Singh v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration), 2012 FC 526

 Date: 20120503

Docket: IMM-6414-11

Citation: 2012 FC 526

Ottawa, Ontario, May 3, 2012

PRESENT:     The Honourable Mr. Justice Russell

 

 

BETWEEN:

	AMARJEET SINGH
		Applicant
	and
	THE MINISTER OF CITIZENSHIP AND IMMIGRATION
		Respondent

 

           REASONS FOR JUDGMENT AND JUDGMENT

 

INTRODUCTION

[1]               This is an application under subsection 72(1) of the Immigration and Refugee Protection Act, SC­ 2001, c 27 (Act) for judicial review of the decision of an immigration officer (Officer) at the Canadian High Commission in London, United Kingdom (Decision), dated 23 August 2011, which refused the Applicant’s application for a study permit.

 

BACKGROUND

[2]               The Applicant is a citizen of India who is currently studying in the United Kingdom (UK). His parents live in India, as do his three brothers. The Applicant’s sister lives is Canada with her husband (Rainal).

[3]               The Applicant holds a diploma in Hotel Management, Catering Technology, and Tourism from Punjab Technical University in India. He is currently enrolled at the Ethames Graduate School in the UK, where he is working toward a Bachelor of Science (B.Sc.) in International Tourism and Hospitality Management. On 1 April 2011 the Applicant received an offer from George Brown College in Toronto (GBC) to study in the Hospitality, Tourism, and Leisure Diploma program there. He accepted the offer and paid his tuition fees, expecting to begin his studies on 6 September 2011.

[4]               To study at GBC, the Applicant applied for a study permit to come to Canada. The Canadian High Commission in London, UK (High Commission) received his application on 10 August 2011. With his application, the Applicant included a letter from his sister’s Member of Parliament, the Honourable Bal Gosal, which asked the Officer to consider the Applicant’s case. The Applicant also submitted a letter in which he told the Officer why he wanted to study at GBC and an affidavit from Rainal. In the affidavit, Rainal said he would pay the Applicant’s accommodation, travel, and living expenses in Canada and guaranteed the Applicant would return to India and would not be a liability to any level of government in Canada.

[5]               The Officer considered the Applicant’s submissions and refused his application on 23 August 2011. On that day, she wrote two letters to the Applicant informing him of her Decision.

DECISION UNDER REVIEW

[6]               The Decision in this case consists of the two letters the Officer sent the Applicant on 23 August 2011 (Refusal Letters) and the Officer’s notes on the file in the Global Case Management System (GCMS Notes).

[7]                The Refusal Letters indicate the Officer was not satisfied the Applicant met all the requirements of the Act. In particular, the Officer was not satisfied he would leave Canada at the end of his stay, given his travel history, immigration status, and family ties to Canada. The Officer also referred to the Applicant’s general academic progression as a factor in her Decision to refuse his application.

[8]               In the GCMS Notes, the Officer noted that the Applicant had been previously refused a study permit in August 2011. The Officer also noted he has a B.Sc. in International Tourism from Ethames Graduate School in London, UK and was enrolled in a Hospitality, Tourism, and Leisure Diploma program at GBC. Given his B.Sc. and earlier diploma in Hotel Management, Catering Technology and Tourism, the Officer found it was not logical for the Applicant to undertake studies at a lower level in Canada. She found he had not explained why he would not stay in the UK to complete his studies, which were scheduled to end in 2013.

[9]               The Officer noted the Applicant’s status in the UK was temporary; she was concerned his aim was to stay in Canada permanently. She found the Applicant’s ties to India were not strong enough to motivate him to return there at the end of his stay in Canada. The Officer also found the Applicant had strong family ties to Canada and was young, single, and mobile. He had also never travelled internationally. The Officer was not satisfied the Applicant was a temporary student, so she refused his application for a study permit.

STATUTORY PROVISIONS

[10]           The following provisions of the Act are applicable in this proceeding:

[11]           The following provisions of the Immigration and Refugee Protection Regulations SOR/2002-227 (Regulations) are also applicable in this proceeding:

ISSUES

[12]           The Applicant raises the following issues in this case:

a.                   Whether the Officer breached his right to procedural fairness by not calling him for an interview;

 

b.                  Whether the Officer ignored evidence in concluding he was not a genuine temporary student;

 

c.                   Whether the Officer’s reasons are inadequate.

 

 

STANDARD OF REVIEW

[13]           The Supreme Court of Canada in Dunsmuir v New Brunswick 2008 SCC 9, held that a standard of review analysis need not be conducted in every instance. Instead, where the standard of review applicable to a particular question before the court is well-settled by past jurisprudence, the reviewing court may adopt that standard of review. Only where this search proves fruitless must the reviewing court undertake a consideration of the four factors comprising the standard of review analysis.

[14]           The Officer’s decision not to call the Applicant for an interview implicates his opportunity to respond, which is an aspect of the duty of fairness. In Canadian Union of Public Employees (C.U.P.E.) v Ontario (Minister of Labour) 2003 SCC 29 (QL), the Supreme Court of Canada held at paragraph 100 that it “is for the courts, not the Minister, to provide the legal answer to procedural fairness questions.” Further, the Federal Court of Appeal in Sketchley v Canada (Attorney General) 2005 FCA 404 at paragraph 53 held that the “procedural fairness element is reviewed as a question of law. No deference is due. The decision-maker has either complied with the content of the duty of fairness appropriate for the particular circumstances, or has breached this duty.” The standard of review on the first issue is correctness.

[15]           The Officer’s finding the Applicant is not a genuine temporary student is a finding of fact. In Dunsmuir, above, at paragraph 51, the Supreme Court of Canada held that deference is generally to be given to decision-makers’ findings of fact. The Supreme Court of Canada affirmed this holding in Smith v Alliance Pipeline 2011 SCC 7 at paragraph 26. The standard of review on the second issue is reasonableness.

[16]           With respect to the adequacy of the Officer’s reasons, the Supreme Court of Canada held, in Newfoundland and Labrador Nurses’ Union v Newfoundland and Labrador (Treasury Board) 2011 SCC 62 at paragraph 14, that the adequacy of reasons is not a stand-alone basis for quashing a decision. Rather, “the reasons must be read together with the outcome and serve the purpose of showing whether the result falls within a range of possible outcomes.” The adequacy of the Officer’s reasons will be analysed along with the reasonableness of the Decision as a whole.

[17]           When reviewing a decision on the standard of reasonableness, the analysis will be concerned with “the existence of justification, transparency and intelligibility within the decision-making process [and also with] whether the decision falls within a range of possible, acceptable outcomes which are defensible in respect of the facts and law.” See Dunsmuir, above, at paragraph 47, and Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration) v Khosa, 2009 SCC 12 at paragraph 59.  Put another way, the Court should intervene only if the Decision was unreasonable in the sense that it falls outside the “range of possible, acceptable outcomes which are defensible in respect of the facts and law.”

ARGUMENTS

The Applicant

            Officer Obligated to hold an Interview

 

[18]           The Applicant says the Officer was obligated to call him in for an interview to address concerns she had about his application. He points to Rukmangathan v Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration) 2004 FC 284 where Justice Richard Mosley held a visa officer was required to call a visa applicant for an interview to address concerns raised by extrinsic evidence (see paragraph 22). Although the Officer was not obligated to give him a running score of his application, she was required to allow him the opportunity to respond to concerns about the credibility, accuracy, or genuine nature of the information he submitted (see Hassani v Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration) 2006 FC 1283 at paragraph 24). The Applicant points to Citizenship and Immigration Canada’s (CIC) Manual, OP 12 – Students (OP-12 Manual) which says at page 40 that

In certain circumstances, it may be necessary to interview the applicant. Applicants should not be scheduled for interviews for the sole purpose of obtaining straightforward information. Issues that may warrant the need for an interview would include:

 

a) questions or doubts concerning applicant’s reasons for wishing to come to Canada, the arrangements made for their care and support, and their ability or willingness to leave Canada; or

 

b) circumstances when the officer needs more information or clarification before finalizing an application.

 

This is not an exhaustive list. Other exceptional circumstances may warrant an interview.

[19]           If the Officer had concerns about the Applicant’s credibility or the credibility of the documents he submitted, she was obligated to call him for an interview to address those concerns. The Applicant’s application was complete and supported by numerous documents. However, the Officer drew an adverse inference about his intent without any evidence to support it. When the Officer did not call the Applicant for an interview she breached his right to procedural fairness.

Officer Ignored Evidence

[20]           The Applicant says the Officer concluded he was not a genuine temporary student in the face of all the documents he submitted that showed otherwise. This shows the Officer failed to consider all the evidence before her. When the Officer found he had no international travel experience, she ignored his current residence in the UK. She also ignored evidence when she concluded his family ties in India were not strong enough to motivate him to return there on the completion of his studies.  The Applicant’s application shows his mother, father, and three brothers live in India, which the Officer clearly ignored. Conversely, the Officer concluded that Canada’s pull on the Applicant was strong, even though his application showed he only has one sister here. The Officer failed to account for the fact that, like the Applicant, most applicants for study permits are young, single, and highly mobile. To hold these characteristics against him would be to exclude most applicants for study permits from consideration.

[21]           The Applicant also says the Officer ignored his submissions that he wanted to study at GBC because of the hands-on learning component GBC offers. The Officer clearly ignored this submission, as well as Rainal’s affidavit.

            Inadequate Reasons

[22]           The Applicant also says the Officer’s reasons are inadequate because they do not serve the purposes for which reasons are required (see Via Rail Canada Inc v National Transportation Agency, [2000] FCJ No 1685 at paragraphs 21 and 22). The Officer’s reasons do not accurately reflect how the Officer came to her conclusion and do not explain why she concluded he is not a genuine student and would not leave Canada at the end of his stay. Her reasons also do not allow the Applicant to predict how he would fare on a subsequent application for a study permit.

The Respondent

            No Breach of Procedural Fairness

[23]           The Respondent says the Officer was not obligated to call the Applicant for an interview, so she did not breach his right to procedural fairness when she did not do so. The content of the duty of fairness in an application for a study permit is low, given the onus on applicants to prove they meet the requirements and the fact there is no legal right to a visa. Officers are only obligated to give visa applicants the opportunity to respond to concerns where they rely on information of which applicants are not aware. The Respondent distinguishes Hassani, above, which teaches that where an officer’s concerns arise directly out of the Act or Regulations there is no duty to give applicants the opportunity to respond (see paragraph 24).

[24]           In this case, the concerns which led the Officer to refuse the Applicant’s application for a study permit arose directly out of the Act. The Officer was not concerned with the Applicant’s credibility or with whether his documents were genuine; she simply assessed the information he submitted and concluded it did not satisfy her he met the requirements of the Act. The Officer was not required to put any tentative conclusions to the Applicant and his reliance on Rukmangathan, above, is misplaced.

[25]           The Respondent also says the OP-12 Manual shows only that the Officer had the discretion to call the Applicant for an interview. The language the Applicant has relied on is permissive, not mandatory. In this case, the Officer reasonably exercised her discretion and chose not to hold an interview.

Officer Did Not Ignore Evidence

[26]           The Respondent further says the Officer did not ignore evidence when she concluded the Applicant is not a genuine temporary student. The GCMS Notes indicate the Officer was clearly aware the Applicant was living in the UK, so it is clear she was not referring to his time there when she said he had no international travel. Her conclusion on this point was reasonable in the context of the Decision and record as a whole.

[27]           Although the Applicant disagrees with the Officer’s findings about the strength of his ties to India and Canada, the Respondent says her findings were reasonable. It was reasonable for the Officer to conclude that a sister in Canada was a factor which showed he would not leave Canada at the end of his stay. Further, even though the Officer did not specifically mention the Applicant’s reasons for studying at GBC, this does not mean she did not consider them. The Officer’s reasons should not be read microscopically; on the whole, they show the Officer considered the totality of the evidence.

            Inadequacy of Reasons no Basis to Quash the Decision

[28]           Finally, the Respondent points to Newfoundland and Labrador Nurses’ Association, above, and says the Court cannot quash the Decision solely because the reasons are inadequate. The Officer’s Decision not to grant the Applicant a study permit was reasonable as shown by the reasons and the record, so the Decision meets the Newfoundland and Labrador Nurses’ Association standard and the Court should not interfere.

The Applicant’s Reply

[29]           The Applicant says the Respondent is incorrect to distinguish Rukmangathan and Hassani, above. The Applicant points to paragraph 22 of Rukmangathan, above, where Justice Mosley held that “the duty of fairness may require immigration officials to inform applicants of their concerns with applications so that an applicant may have a chance to ‘disabuse’ an officer of such concerns, even where such concerns arise from evidence tendered by the applicant.”

[30]           The Decision shows the Officer was concerned about the Applicant’s credibility, so she was obligated to call him for an interview. This was not a case where the application was incomplete, but rather a case where the Officer came to the conclusion the Applicant would not depart at the end of his studies. The Officer drew an adverse inference as to the Applicant’s intent, but she was required to call him for an interview before doing so.

ANALYSIS

[31]           As the Respondent points out, this Court should give considerable deference to the Officer’s Decision not to grant a visa. Visa officers have recognized expertise in analyzing and assessing student visa applications. The decision on an application for a temporary student authorization is not judicial, or quasi-judicial in nature.

 

[32]           The burden was on the Applicant to satisfy the Officer that he was not an immigrant. He was obliged to establish, inter alia, that his intentions were bona fide, and that he will leave Canada by the end of the period authorized. A visa officer should be able to make such an assessment on the face of the application.

 

[33]           A visa officer’s decision not to do grant a visa is highly discretionary. However, such discretion cannot be exercised in an arbitrary manner. There is a world of difference between discretion and whim. The issues before me in this case have been before the Court on many previous occasions and I think it would be helpful at the outset to examine some of the relevant case law before addressing the facts of the case.

[34]           First of all, as regards the duty of fairness, Justice Francis C. Muldoon provided some general guidance in Li v Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration) 2001 FCT 791, at paragraphs 45 to 50:

The first factor identified by the Court in Baker is the closeness of the administrative process to the judicial process. The more the determinations which must be made to reach a decision resemble judicial decision making, the more likely it is that procedural protections closer to the trial model will be required by the duty of fairness. The processing of student authorization applications by a visa officer is highly administrative and does not resemble judicial decision-making. This factor militates in favour of more relaxed requirements under the duty of fairness.

 

The second factor is the nature of the statutory scheme pursuant to which the body operates. Greater protections will be required when no appeal procedure is provided within the statute, or when the decision is determinative of the issue. For student applications, an unsuccessful applicant can seek a remedy in this Court by judicial review. This militates in favour of more relaxed procedural requirements.

 

The third factor in determining the nature and extent of the duty of fairness owed is the importance of the decision to the individuals affected. The more important the decision is to their lives and the greater its impact on those persons, the more stringent the procedural protections mandated. A negative decision means that the applicant will be unable to study in Canada for a temporary period. The individual is free to apply again in the future. Therefore, this factor militates in favour of more relaxed procedural requirements.

 

The fourth factor is the legitimate expectations of the person challenging th decision. If the claimant has a legitimate expectation that a certain procedure will be followed, it will be required by the duty of fairness. Nevertheless, this doctrine is does not create substantive rights. An applicant for a student authorization does not have a legitimate expectation regarding the procedure followed in processing the application.

 

Finally, the analysis of what procedures the duty of fairness requires should also take into account and respect the choices of procedure made by the agency itself, particularly when the statute leaves to the decision-maker the ability to choose the procedures, or when the agency has an expertise in determining what procedures are appropriate. The Immigration Act does not require that a particular procedure be followed in processing student authorizations. Considering the large number of student authorization applications which are processed, the procedure adopted by the Embassy should be respected.

 

In balancing the factors in Baker, the procedural requirements mandated by the duty of fairness should be relaxed for the processing of applications for student authorizations by visa officers overseas. Therefore, there are no grounds to argue unfairness in this process because a visa officer did not communicate all of her concerns to the applicant, or that she did not accord the applicant an opportunity to respond to those concerns. [citations omitted]

 

 

[35]           In Khan v Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration) 2001 FCA 345, at paragraphs 31 and 32, the Federal Court of Appeal addressed the factors that limit the content of the duty of fairness in cases such as this one:

The factors tending to limit the content of the duty in the case at bar include: the absence of a legal right to a visa; the imposition on the applicant of the burden of establishing eligibility for a visa; the less serious impact on the individual that the refusal of a visa typically has, compared with the removal of a benefit, such as continuing residence in Canada; and the fact that the issue in dispute in this case (namely, the nature of the services that Abdullah is likely to require in Canada and whether they would constitute an excessive demand) is not one that the applicant is particularly well placed to address.

 

Finally, when setting the content of the duty of fairness appropriate for the determination of visa applications, the Court must guard against imposing a level of procedural formality that, given the volume of applications that visa officers are required to process, would unduly encumber efficient administration. The public interest in containing administrative costs and in not hindering expeditious decision-making must be weighed against the benefits of participation in the process by the person directly affected.

 

 

[36]           Justice Robert L. Barnes also addressed these issues in Wang v Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration), 2006 FC 1298, at paragraph 20:

In this case, the Respondent was dealing with one of several thousand visa applications it receives in Beijing each month. Its practices in the rendering of decisions are a reflection of the workloads associated with this process. Whatever the merits of her application, the Applicant had no right to enter Canada. The fairness duty to provide reasons in a context like this would be at the lower end of detail and formality and, in my view, the reasons provided to the Applicant were sufficient to meet that legal obligation.

 

 

[37]           It is also well recognized that, to use the words of Justice Judith Snider in Ayatollahi v Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration) 2003 FCT 248 at paragraph 12 “the decision on an application for a temporary student authorization is not judicial or quasi-judicial in nature.”

[38]           It has to be borne in mind that the onus is on the Applicant to meet the evidentiary burden of satisfying the officer that he will leave Canada at the end of his authorized stay. The words of Justice Luc Martineau in Huang v Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration), [2012] FCJ No. 203, at paragraph 7, should be kept in mind:

The applicant’s arguments are unconvincing. Case law teaches that where an applicant fails to meet the evidentiary onus of satisfying the Visa Officer that they will leave Canada at the end of their authorized stay, an interview is not a statutory requirement. It is the applicants who bears the onus of providing visa officers with thorough applications in the first place (Lu v Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration), 2002 FCT 440 at para 11; Dhillon v Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration), 2009 FC 614 at paras 30-32; Bonilla v Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration), 2007 FC 20 at para 22 [Bollina ]). Generally, where an officer has extrinsic information of which the applicant is unaware, an opportunity to respond should be made available to the applicant to disabuse the officer of any concerns arising from that evidence (Ling v Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration), 2003 FC 1198 at para 16; Chow v Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration), 2001 FCT 996 at para 14). A similar exception is found where the officer's conclusion is based on a subjective consideration rather that on objective evidence (Bollina, above, at para 27; Yuan v Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration), [2001] FCJ 1852 at para 12). This is not the case here. In this instance, the Visa Officer relied only on materials submitted by or known to the applicant and so he was not required to conduct an interview. By themselves, the expired bank note, the lack of any other financial records or documentation to confirm residency and registration, are relevant to assess financial capability and his degree of establishment in China (for example, the applicant does not own a house in China). Thus, no reviewable error has been made in this regard by the Visa Officer.

 

 

[39]           Likewise, the words of Justice Russel Zinn in Singh v Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration), 2009 FC 620, at paragraph 7, are equally applicable to the case before me:

I find that there is no merit to the submission that the officer ought to have provided the applicant with an opportunity to address his concerns. Justice Russell in Ling v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration), 2003 FC 1198, reviewed the law as to when a visa officer ought to provide such an opportunity. Relying on Ali v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration), [1998] F.C.J. No. 468, he noted firstly that there was no statutory right to an interview, or any dialogue of the sort suggested here. Secondly, it was noted that generally an opportunity to respond is available only when the officer has information of which the applicant is not aware. As in Ling, that is not the situation here and thus no opportunity was required to be given to Mr. Singh to address the officer's concerns. Further, when as here the officer is relying only on materials submitted by or known to the applicant, there is no need for an interview.

 

[40]           In the present case, the Officer said she refused the visa because:

a.                   Taking into account the Applicant’s travel history, immigration status and family ties in Canada and India, the Officer was not satisfied that the Applicant would leave Canada at the end of his stay; and

b.                  She was suspicious about the Applicant’s “general academic progression.”

 

[41]           The notes provide further details of the Officer’s reasoning:

I reviewed PA’s application and FOSS — Seen previous SP refusal in early August this year. PA is reapplying. 25 yr old single male from India. SP in the UK valid until 2013. Has BSc in International Tourism from Ethames Grad School in London. Accept at George Brown College in a Hospitality, Tourism and Leisure diploma program. Note that PA’s sister resides in Canada. On file: Copy of the letter from Hon. Bal Gosal (Canadian Minister of State for Sports). LOFA with tuition fees of 11,961 CAD which appear to have been paid, letter of sponsorship from PA’s brother-in-law in Canada, POF and docs relating to Canadian family, transcripts from PA’s studies in India and proof of studies in the UK as well as various supporting docs. PA obtained a diploma from Punjab Technical University in Hotel Management, Catering Tech and Tourism in 2006, he is also currently undertaking a BSc (Hons) in International Tourism and Hospitality. It does not appear logical that PA would now undertake studies at a lower academic level in this field. It is not clearly explained why the Applicant would not remain in the UK to complete his current course which is due to end in 2013. Concerns that the main aim is to enter and remain in Canada. PA’s status in the UK is temporary and with the information on file I am not satisfied that PA’s ties to India are strong enough to motivate departure from Canada. Pull to Canada also appears strong due to family ties. PA has no international travel, he is young, single, with no dependents and is highly mobile. With the documents and information on file, I am not satisfied that PA is a genuine temporary student who would leave at the end of his stay. SP refused.

 

 

[42]           So the basis for the negative Decision was that:

a.                   It does not appear logical that the Applicant would now undertake studies at a lower academic level in this field;

b.                  It is not clearly explained why the Applicant would not remain in the UK to complete his current course which is due to end in 2013;

c.                   The Applicant’s status in the UK is temporary and the information on file does not demonstrate that his ties to India are strong enough to motivate departure from Canada;

d.                  The pull to Canada is strong because of family ties;

e.                   The Applicant has no international travel;

f.                    The Applicant is young, single, has no dependents and is highly mobile.

 

[43]           It is possible to take issue with some of these grounds. For example, the Applicant points out that most students are single, have no dependents and are highly mobile. But this misses the point. The factors have to be looked at together and the Applicant’s youth and mobility, even if he shares them with other students, are obviously relevant. After all, young people do sometimes come to Canada on visas and then stay at the end of the terms.

[44]           The Applicant takes issue with these specific findings in the Decision and points out that

The officer noted that the Applicant had no international travel, however the evidence indicated that the Applicant, who was from India, was studying in England;

 

The officer noted that the Applicant’s ties to India were not strong enough, however the evidence indicated that the Applicant’s family, including his mother, father and three brothers were all residing in India;

 

The officer noted that “pull to Canada also appears strong due to family ties,” however the evidence indicated that the Applicant only had one sister in Canada. It is perverse and capricious to conclude that the Applicant’s ties to India, where the majority of his family lived, were not strong enough while at the same time his ties to Canada were “strong” enough because he had one sister here;

The officer noted that the Applicant was “young, single, with no dependants and is highly mobile” and held this against him. The Applicant is applying for a student permit in Canada and students are generally “young and single.” In any event, it is an error for the officer to rely on generalizations in order to justify a refusal of a study permit. If being young and single represents reasonable grounds to refuse a study permit, then no international students should be allowed to come to Canada. (see Bonilla v M.C.I. [sic] 2007 FC 20)

 

It is further submitted that the officer erred in law by failing to consider specific relevant evidence before [her]. Thus, the Applicant provided a statement explaining why he wanted to study Hospitality, Tourism and Leisure diploma program in George Brown College, namely that this program has the hands-on learning aspect in addition to class and theory time, and that the seven-week practical experience offered by George Brown College will be a great advancement and opportunity for the Applicant. This evidence was clearly ignored by the officer who had concerns as to the particular program the Applicant had decided to enrol in Canada. Furthermore, the Applicant also provided an affidavit from his brother-in-law, Mohinder Singh Rainal affirming accommodation and coverage of expenses in Canada, and that the Applicant would return to India at the end of his studies. This evidence was clearly relevant as to the issue of the Applicant’s intent to return to India at the end of his studies but was also ignored by the officer.

 

 

[45]           There is nothing to suggest that any evidence was ignored. The Officer obviously reviewed the whole package and then provided the reasons why she was not convinced the Applicant would leave Canada. She balanced the Applicant’s reasons for wanting to attend GBC against the fact that this was an academic step down for him, then weighed both of these against his family ties in Canada and India and his youth, inexperience, and lack of international travel. Obviously, it is possible to disagree with her conclusions, but I do not think I can say they fall outside of the Dunsmuir range.

[46]           The reasons are clear as to why the visa was refused. The Officer was not satisfied that the Applicant was “a genuine temporary student who would leave at the end of his stay” given that it was not logical for him to abandon his course in the UK and come to Canada. The Officer gave reasons for this conclusion in the Decision. There were factors that favoured the Applicant, but looking at the evidence as a whole, I cannot say that the Officer’s conclusions fall outside of the Dunsmuir range.

            Procedural Fairness

[47]           The Applicant’s strongest point on procedural fairness in the present case is that he was never given the opportunity to address the Officer’s principal concern that

It does not appear logical that PA would now undertake studies at a lower academic level in this field. It is not clearly explained why the Applicant would not remain in the UK to complete his current course, which is due to end in 2013.

 

 

[48]           The Applicant says that he explained why he had chosen the course at George Brown College in Canada and that he could not have anticipated this subjective concern about his abandoning the UK and he should have been given an opportunity to address this issue. The Applicant places particular reliance upon Justice Mosley’s decision in Rukmangathan, above, at paragraphs 22 and 23:

It is well established that in the context of visa officer decisions procedural fairness requires that an applicant be given an opportunity to respond to extrinsic evidence relied upon by the visa officer and to be apprised of the officer’s concerns arising therefrom: Muliadi, supra. In my view, the Federal Court of Appeal’s endorsement in Muliadi, supra, of Lord Parker’s comments in In re H.K. (An Infant), [1967] 2 Q.B. 617, indicates that the duty of fairness may require immigration officials to inform applicants of their concerns with applications so that an applicant may have a chance to “disabuse” an officer of such concerns, even where such concerns arise from evidence tendered by the applicant. Other decisions of this court support this interpretation of Muliadi, supra. See, for example, Fong v. Canada (Minister of Employment and Immigration), [1990] 3 F.C. 705 (T.D.), John v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration), [2003] F.C.J. No. 350 (T.D.)(QL) and Cornea v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration) (2003), 30 Imm. L.R. (3d) 38 (F.C.T.D.), where it had been held that a visa officer should apprise an applicant at an interview of her negative impressions of evidence tendered by the applicant.

 

However, this principle of procedural fairness does not stretch to the point of requiring that a visa officer has an obligation to provide an applicant with a “running score” of the weaknesses in their application: Asghar v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration), [1997] F.C.J. No. 1091 (T.D.)(QL) at para. 21 and Liao v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration), [2000] F.C.J. No. 1926 (T.D.)(QL) at para. 23. And there is no obligation on the part of a visa officer to apprise an applicant of her concerns that arise directly from the requirements of the former Act or Regulations: Yu v. Canada (Minister of Employment and Immigration) (1990), 36 F.T.R. 296, Ali v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration) (1998), 151 F.T.R. 1 and Bakhtiania v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration), [1999] F.C.J. No. 1023 (T.D.)(QL).

 

 

[49]           In the present case, this was not a concern about the evidence submitted by the Applicant. The evidence revealed that the Applicant, who claimed to be looking for international experience, wanted to abandon his course in the UK and come to Canada to begin a course at George Brown College. The Applicant explained what he liked about the course at George Brown College, but he did not explain that what he was looking for was not available to him in England as part of his current course.

[50]           The situation here has some similarity with Hong v Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration) 2011 FC 463, at paragraph 17, where Justice Richard Boivin dismissed an application that, inter alia, advanced the following argument:

With respect to her studies, Ms. Hong stresses that she provided the Visa Officer with a certificate establishing her success in completing a program in Hotel and Tourism management in Vietnam. According to Ms. Hong, the Visa Officer committed an error when he concluded that her proposed studies are not reasonable in light of her previous studies and that she is not sufficiently established in Vietnam for the purposes of granting her a one year study permit.

 

 

[51]           Tran v Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration) 2006 FC 1377, at paragraphs 30 to 33, is also instructive in that the applicant in that case argued, as here, that the officer had failed to put his concerns to her and provide an opportunity to respond:

As stated above, procedural protection that arises in the context of a student visa application is “relaxed”. There is no unfairness if the Visa Officer did not communicate all of her concerns to Mr. Le Minh Duc Tran or that she did not accord him an opportunity to respond to those concerns. (Li, above; Skoruk, above)

 

It is also reasonable to expect that Visa Officers will bring their own experience and expertise to the applications before them. (Wen v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration), 2002 FCT 1262, [2002] F.C.J. No. 1719 (QL), at para. 16; Skoruk, above, at para. 14)

 

The fact that the Visa Officer considered the availability of similar culinary management programs of study available in Vietnam and South Asia at a “fraction of the cost” does not constitute an error. Contrary to what is argued by Mr. Le Minh Duc Tran, the Visa Officer did not rely on extrinsic evidence, but rather relied on her own expertise and analysis of all the evidence before her. (Wen, above, at paras. 18-19)

 

As in Skoruk, above, these considerations of local conditions coupled with those considerations more personal to Mr. Le Minh Duc Tran, were part of the totality of circumstances which the Visa Officer had to assess in reaching her decision. (the Brown Affidavit; Skoruk, above, at para. 14)

 

 

[52]           The Applicant appears to take the position that procedural fairness arises whenever an officer has concerns that the applicant could not reasonably have anticipated. I think the jurisprudence of this Court demonstrates otherwise. What applicants can reasonably anticipate is that officers will bring their own experience and expertise to bear upon the application and will draw inferences and conclusions from the evidence that is placed before them without necessarily alerting applicants on these matters. The onus is upon applicants to put together applications that are convincing and that anticipate possible adverse inferences contained in the evidence and local conditions and address them.

[53]           Perhaps most instructive is Ayatollahi, above, at paragraphs 20 and 21, where Justice Snider had the following to say on point:

In this case, the visa officer stated his reasons as follows:

 

I based my decision in part on my judgement that his study plans are not reasonable, in that he proposed to study a law clerk program with the stated purpose of applying his studies in his father’s construction business in Iran. He provided no explanation of how the proposed studies in Canada were indeed relevant to his future plans in Iran. The legal and business systems in Iran are considerably different from those in Canada and such studies would be of limited specific utility, in my judgement, to an Iranian construction business. Accordingly, I also found his study plans less than fully credible and refused the application.

 

There was not, in my view, a breach of procedural fairness as a result of the visa officer’s failure to put his concerns to the Applicant. Most importantly, the burden was on the Applicant to come forward with his best case. He did not do this; specifically, he failed to give any rationale for his proposed course of studies, other than to assist his father upon his return. Given the onus on the Applicant, I believe that it would have been reasonably open to the officer to refuse the application on that basis alone.

 

 

[54]           The Applicant says that he was denied procedural fairness because the Officer did not alert him to her concerns and give him an opportunity to address them. In my view, on the present facts, that would amount to the Officer telling the Applicant that he had not, on his evidence, convinced her he would leave at the end of his stay, and then giving him an opportunity to argue her out of that conclusion. There were no specific concerns with the evidence. It was just that, taken as a whole, — “with the documents and information on file” — the Officer was not satisfied he would leave at the end of his stay. The onus was on the Applicant to convince the Officer that he would leave. There was no obligation on the Officer to inform the Applicant that he had not discharged that onus and allow him more time and opportunity to convince her otherwise.

[55]           I think the jurisprudence supports the conclusion that, in this kind of situation, there was no obligation on the Officer to bring her concerns to the attention of the Applicant and allow a response. There were no problems with the evidence. The Officer’s concerns were that, given the evidence put forward by the Applicant and, in particular, the Applicant’s failure to explain fully why his education required a move to Canada and could not be obtained where he was in the UK, she was not satisfied he would leave at the end of his stay. I do not think the Officer was obliged to alert the Applicant to her conclusions based upon her weighing of the evidence and provide him with a chance to change her mind.

[56]           I can understand why the Applicant is unhappy with the Decision. I can understand why he feels he submitted strong evidence that he would leave at the end of his stay, and that the Officer should have preferred that evidence to the factors she does rely upon. However, it is not my role to step in and second-guess the Officer. Parliament has said that she is the one whose discretion is to apply and, provided she exercises that discretion in a reasonable way, the Court cannot intervene, even if it would have come to a different conclusion.

[57]           Counsel agree there is no question for certification and the Court concurs.

JUDGMENT

 

 

THIS COURT’S JUDGMENT is that

 

1.                  The application is dismissed.

2.                  There is no question for certification.

 

 

“James Russell”

FEDERAL COURT

 

NAME OF COUNSEL AND SOLICITORS OF RECORD

 

 

DOCKET:                                          IMM-6414-11

 

STYLE OF CAUSE:                          AMARJEET SINGH

                                           

                                                            -   and   -

 

                                                              THE MINISTER OF CITIZENSHIP

                                                              AND IMMIGRATION                                                                                 

                                                          

PLACE OF HEARING:                    Toronto, Ontario

 

DATE OF HEARING:                      April 3, 2012

                                                           

 

REASONS FOR JUDGMENT

AND JUDGMENT:                          HON. MR. JUSTICE RUSSELL

 

DATED:                                             May 3, 2012

 

 

APPEARANCES:   

 

Clare Crummey                                                                                    APPLICANT

                                                                                                                    

Ildikó Erdei                                                                                          RESPONDENT                                 

 

                               

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         SOLICITORS OF RECORD:    

 

Waldman & Associates                                                                        APPLICANT

Barrister & Solicitor

Toronto, Ontario 

                                                                                                                 

Myles J. Kirvan, Q.C.                                                                          RESPONDENT

Deputy Attorney General of Canada