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The Officer concluded that the applicants were not credible and had not shown that they met the criteria to be recognized as Convention refugees, nor could they be considered persons in need of protection under IRPA sections 96 and 97. ... Thereby indicating that they did not qualify under paragraph 139(1)(e) of the Regulation in “the Convention refugee abroad class”. ... Par conséquent, vous n’êtes pas admissible à la « catégorie des réfugiés outre-frontière au sens de la Convention » selon les termes de l’alinéa 139(1)e) du Règlement. [20]   The Officer therefore refused the applicants’ applications. ...

Richard Bell” Judge SCHEDULE Immigration and Refugee Protection Act, SC 2001, c 27 Convention refugee Définition de réfugié 96 A Convention refugee is a person who, by reason of a well-founded fear of persecution for reasons of race, religion, nationality, membership in a particular social group or political opinion, 96 A qualité de réfugié au sens de la Convention — le réfugié — la personne qui, craignant avec raison d’être persécutée du fait de sa race, de sa religion, de sa nationalité, de son appartenance à un groupe social ou de ses opinions politiques: (a) is outside each of their countries of nationality and is unable or, by reason of that fear, unwilling to avail themself of the protection of each of those countries; or a) soit se trouve hors de tout pays dont elle a la nationalité et ne peut ou, du fait de cette crainte, ne veut se réclamer de la protection de chacun de ces pays; (b) not having a country of nationality, is outside the country of their former habitual residence and is unable or, by reason of that fear, unwilling to return to that country. b) soit, si elle n’a pas de nationalité et se trouve hors du pays dans lequel elle avait sa résidence habituelle, ne peut ni, du fait de cette crainte, ne veut y retourner. Person in need of protection Personne à protéger 97 (1) A person in need of protection is a person in Canada whose removal to their country or countries of nationality or, if they do not have a country of nationality, their country of former habitual residence, would subject them personally 97 (1) A qualité de personne à protéger la personne qui se trouve au Canada et serait personnellement, par son renvoi vers tout pays dont elle a la nationalité ou, si elle n’a pas de nationalité, dans lequel elle avait sa résidence habituelle, exposée: (a) to a danger, believed on substantial grounds to exist, of torture within the meaning of the Convention Against Torture; or a) soit au risque, s’il y a des motifs sérieux de le croire, d’être soumise à la torture au sens de l’article premier de la Convention contre la torture; (b) to a risk to their life or to a risk of cruel and unusual treatment or punishment if b) soit à une menace à sa vie ou au risque de traitements ou peines cruels et inusités dans le cas suivant: (i) the person is unable or, because of that risk, unwilling to avail themself of the protection of that country, (i) elle ne peut ou, de ce fait, ne veut se réclamer de la protection de ce pays, (ii) the risk would be faced by the person in every part of that country and is not faced generally by other individuals in or from that country, (ii) elle y est exposée en tout lieu de ce pays alors que d’autres personnes originaires de ce pays ou qui s’y trouvent ne le sont généralement pas, (iii) the risk is not inherent or incidental to lawful sanctions, unless imposed in disregard of accepted international standards, and (iii) la menace ou le risque ne résulte pas de sanctions légitimes — sauf celles infligées au mépris des normes internationales — et inhérents à celles-ci ou occasionnés par elles, (iv) the risk is not caused by the inability of that country to provide adequate health or medical care. ...

The RPD rejected their claim for refugee protection, concluding that they are neither Convention refugees nor persons in need of protection pursuant to section 96 and subsection 97(1) of the Immigration and Refugee Protection Act, SC 2001, c 27 [the Act]. ... The RPD first determined that the Applicants were not Convention refugees under section 96 of the Act because their claim had no nexus to one of the Convention grounds. ... The Applicants insist on the impact of the document issued in 2014 by the Colombian Centre for Information and Orientation for Victims in Colombia, but that document only identifies the Applicants as victims of forced displacement, and does not refer to any potential Convention grounds (Certified Tribunal Record at 387). [26]   Furthermore, there is no legal requirement for a board member to follow another member’s factual findings (Guttierez para 53-58). [27]   Finally, despite the information contained in the country documents, the Applicants testified that they did not experience any persecution due to being Afro Colombians, and the threatening notes do not speak either to the effect that the Applicants might be targeted for a Convention ground (Certified Tribunal Record at 412). [28]   In conclusion, the Court finds the decision reasonable given the record before the RPD, the law, and the jurisprudence.   ...

The applicant also applied to immigrate to Canada as a member of the Convention refugee abroad class.   ... Following the interview, the Officer concluded that the applicant did not meet the definition of Convention refugee and refused the application.   ... The applicant’s father’s death was a key event in the narrative supporting the applicant’s claim to be a Convention refugee.   ...

Relevant provisions [19]   The following provisions of the IRPA are relevant: Convention refugee Définition de « réfugié » 96 A Convention refugee is a person who, by reason of a well-founded fear of persecution for reasons of race, religion, nationality, membership in a particular social group or political opinion, 96 A qualité de réfugié au sens de la Convention — le réfugié — la personne qui, craignant avec raison d’être persécutée du fait de sa race, de sa religion, de sa nationalité, de son appartenance à un groupe social ou de ses opinions politiques: (a) is outside each of their countries of nationality and is unable or, by reason of that fear, unwilling to avail themself of the protection of each of those countries; or a) soit se trouve hors de tout pays dont elle a la nationalité et ne peut ou, du fait de cette crainte, ne veut se réclamer de la protection de chacun de ces pays; (b) not having a country of nationality, is outside the country of their former habitual residence and is unable or, by reason of that fear, unwilling to return to that country. b) soit, si elle n’a pas de nationalité et se trouve hors du pays dans lequel elle avait sa résidence habituelle, ne peut ni, du fait de cette crainte, ne veut y retourner. Person in need of protection Personne à protéger 97 (1) A person in need of protection is a person in Canada whose removal to their country or countries of nationality or, if they do not have a country of nationality, their country of former habitual residence, would subject them personally 97 (1) A qualité de personne à protéger la personne qui se trouve au Canada et serait personnellement, par son renvoi vers tout pays dont elle a la nationalité ou, si elle n’a pas de nationalité, dans lequel elle avait sa résidence habituelle, exposée: (a) to a danger, believed on substantial grounds to exist, of torture within the meaning of Article 1 of the Convention Against Torture; or a) soit au risque, s’il y a des motifs sérieux de le croire, d’être soumise à la torture au sens de l’article premier de la Convention contre la torture; (b) to a risk to their life or to a risk of cruel and unusual treatment or punishment if b) soit à une menace à sa vie ou au risque de traitements ou peines cruels et inusités dans le cas suivant: (i) the person is unable or, because of that risk, unwilling to avail themself of the protection of that country, i) elle ne peut ou, de ce fait, ne veut se réclamer de la protection de ce pays, (ii) the risk would be faced by the person in every part of that country and is not faced generally by other individuals in or from that country, (ii) elle y est exposée en tout lieu de ce pays alors que d’autres personnes originaires de ce pays ou qui s’y trouvent ne le sont généralement pas, (iii) the risk is not inherent or incidental to lawful sanctions, unless imposed in disregard of accepted international standards, and (iii) la menace ou le risque ne résulte pas de sanctions légitimes — sauf celles infligées au mépris des normes internationales — et inhérents à celles-ci ou occasionnés par elles, (iv) the risk is not caused by the inability of that country to provide adequate health or medical care. ...

Article II of the Convention describes the existing taxes to which the Convention applies. The CPP is not subject to the Convention; a CPP contribution is not a tax. United States Social Security taxes are subject to the Convention to a limited extent. ...

S.C. 1970-71-72, c. 63) (the "Act"), and then Article XIIIC of the Canada-United States Income Tax Convention, 1942, as amended in 1950 (Canada-United States of America Tax Convention Act, 1943, Amendment Act, S.C. 1951 (2nd Sess.), c. 5). ... The differences between the parties concerned the interpretation, and application of the statute, that is the Income Tax Act, and of the Convention. ... Convention in this case are novel, and I note the trial judgment is now on appeal. ...

A copy of the Canada-Barbados Income Tax Convention, 1980 (the "Treaty") is attached as Schedule "A". ... It applies when the foreign affiliate (the IBC) would be a resident of the treaty country but for a provision in a tax convention that provides that the convention does not apply to the foreign affiliate. ... Regulations to the Income Tax (Canada) Règlements de l'impôt sur le revenu (Canada)   5907(11.2) For the purposes of this Part, a foreign affiliate of a corporation is, at any time, deemed not to be resident in a country with which Canada has entered into a comprehensive agreement or convention for the elimination of double taxation on income unless 5907(11.2) Pour l'application de la présente partie, une société étrangère affiliée d'une société est réputée, à un moment donné, ne pas résider dans un pays désigné, sauf dans le cas où, pour l'application de l'accord ou de la convention visé au paragraphe (11) et intervenu entre le Canada et ce pays :   (a) the affiliate is, at that time, a resident of that country for the purpose of the agreement or convention;   a) la société affi liée réside dans le pays désigné à ce moment;       (b) the affiliate would, at that time, be a resident of that country for the purpose of the agreement or convention if the affiliate were treated, for the purpose of income taxation in that country, as a body corporate; b) la société affi liée résiderait dans le pays désigné à ce moment si elle était considérée comme une personne morale aux fins de l'impôt sur le revenu de ce pays;       (c) where the agreement or convention entered into force before 1995, the affiliate would, at that time, be a resident of that country for the purpose of the agreement or convention but for a provision in the agreement or convention that has not been amended after 1994 and that provides that the agreement or convention does not apply to the affiliate; or   c)  dans le cas où l'accord ou la convention est entré en vigueur avant 1995, la société affi liée résiderait dans le pays désigné à ce moment si ce n'était une disposition de l'accord ou de la convention-- qui n'a pas été modifiée après 1994-- selon laquelle elle est exclue de son application; (d) the affiliate would, at that time, be a resident of that country, as provided by paragraph (a), (b) or (c) if the agreement or convention had entered into force. d) la société affi liée résiderait dans le pays désigné à ce moment, ainsi qu'il est prévu aux alinéas a), b) ou c), si l'accord ou la convention était entré en vigueur.         ...

. … PART 2 REFUGEE PROTECTION Division 2 Convention Refugees and Persons in Need of Protection Examination of Eligibility to Refer Claim … Ineligibility 101. (1) A claim is ineligible to be referred to the Refugee Protection Division if … (e) the claimant came directly or indirectly to Canada from a country designated by the regulations, other than a country of their nationality or their former habitual residence; or … Regulations 102. (1) The regulations may govern matters relating to the application of sections 100 and 101, may, for the purposes of this Act, define the terms used in those sections and, for the purpose of sharing responsibility with governments of foreign states for the consideration of refugee claims, may include provisions (a) designating countries that comply with Article 33 of the Refugee Convention and Article 3 of the Convention Against Torture; (b) making a list of those countries and amending it as necessary; and (c) respecting the circumstances and criteria for the application of paragraph 101(1)(e). …   Loi sur l’immigration et la protection des réfugiés, LC 2001, ch 27 PARTIE 1 IMMIGRATION AU CANADA Section 3 Entrée et séjour au Canada Entrée et séjour […] Obligation à l’entrée au Canada 20. (1) L’étranger non visé à l’article 19 qui cherche à entrer au Canada ou à y séjourner est tenu de prouver: a) pour devenir un résident permanent, qu’il détient les visa ou autres documents réglementaires et vient s’y établir en permanence; b) pour devenir un résident temporaire, qu’il détient les visa ou autres documents requis par règlement et aura quitté le Canada à la fin de la période de séjour autorisée. […] Section 4 Interdictions de territoire Manquement à la loi 41. ... Suivi (2) S’il estime le rapport bien fondé, le ministre peut déférer l’affaire à la Section de l’immigration pour enquête, sauf s’il s’agit d’un résident permanent interdit de territoire pour le seul motif qu’il n’a pas respecté l’obligation de résidence ou, dans les circonstances visées par les règlements, d’un étranger; il peut alors prendre une mesure de renvoi. […] PARTIE 2 PROTECTION DES RÉFUGIÉS Section 2 Réfugiés et personnes à protéger Examen de la recevabilité par l’agent […] Irrecevabilité 101. (1) La demande est irrecevable dans les cas suivants: […] e) arrivée, directement ou indirectement, d’un pays désigné par règlement autre que celui dont il a la nationalité ou dans lequel il avait sa résidence habituelle; […] Règlements 102. (1) Les règlements régissent l’application des articles 100 et 101, définissent, pour l’application de la présente loi, les termes qui y sont employés et, en vue du partage avec d’autres pays de la responsabilité de l’examen des demandes d’asile, prévoient notamment: a) la désignation des pays qui se conforment à l’article 33 de la Convention sur les réfugiés et à l’article 3 de la Convention contre la torture; b) l’établissement de la liste de ces pays, laquelle est renouvelée en tant que de besoin; c) les cas et les critères d’application de l’alinéa 101(1)e). […]     Immigration and Refugee Protection Regulations, SOR/2002-227 PART 2 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS Division 1 Documents Required Before Entry Permanent resident 6. ... PART 8 REFUGEE CLASSES Division 3 Determination of Eligibility of Claim … Definitions 159.1 The following definitions apply in this section and sections 159.2 to 159.7. … “family member”, in respect of a claimant, means their spouse or common-law partner, their legal guardian, and any of the following persons, namely, their child, father, mother, brother, sister, grandfather, grandmother, grandchild, uncle, aunt, nephew or niece. … Designation — United States 159.3 The United States is designated under paragraph 102(1)(a) of the Act as a country that complies with Article 33 of the Refugee Convention and Article 3 of the Convention Against Torture, and is a designated country for the purpose of the application of paragraph 101(1)(e) of the Act. … Non-application — claimants at land ports of entry 159.5 Paragraph 101(1)(e) of the Act does not apply if a claimant who seeks to enter Canada at a location other than one identified in paragraphs 159.4(1)(a) to (c) establishes, in accordance with subsection 100(4) of the Act, that (a) a family member of the claimant is in Canada and is a Canadian citizen; (b) a family member of the claimant is in Canada and is (i) a protected person within the meaning of subsection 95(2) of the Act, (ii) a permanent resident under the Act, or (iii) a person in favour of whom a removal order has been stayed in accordance with section 233; (c) a family member of the claimant who has attained the age of 18 years is in Canada and has made a claim for refugee protection that has been referred to the Board for determination, unless (i) the claim has been withdrawn by the family member, (ii) the claim has been abandonned by the family member, (iii) the claim has been rejected, or (iv) any pending proceedings or proceedings respecting the claim have been terminated under subsection 104(2) of the Act or any decision respecting the claim has been nullified under that subsection;   Règlement sur l’immigration et la protection des réfugiés, DORS/2002-227 PARTIE 2 RÈGLES D’APPLICATION GÉNÉRALE Section 1   Formalités préalables à l’entrée Résident permanent 6. ...

Prévost Car Inc., 2009 FCA 57, 2009 DTC 5053, the Federal Court of Appeal wrote:   10     The worldwide recognition of the provisions of the [OECD] Model Convention and their incorporation into a majority of bilateral conventions have made the Commentaries on the provisions of the OECD Model a widely-accepted guide to the interpretation and application of the provisions of existing bilateral conventions (see Crown Forest Industries Ltd. v. Canada, [95 DTC 5389] [1995] 2 S.C.R. 802; Klaus Vogel, " Klaus Vogel on Double Taxation Conventions " 3rd ed. ...   [58]         Article IV of the OECD Model Convention corresponds to Article IV of the Treaty. ...