sub-total amounts should be provided to assist the Court.

[169] Having regard to the above discussion on costs, I am satisfied that a lump sum costs award of $104,848.10, payable by the Plaintiff/Defendants by Counterclaim, is justified in the circumstances. This amount represents 30% ($89,794.35, being reasonable fees) of the Defendants’ estimated 100% actual costs for the entire proceeding including the summary judgment motion, plus HST ($89,794.35 x .13 = $11,673.27 (rounded)) and reasonable disbursements ($3,380.48).

JUDGMENT in T-152-17

THIS COURT ADJUDGES, DECLARES AND ORDERS that:

1. The Plaintiff’s action, as amended on January 8, 2021, is dismissed.
2. Registration number TMA571,144 for trademark MILANO PIZZERIA & Design dated November 22, 2002 for “take out restaurant services, with delivery” is invalid and is to be expunged from the register of trademarks, pursuant to paragraph 18(1)(b) of the Trademarks Act, RSC 1985, c T-13.
3. In all other respects, the counterclaim of the Defendants/Plaintiffs by Counterclaim, as amended on January 5, 2021, is dismissed.
4. Lump sum costs in the amount of $104,848.10 shall be payable by the Plaintiff/Defendants by Counterclaim to the Defendants/Plaintiffs by Counterclaim.
5. There is no separate award of damages; the issue is moot.

"Janet M. Fuhrer"

Judge

Annex “A” : Summary of the Parties’ Live Evidence at Trial

Witnesses of the Plaintiff/Defendants by Counterclaim

Mazen Kassis

Mazen Kassis testified twice at trial, first on behalf of the Plaintiff, and then later on behalf of the Defendants by Counterclaim. Mr. Kassis confirmed that he has been the president of Milano Pizza Ltd. [MPL] since 2013. He testified that MPL is an Ottawa-based licensing company that has been in the area for 40 years, and presently has 38 licensees at the time of the trial.

Mr. Kassis testified that his family started in the pizza business in 1973, and that he and all of his siblings later went on to own their own individual pizza businesses. Mr. Kassis stated that his brother, Marwan, owned the first Milano Pizzeria, and that he, Mazen, became involved with Milano Pizza in 1998 by selling off his pizzeria and purchasing shares in MPL. They looked to expand the business to new locations, each named “Milano Pizzeria.” He further testified that these locations were not owned by MPL, but rather by individual operators who agreed to certain conditions in exchange for permission to use the Milano name and mark, including purchasing supplies and territorial agreements.

The Milano Design Mark has been the same, in general appearance, for as long as he can recall. He stated that most of these licensees have come from their group of operators; that is, they are former employees. Training of the licensees was never formally mandated.

He stated further that licensing agreements are not always in writing but were agreed to verbally and comply with the rules (i.e. purchasing from distributors/suppliers, including branded products such as pizza sauce, complying with the menu, to an extent, and with the territory). Mr. Kassis explained that copies of licensing agreements, that were retained by Marwan Kassis, his now late brother and founder of Milano Pizza at that time, were lost in a flood in 2004 or 2005. Mr. Kassis also explained that licensees must purchase certain items under the Milano brand, including pizza boxes, cheese, pepperoni and pizza sauce, which is essential to their mark. The sauce is a designated sauce for Milano Pizza and all licensees have been required to use the specified Milano sauce for more than 20 years.

Mr. Kassis acknowledged that some of the licensing agreements were signed in 2017, after litigation against Mr. Wansa began. He testified later to his understanding that MPL would have approved the sale of the Baxter Location to the licensees with conditions and that there was a licence agreement with the purchasers but he did not meet with them to have the agreement signed. He added that they paid royalties until April or May 2006. The Montreal Road Location also paid royalties.

Mr. Kassis also testified regarding MPL’s licensing arrangements. He stated that it’s a fluid business and that licensees come to Milano because they have relaxed licence agreements with few requirements. Sometimes the licensees don’t comply with the licence agreement but there is an understanding, an explanation for it. He confirmed that there are no uniforms. Additions to menus are tolerated (such as Kemptville Pizza or Manotick Special); there is no impact on the total look of menu or the larger mark of the company. There is loose quality control through the supplier or distributor representative, customers, and licensees. Mr. Kassis admitted that the service of a territory is out of their hands once it has been assigned and further, that the territory could be under- or poorly-served if the licensee does not open a second location where encouraged. He stated that while MPL encourages higher pricing, it is not compelled nor uniform. Further, MPL does not do audits of sales; they just go by experience.

Christos Bouziotas

Christos Bouziotas confirmed that he works for menu.ca (Local Media Concepts Inc.); they provide restaurants with the software and mechanism to be able to accept online orders. He testified that the company first started working for Chadi Wansa by setting up an online ordering platform and installing hardware in his store so that he could receive online orders.

After Mr. Bouziotas was introduced to Mazen Kassis, they started working with him. According to Mr. Bouziotas, it was clear right from the beginning that Mazen was “the man,” or that he was the franchisor, as far as Mr. Bouziotas knew, that he was responsible for all the Milanos and that it was his website (i.e. milanopizzeria.ca). Mr. Bouziotas explained that everyone, including Chadi, introduced Mr. Kassis as the franchisor. He stated that after he started working with Kassis, the contact with Mr. Wansa was minimal.

Mr. Bouziotas testified that, to his knowledge, the milanopizzeria.ca domain was never transferred to Mr. Kassis by Mr. Wansa and references emails supporting this statement. Mr. Bouziotas stated he found it odd that Mr. Wansa did not transfer the domain because he had promised to do so, and that he got the sense there was a dispute between the parties. Mr. Bouziotas later testified, however, that Milano Pizza eventually acquired the domain through a domain service.

Rabah Abou Hassan

Rabah Abou Hassan confirmed that he has owned the Milano Pizzeria at 1078 Merivale in Ottawa [Merivale Location] since 2012 and managed the store for 4 years before purchasing it. He stated that he has always used the name Milano Pizzeria, and that the location has been there for 40 or 42 years. It is the main Milano Pizzeria location.

Mr. Hassan testified that he has a franchise with his own territory and nobody (other Milano Pizzeria operators) is allowed to go into it. He stated that he has permission to use the trademark and name Milano Pizzeria, and that the conditions on this permission include purchasing supplies through Tannis and Pepsi. Mr. Hassan confirmed that other than purchasing supplies, he has control over running the Merivale Location, including the food he prepares, and the recipes he uses and delivery drivers. He also provided that he has control over advertising, but has joined in on joint initiatives with Mr. Kassis and other locations.

Mohammed Toufaely

Mohammed Toufaely confirmed that he owns a Milano Pizzeria in Richmond, Ontario [Richmond Location]. He bought the store in 1996, then under a different name and changed to Milano’s in 1998. He understands that he has permission to use the Milano Pizzeria name and logo as long as he purchases supplies from Tannis. He confirmed that he did not have a written licence agreement in 1998 but that he signed an agreement with MPL “a couple years ago” which outlined similar conditions. He testified that he has never had any issues with MPL.

Mr. Toufaely further testified that he did not talk to a lawyer before signing the (September 2013) licence agreement with MPL, and that he considered the clause that MPL owns the trademark an important term of the agreement. He added that he and Mazen Kassis defined the territory for his location. He also testified that he controls the territory (his consent is required for another licence to be awarded in his territory), the recipes he uses, and that he prepares certain recipes and controls delivery, training/hiring, and customer service.

Abed el Hadi Zawawi

Abed el Hadi Zawawi confirmed that he is the owner of a Milano Pizzeria in Orleans, at 3848 Innes Road [Orleans Location]. He owns the store which he has operated for 12 years. He stated that the business is a franchise owned by the Kassis family, and that the franchise owns the name “Milano,” which he has permission to use as long as he purchases supplies from Tannis and Pepsi. He considers that his business operates under the “Milano’s franchise” and that his business does not the name. Mr. Zawawi stated that he did not sign a licence agreement right away, only after he had started operating. Nothing changed after he signed the agreement.

Mr. Zawawi testified that he did not have a lawyer review the September 2013 agreement, and that he understands that MPL owns the Milano trademark. Mr. Zawawi further testified that his location has its own territory, and that this was allocated by Mazen Kassis. They agreed on the territory when Mr. Zawawi’s store, the second location in the area, was opened because the first location had been there for almost 30 years. He stated that he is in control over the delivery services, customer service, staff training, and some aspects of marketing and advertising (flyers) in his territory.

Witnesses of the Defendants/Plaintiffs by Counterclaim

Chadi Wansa

Chadi Wansa, along with his partners, his cousin, Youssef Zaher and his uncle, Youssef Nassar, own and operate a Milano Pizzeria on Baxter Road, Ottawa [Baxter Location], through the Corporate Defendant, 60434799 Canada Inc.. They acquired the business, including assets and goodwill, from Vahid Khorrami who, with his brother Farid Khorrami, owned the business at this location through 1252106 Canada Inc. According to Mr. Wansa, no trademark clearance search was conducted when they purchased the business. Although Mr. Wansa testified that he did not approach with Marwan Kassis about acquiring a Milano location, he did recall speaking with Vahid Khorrami. Mr. Wansa also recalled that Mazen Kassis did explain the purchasing arrangement to him: “He’s like, you know, I negotiate on your behalf, I get the best deal and then I take my cut from it, you know.”

Mr. Wansa testified that all three partners were involved in different aspects of running the business. He testified that they decided on ingredients, menus, décor, advertising, how they addressed, how to hire, training for employees, and delivery, with no restrictions. Mr. Wansa further testified that the Milano locations cooperate for marketing efforts, and that they formed a somewhat loosely organized cooperative for the purpose of funding marketing campaigns from joint purchasing from suppliers.

Mr. Wansa provided an overview of the dispute between the Baxter Location and Mazen Kassis, including issues surrounding the website listing and online ordering. He explained that he acquired the domain milanopizzeria.ca in 2003 and paid a web designer $4,000 to create and set up the website. Mr. Wansa testified that he had full control over the website and initially they were the only location advertising on it. About nine locations later were added.

When Just Eat came along in 2010 with an online ordering platform, Mr. Wansa jumped on it. He testified that there was no input from MPL. Mr. Wansa explained that when Skip the Dishes came along in 2012, the three partners decided to jump on that too, and then later on Uber Eats. Online ordering became a crucial part of their business, representing about 25 per cent. He highlighted that with online ordering, there is no restriction on the delivery area.

Prior to the dispute, Mr. Wansa had a friendly relationship with Mr. Kassis. From 2002-2013, there was no mention of trademarks. Mr. Wansa testified that after Mazen Kassis became the president of MPL in 2013, they discussed transferring the milanopizzeria.ca domain to Mr. Kassis. He stated that he had some reservations about this, but decided to move forward with the plan once Mr. Kassis agreed not to remove the Baxter Location from the website for any reason without consent. Mr. Wansa testified that he remained as an administrator on the domain account, at the request of Mr. Kassis, until he eventually was removed.

The Baxter Location was removed from the website and online ordering system first on November 15, 2015 over refusal to order a certain size of Pepsi and then again, permanently, in February 2016 over refusal to order pizza boxes. Mr. Wansa stated that shortly after the Baxter Location was removed from the website, Mr. Kassis began marketing a new Milano location off Baseline Road [Baseline Location], in close proximity to the Baxter Location. Mr. Wansa testified that, as a result, online sales declined after the Baxter Location was removed from the website, and customers expressed confusion with the new location opening – with some believing that the Baxter Location had closed or was closing. He added that he came across sponsored posts on Facebook advertising this location.

Mr. Wansa testified that he is familiar with a Milano Pizzeria located in the Masson-Angers sector of Gatineau, QC. He stated that he has visited the location twice and noted that they are operating with a different logo than the Milano Pizza Ltd. logo.

On cross-examination, Mr. Wansa testified that Vahid Khorrami explained that the Milano locations cooperate for marketing efforts, and that they formed a somewhat loosely organized cooperative. He stated that, from his point of view, this structure had always been in place. He stated that a Milano location joins the cooperative by agreeing to participate in a marketing campaign. Mr. Wansa testified that Mr. Khorrami told him that purchasing supplies from Tannis allows MPL to collect a kickback that goes toward marketing campaigns for the locations. Mr. Wansa stated that he paid a monthly fee of $500 to MPL, identified in his accounting ledger as royalty payments, for marketing purposes

Mr. Wansa stated that he did not consider himself a licensee and they did not have a contract for their location. He recognized Marwan Kassis’ signature on a map of the territory for the Baxter Location. He testified that he was free to set the pricing at his location. He stated that other locations controlled their pricing though their menus, also posted in milanopizzeria.ca.

Mr. Wansa stated that he believed that the perception that Milano was a franchise was beneficial.

Youssef Nassar

Youssef Nassar testified that he was approached by his niece’s husband, Mahmoud Tabaja about purchasing a Milano Pizzeria location in Russell, Ontario. He purchased the assets of the business in early 2000s which he operated as a sole proprietor.

In 2002, Mr. Nassar, along with his business partners Chadi Wansa and Youssef Zaher, purchased the Baxter Location from the previous owners, Vahid and Farid Khorrami. Mr. Nassar stated that MPL was involved with the lease of the building but not with the actual purchase of the business itself. Further, there were no licence agreements nor any reference to trademarks when they purchased the business. Mr. Nassar testified, however, that the Baxter Location was making monthly payments to MPL for marketing.

Mr. Nassar testified that he was the manager of the Baxter Location. He stated that from 2002 to 2012, MPL was not involved in the operation of the business. He stated that they had complete control over the food they prepared and had distinct menu items. He testified that they generally had no oversight from Milano Pizza Ltd, from décor, operational hours, and delivery details; it was all at the discretion of himself, Wansa and Zaher. Mr. Nassar testified that Tannis was the main supplier of goods, and the Baxter Location began using it in 2005 until 2016.

Mr. Nassar provided testimony with respect to the dispute between the Baxter Location and MPL over compliance regarding purchasing from Milano suppliers Pepsi and Tannis. Mr. Nassar testified about the soft drink dispute and the details surrounding the website listing and their location’s removal. He noted the disruption to the revenue. He also added that they had declined to be involved in some of the initiatives Kassis was supporting, specifically a two-for-one deal.

Mr. Nassar described the dispute that arose from the pizza boxes the Baxter Location chose to use from another supplier. He stated that they felt that they were at the mercy of Mr. Kassis, regarding their online ordering presence, and explained the impact of the newly opened Baseline Location in close proximity to their own, including customer confusion for pick-up orders. Mr. Nassar stated that they switched from the Milano boxes to the boxes of their choosing after the time they were taken offline in 2016 because they did not want to promote ordering online.

Vahid Khorrami

Vahid Khorrami is the previous owner and operator of the Baxter Location. He testified that he became involved with a Milano Pizzeria in 1987 when he worked part-time at the Bank and Hunt Club location. Marwan Kassis and Frank Ianni were the owners. He changed locations in 1992 to the Baxter Location, owned by Joe Kassis at that time who sold it to Kamal Ibrahim.

Mr. Khorrami explained that he purchased 50% of the business from Kamal Ibrahim in 1995 and later brought in his brother, Farid with whom he ran the business, after purchasing the remaining 50 per cent. They set up a company together, 1252106 Canada Inc. During the time when Mr. Khorrami owned 50% of the business with Kamal Ibrahim, he learned Mr. Ibrahim was paying a monthly fee for the use of the Milano name. They continued paying the monthly fee for a little while, after they bought the remaining 50% of the business from Kamal Ibrahim, to use the Milano name.

Mr. Khorrami stated that he and his brother had complete control of the business, including menus, specials, and marketing. He stated that he was not aware that MPL existed when he purchased the business.

Mr. Khorrami testified that he made the sauce in-house and that there was no involvement from MPL. He stated that while they used the camera-ready logo from the designer, all of the menus were different - every location had its own menu with different combinations of pizza and different menu items.

Mr. Khorrami testified that Marwan Kassis approached him about a meeting of Milano owners where they first discussed a group discount for purchases from Tannis and putting rebate money toward a combined marketing effort. He stated that they also discussed a uniform (for which arrangements were made only once) and a logo at a later meeting, where it was decided to adopt uniform signage (in the sense of consistent) at all locations. Mr. Khorrami stated that Mr. Kassis contacted a designer and together the group selected the final design. He testified that there was no written agreement, nor any discussion about who would own the logo. It made good business sense, however, in the eyes of the customers to have a common look and give the impression of a bigger company with six or seven stores.

Mr. Khorrami stated that at another meeting, Mr. Kassis informed him and other location owners that he owned the Milano name and would be keeping the rebate. Mr. Khorrami testified that it didn’t have much of an impact on his business; so he continued to operate and make purchases from Tannis and making business decisions for his location. He stated that he had no assistance from Milano Pizza with the trial-and-error phase of his business.

Mr. Khorrami testified that he was approached by Chadi Wansa in 2002 about purchasing the business. He added that Mr. Wansa came to work for him to learn about the business. He stated that he was hesitant to sell the business, but changed his mind after learning from his lawyer that there was no Milano structure, no solid company, and no solid foundation for going forward. He agreed to sell the business to 6034799 Canada Inc.. He stated that by that time, he had established a lot of goodwill with the business.

Mr. Khorrami further testified that MPL was not involved in the sale. He advised Mr. Wansa, however, to speak with Marwan Kassis and Mahmoud Tabaja. Mr. Khorrami recalled that Mr. Wansa reported back that “they said they’re okay” and that they thought Mr. Wansa was paying too much for the store. He also testified that he explained the “ground rules” about buying from Tannis and respecting your territory.

Mr. Khorrami stated that he approached Nick Mourad about purchasing his Milano Pizzeria on Montreal Road [Montreal Road Location] and he stated that there was again no involvement by MPL. He testified that MPL only became involved after he had made major changes to the business. At that time, he was encouraged to buy the Tannis pizza sauce. Mr. Khorrami stated that he would try to buy most of the ingredients from Tannis, as he did at the Baxter Location, “to respect that agreement verbally we had in the beginning.” He still relied on other suppliers, however, for “top quality” for his business. He testified that he later sold the business to the daughter of Chadi Wansa’s father-in-law, Rania Yehia. He stated again that MPL was not involved in the sale.

Mr. Khorrami testified that at one point there was discussion of using a main phone number for all of the operators, but that he decided not to proceed and preferred to maintain his own number.

Mr. Khorrami testified that he was not privy to the sale documents between Joe Kassis and Kamal Ibrahim. He testified that when he became a part owner, he was made aware of a monthly fee paid to Milano for use of the Milano name, which he continued to pay until the Tannis rebate program was introduced which then covered the monthly fee. Mr. Khorrami testified that he wrote the monthly fee cheque to Marwan Kassis directly.

Mr. Khorrami testified (in cross-examination) that while there were territories for the locations, they were not on paper but rather “it was just imaginative lines.”

Rania Yehia

Rania Yehia is a former owner of the Montreal Road Location. She testified that MPL was not involved when she purchased the business from Vahid and Farid Khorrami, and that she did not have contact with anyone other than the Khorrami brothers. (Mazen Kassis testified, however, that he dealt several times with Rania Yehia’s father, Hussein Yehia, who also was Chadi Wansa’s father-in-law, including with respect to royalty payments and the issue of permitting Halal steak on the menu. Vahid Khorrami also testified that when he sold the Montreal Road Location, while the business was put into Rania Yehia’s name, it was Chadi Wansa’s father-in-law, i.e. Ms. Yehia’s father, who was interacting with Mr. Khorrami.)

Ms. Yehia testified that she made her own sauce and that she purchased supplies – cheese, tomato paste to make her sauce, spices, flour, yeast - sometimes from Tannis, but also National Grocer and Costco. Controlling food costs was important. She also did the hiring, firing, training, inventory – any aspect of the business, including advertising and specials. There was never any involvement by MPL – no agreements, no guidance. They did visit the store once, for about 10-15 minutes, commented that the pizza sauce needed more sugar, and left.

Ms. Yehia stated that she sold the business and all of the assets in 2010 to Mr. Naji Zizi, and again MPL was not involved with the sale in any capacity. Ms. Yehia stated that neither she nor her father had any contact with Marwan or Mazen Kassis.

Nicolas Aboud-Mourad

Nicolas Aboud-Mourad confirmed that he is the former owner of the Montreal Road Location, which he purchased from Marwan Kassis. He testified that he later sold the location to the Khorrami brothers around 2002/2003. Mr. Aboud-Mourad testified that he did not have any contact with Milano Pizza Ltd., until the meeting regarding joint purchasing with Mazen Kassis and other location operators. He stated that they also discussed the Milano logo, but that there was never any discussion about who owned the logo or a formal agreement.

Dimitrios Stougianos

Dimitrios Stougianos testified that he currently operates a restaurant at 745 chemin de Masson, and has been operating it for the last 40 years. He has been using the same menu for this length of time. It depicts the words “Pizzeria Milano Restaurant,” with the words Pizzeria and Restaurant in green letters and the larger word Milano in red letters. He testified that he sells more pizzas than other items, and offers delivery to the Masson area.

Mr. Stougianos also was shown a photograph of the façade of his restaurant showing, in the front window, a yellow sign with a red border, and the words PIZZERIA MILANO also in red letters, with a phone number in black numbers underneath the larger of the two words, MILANO. He testified that the sign for his restaurant is visible from the road and is the main sign for his business, although it sometimes is covered when the blinds are lowered, such as when there is sun or at night. There used to be a sign on the pole outside the restaurant but it fell down in the past year. He stated that his business is well known in the area as Milano Pizzeria.

Mr. Stougianos confirmed that his receipts have always said “Pizzeria Nouveau Milano,” and that his business does not have a website. He stated that he recognized the online listings with a red location pin as his business, “Pizzeria Nouveau Milano.” He stated that the name of his business is, and has always been, “Pizzeria Nouveau Milano,” and that he refers to it as such.

Jean Lemieux

Jean Lemieux testified that he has been an accountant for 45 years, and confirmed that Dimitrios Stougianos is one of his clients. He stated that he has known him since 2010, and that Mr. Stougianos owns and operates a pizzeria in the Masson sector of Gatineau, QC.

Mr. Lemieux stated that he came to know Mr. Stougianos while he was living in Masson from 1994 to 2017. He testified that he ordered food from the restaurant that was delivered. The business is known for pizza. He testified that, as far as he knows, the business always has operated at the same location.

Mr. Lemieux testified that he referred to Mr. Stougianos’s business as Pizza Milano, and that the sign for his business is visible from the street. He stated that the business was well known when he lived in Masson.

Mr. Lemieux confirmed that the business operates under the name Pizzeria Nouveau Milano. He stated that when he lived in Masson he did not have pizza or other take out food delivered to him from Ottawa.

Yousef Jaber

Yousef Jaber testified that he has been a CPA for 20-25 years and provides bookkeeping and income tax preparation services. He stated that Chadi Wansa and his partners and the Milano Pizzeria business on Baxter Road are his clients and have been for the last 15 years. He testified that his firm also represents other Milano Pizzeria operators and MPL.

Mr. Jaber recalled that Mr. Wansa asked for accounting records for the business and Mr. Jaber responded that he had records going back six years as required by CRA rules. He testified that when he checked the record, he could access to 2004. Mr. Jaber stated that he provided the Milano Baxter general ledger to Mr. Wansa.

Mr. Jaber explained that although the heading “royalties” appears on the leger, it was not confirmed with anyone; one of his bookkeepers assumed the payments were royalties because they were made to MPL. He stated that he did not receive instructions from Chadi Wansa or anyone else to call these payments royalties. Mr. Jaber testified that because they have many Milano Pizza clients, they operated under the impression that they are a franchise. It was not based on fact or document or anything else. He confirmed that the classification was done for tax purposes. He stated that in recent years, there were no payments.

On re-examination, Mr. Jaber testified that he does not recall meeting with Marwan Kassis and giving him the document with all of the royalty payments. He stated that he was not aware of any ongoing legal proceedings when he provided this document.

Annex “B” : Relevant Provisions

Trade-marks Act, RSC 1985, c T-13

Loi sur les marques de commerce, LRC 1985, ch T-13

Version of document from 2018-12-30 to 2019-06-16

Version du document du 2018-12-30 au 2019-06-16

Interpretation	Définitions et interprétation
When deemed to be used	Quand une marque de commerce est réputée employée
4 (1) A trade-mark is deemed to be used in association with goods if, at the time of the transfer of the property in or possession of the goods, in the normal course of trade, it is marked on the goods themselves or on the packages in which they are distributed or it is in any other manner so associated with the goods that notice of the association is then given to the person to whom the property or possession is transferred.	4 (1) Une marque de commerce est réputée employée en liaison avec des produits si, lors du transfert de la propriété ou de la possession de ces produits, dans la pratique normale du commerce, elle est apposée sur les produits mêmes ou sur les emballages dans lesquels ces produits sont distribués, ou si elle est, de toute autre manière, liée aux produits à tel point qu’avis de liaison est alors donné à la personne à qui la propriété ou possession est transférée.
Idem	Idem
(2) A trade-mark is deemed to be used in association with services if it is used or displayed in the performance or advertising of those services.	(2) Une marque de commerce est réputée employée en liaison avec des services si elle est employée ou montrée dans l’exécution ou l’annonce de ces services.
Unfair Competition and Prohibited Signs	Concurrence déloyale et signes interdits
Prohibitions	Interdictions
7 No person shall	7 Nul ne peut :
(a) make a false or misleading statement tending to discredit the business, goods or services of a competitor;	a) faire une déclaration fausse ou trompeuse tendant à discréditer l’entreprise, les produits ou les services d’un concurrent;
(b) direct public attention to his goods, services or business in such a way as to cause or be likely to cause confusion in Canada, at the time he commenced so to direct attention to them, between his goods, services or business and the goods, services or business of another;	b) appeler l’attention du public sur ses produits, ses services ou son entreprise de manière à causer ou à vraisemblablement causer de la confusion au Canada, lorsqu’il a commencé à y appeler ainsi l’attention, entre ses produits, ses services ou son entreprise et ceux d’un autre;
(c) pass off other goods or services as and for those ordered or requested;	c) faire passer d’autres produits ou services pour ceux qui sont commandés ou demandés;
(d) make use, in association with goods or services, of any description that is false in a material respect and likely to mislead the public as to	d) employer, en liaison avec des produits ou services, une désignation qui est fausse sous un rapport essentiel et de nature à tromper le public en ce qui regarde :
…	…
(ii) the geographical origin, or	(ii) soit leur origine géographique
…	…
of the goods or services.	BLANK
Validity and Effect of Registration	Validité et effet de l’enregistrement
Effect of registration in relation to previous use, etc.	Effet de l’enregistrement relativement à l’emploi antérieur, etc.
17 (1) No application for registration of a trade-mark that has been advertised in accordance with section 37 shall be refused and no registration of a trade-mark shall be expunged or amended or held invalid on the ground of any previous use or making known of a confusing trade-mark or trade-name by a person other than the applicant for that registration or his predecessor in title, except at the instance of that other person or his successor in title, and the burden lies on that other person or his successor to establish that he had not abandoned the confusing trade-mark or trade-name at the date of advertisement of the applicant’s application.	17 (1) Aucune demande d’enregistrement d’une marque de commerce qui a été annoncée selon l’article 37 ne peut être refusée, et aucun enregistrement d’une marque de commerce ne peut être radié, modifié ou tenu pour invalide, du fait qu’une personne autre que l’auteur de la demande d’enregistrement ou son prédécesseur en titre a antérieurement employé ou révélé une marque de commerce ou un nom commercial créant de la confusion, sauf à la demande de cette autre personne ou de son successeur en titre, et il incombe à cette autre personne ou à son successeur d’établir qu’il n’avait pas abandonné cette marque de commerce ou ce nom commercial créant de la confusion, à la date de l’annonce de la demande du requérant.
When registration incontestable	Quand l’enregistrement est incontestable
(2) In proceedings commenced after the expiration of five years from the date of registration of a trade-mark or from July 1, 1954, whichever is the later, no registration shall be expunged or amended or held invalid on the ground of the previous use or making known referred to in subsection (1), unless it is established that the person who adopted the registered trade-mark in Canada did so with knowledge of that previous use or making known.	(2) Dans des procédures ouvertes après l’expiration de cinq ans à compter de la date d’enregistrement d’une marque de commerce ou à compter du 1 er juillet 1954, en prenant la date qui est postérieure à l’autre, aucun enregistrement ne peut être radié, modifié ou jugé invalide du fait de l’emploi ou révélation antérieure mentionnée au paragraphe (1), à moins qu’il ne soit établi que la personne qui a adopté au Canada la marque de commerce déposée l’a fait alors qu’elle était au courant de cet emploi ou révélation antérieure.
When registration invalid	Quand l’enregistrement est invalide
18 (1) The registration of a trade-mark is invalid if	18 (1) L’enregistrement d’une marque de commerce est invalide dans les cas suivants :
(a) the trade-mark was not registrable at the date of registration;	a) la marque de commerce n’était pas enregistrable à la date de l’enregistrement;
(b) the trade-mark is not distinctive at the time proceedings bringing the validity of the registration into question are commenced;	b) la marque de commerce n’est pas distinctive à l’époque où sont entamées les procédures contestant la validité de l’enregistrement;
(c) the trade-mark has been abandoned;	c) la marque de commerce a été abandonnée;
(d) subject to section 17, the applicant for registration was not the person entitled to secure the registration;	d) sous réserve de l’article 17, l’auteur de la demande n’était pas la personne ayant droit d’obtenir l’enregistrement;
…	…
Rights conferred by registration	Droits conférés par l’enregistrement
19 Subject to sections 21, 32 and 67, the registration of a trade-mark in respect of any goods or services, unless shown to be invalid, gives to the owner of the trade-mark the exclusive right to the use throughout Canada of the trade-mark in respect of those goods or services.	19 Sous réserve des articles 21, 32 et 67, l’enregistrement d’une marque de commerce à l’égard de produits ou services, sauf si son invalidité est démontrée, donne au propriétaire le droit exclusif à l’emploi de celle-ci, dans tout le Canada, en ce qui concerne ces produits ou services.
Infringement	Violation
20 (1) The right of the owner of a registered trade-mark to its exclusive use is deemed to be infringed by any person who is not entitled to its use under this Act and who	20 (1) Le droit du propriétaire d’une marque de commerce déposée à l’emploi exclusif de cette dernière est réputé être violé par une personne qui est non admise à l’employer selon la présente loi et qui :
(a) sells, distributes or advertises any goods or services in association with a confusing trade-mark or trade-name;	a) soit vend, distribue ou annonce des produits ou services en liaison avec une marque de commerce ou un nom commercial créant de la confusion;
(b) manufactures, causes to be manufactured, possesses, imports, exports or attempts to export any goods in association with a confusing trade-mark or trade-name, for the purpose of their sale or distribution;	b) soit fabrique, fait fabriquer, a en sa possession, importe, exporte ou tente d’exporter des produits, en vue de leur vente ou de leur distribution et en liaison avec une marque de commerce ou un nom commercial créant de la confusion;
(c) sells, offers for sale or distributes any label or packaging, in any form, bearing a trademark or trade-name, if	c) soit vend, offre en vente ou distribue des étiquettes ou des emballages, quelle qu’en soit la forme, portant une marque de commerce ou un nom commercial alors que :
(i) the person knows or ought to know that the label or packaging is intended to be associated with goods or services that are not those of the owner of the registered trade-mark, and	(i) d’une part, elle sait ou devrait savoir que les étiquettes ou les emballages sont destinés à être associés à des produits ou services qui ne sont pas ceux du propriétaire de la marque de commerce déposée,
(ii) the sale, distribution or advertisement of the goods or services in association with the label or packaging would be a sale, distribution or advertisement in association with a confusing trade-mark or trade-name; or	(ii) d’autre part, la vente, la distribution ou l’annonce des produits ou services en liaison avec les étiquettes ou les emballages constituerait une vente, une distribution ou une annonce en liaison avec une marque de commerce ou un nom commercial créant de la confusion;
(d) manufactures, causes to be manufactured, possesses, imports, exports or attempts to export any label or packaging, in any form, bearing a trade-mark or trade-name, for the purpose of its sale or distribution or for the purpose of the sale, distribution or advertisement of goods or services in association with it, if	d) soit fabrique, fait fabriquer, a en sa possession, importe, exporte ou tente d’exporter des étiquettes ou des emballages, quelle qu’en soit la forme, portant une marque de commerce ou un nom commercial, en vue de leur vente ou de leur distribution ou en vue de la vente, de la distribution ou de l’annonce de produits ou services en liaison avec ceux-ci, alors que :
(i) the person knows or ought to know that the label or packaging is intended to be associated with goods or services that are not those of the owner of the registered trade-mark, and	(i) d’une part, elle sait ou devrait savoir que les étiquettes ou les emballages sont destinés à être associés à des produits ou services qui ne sont pas ceux du propriétaire de la marque de commerce déposée,
(ii) the sale, distribution or advertisement of the goods or services in association with the label or packaging would be a sale, distribution or advertisement in association with a confusing trade-mark or trade-name.	(ii) d’autre part, la vente, la distribution ou l’annonce des produits ou services en liaison avec les étiquettes ou les emballages constituerait une vente, une distribution ou une annonce en liaison avec une marque de commerce ou un nom commercial créant de la confusion.
Depreciation of goodwill	Dépréciation de l’achalandage
22 (1) No person shall use a trade-mark registered by another person in a manner that is likely to have the effect of depreciating the value of the goodwill attaching thereto.	22 (1) Nul ne peut employer une marque de commerce déposée par une autre personne d’une manière susceptible d’entraîner la diminution de la valeur de l’achalandage attaché à cette marque de commerce.
Action in respect thereof	Action à cet égard
(2) In any action in respect of a use of a trade-mark contrary to subsection (1), the court may decline to order the recovery of damages or profits and may permit the defendant to continue to sell goods marked with the trade-mark that were in his possession or under his control at the time notice was given to him that the owner of the registered trade-mark complained of the use of the trade-mark.	(2) Dans toute action concernant un emploi contraire au paragraphe (1), le tribunal peut refuser d’ordonner le recouvrement de dommages-intérêts ou de profits, et permettre au défendeur de continuer à vendre tous produits revêtus de cette marque de commerce qui étaient en sa possession ou sous son contrôle lorsque avis lui a été donné que le propriétaire de la marque de commerce déposée se plaignait de cet emploi
Applications for Registration of Trade-marks	Demandes d’enregistrement de marques de commerce
Contents of application	Contenu d’une demande
30 An applicant for the registration of a trade-mark shall file with the Registrar an application containing	30 Quiconque sollicite l’enregistrement d’une marque de commerce produit au bureau du registraire une demande renfermant :
…	…
(b) in the case of a trade-mark that has been used in Canada, the date from which the applicant or his named predecessors in title, if any, have so used the trade-mark in association with each of the general classes of goods or services described in the application;	b) dans le cas d’une marque de commerce qui a été employée au Canada, la date à compter de laquelle le requérant ou ses prédécesseurs en titre désignés, le cas échéant, ont ainsi employé la marque de commerce en liaison avec chacune des catégories générales de produits ou services décrites dans la demande;
…	…
Disclaimer	Désistement
35 The Registrar may require an applicant for registration of a trade-mark to disclaim the right to the exclusive use apart from the trade-mark of such portion of the trade-mark as is not independently registrable, but the disclaimer does not prejudice or affect the applicant’s rights then existing or thereafter arising in the disclaimed matter, nor does the disclaimer prejudice or affect the applicant’s right to registration on a subsequent application if the disclaimed matter has then become distinctive of the applicant’s goods or services.	35 Le registraire peut requérir celui qui demande l’enregistrement d’une marque de commerce de se désister du droit à l’usage exclusif, en dehors de la marque de commerce, de telle partie de la marque qui n’est pas indépendamment enregistrable. Ce désistement ne porte pas préjudice ou atteinte aux droits du requérant, existant alors ou prenant naissance par la suite, dans la matière qui fait l’objet du désistement, ni ne porte préjudice ou atteinte au droit que possède le requérant à l’enregistrement lors d’une demande subséquente si la matière faisant l’objet du désistement est alors devenue distinctive des produits ou services du requérant.
Statement of opposition	Déclaration d’opposition
Grounds	Motifs
(2) A statement of opposition may be based on any of the following grounds:	(2) Cette opposition peut être fondée sur l’un des motifs suivants :
(a) that the application does not conform to the requirements of section 30;	a) la demande ne satisfait pas aux exigences de l’article 30;
…	…
Transfer	Transfert
Trade-mark transferable	Une marque de commerce est transférable
48 (1) A trade-mark, whether registered or unregistered, is transferable, and deemed always to have been transferable, either in connection with or separately from the goodwill of the business and in respect of either all or some of the goods or services in association with which it has been used.	48 (1) Une marque de commerce, déposée ou non, est transférable et est réputée avoir toujours été transférable, soit à l’égard de l’achalandage de l’entreprise, soit isolément, et soit à l’égard de la totalité, soit à l’égard quelques-uns des services ou produits en liaison avec lesquels elle a été employée.
Licences	Licences
Licence to use trade-mark	Licence d’emploi d’une marque de commerce
50 (1) For the purposes of this Act, if an entity is licensed by or with the authority of the owner of a trade-mark to use the trade-mark in a country and the owner has, under the licence, direct or indirect control of the character or quality of the goods or services, then the use, advertisement or display of the trade-mark in that country as or in a trade-mark, trade-name or otherwise by that entity has, and is deemed always to have had, the same effect as such a use, advertisement or display of the trade-mark in that country by the owner.	50 (1) Pour l’application de la présente loi, si une licence d’emploi d’une marque de commerce est octroyée, pour un pays, à une entité par le propriétaire de la marque, ou avec son autorisation, et que celui-ci, aux termes de la licence, contrôle, directement ou indirectement, les caractéristiques ou la qualité des produits et services, l’emploi, la publicité ou l’exposition de la marque, dans ce pays, par cette entité comme marque de commerce, nom commercial — ou partie de ceux-ci — ou autrement ont le même effet et sont réputés avoir toujours eu le même effet que s’il s’agissait de ceux du propriétaire.
Idem	Licence d’emploi d’une marque de commerce
(2) For the purposes of this Act, to the extent that public notice is given of the fact that the use of a trade-mark is a licensed use and of the identity of the owner, it shall be presumed, unless the contrary is proven, that the use is licensed by the owner of the trade-mark and the character or quality of the goods or services is under the control of the owner.	(2) Pour l’application de la présente loi, dans la mesure où un avis public a été donné quant à l’identité du propriétaire et au fait que l’emploi d’une marque de commerce fait l’objet d’une licence, cet emploi est réputé, sauf preuve contraire, avoir fait l’objet d’une licence du propriétaire, et le contrôle des caractéristiques ou de la qualité des produits et services est réputé, sauf preuve contraire, être celui du propriétaire.
Legal Proceedings	Procédures judiciaires
Exclusive jurisdiction of Federal Court	Juridiction exclusive de la Cour fédérale
57 (1) The Federal Court has exclusive original jurisdiction, on the application of the Registrar or of any person interested, to order that any entry in the register be struck out or amended on the ground that at the date of the application the entry as it appears on the register does not accurately express or define the existing rights of the person appearing to be the registered owner of the mark.	57 (1) La Cour fédérale a une compétence initiale exclusive, sur demande du registraire ou de toute personne intéressée, pour ordonner qu’une inscription dans le registre soit biffée ou modifiée, parce que, à la date de cette demande, l’inscription figurant au registre n’exprime ou ne définit pas exactement les droits existants de la personne paraissant être le propriétaire inscrit de la marque.
Restriction	Restriction
(2) No person is entitled to institute under this section any proceeding calling into question any decision given by the Registrar of which that person had express notice and from which he had a right to appeal.	(2) Personne n’a le droit d’intenter, en vertu du présent article, des procédures mettant en question une décision rendue par le registraire, de laquelle cette personne avait reçu un avis formel et dont elle avait le droit d’interjeter appel.