Date: 20140717

Docket: IMM-7281-13

Citation: 2014 FC 711

[UNREVISED ENGLISH CERTIFIED TRANSLATION]

Montréal, Quebec, July 17, 2014

PRESENT:    The Honourable Mr. Justice Shore

BETWEEN:

SENGLOEM ENG

Applicant

and

THE MINISTER OF CITIZENSHIP AND IMMIGRATION

Respondent

JUDGMENT AND REASONS

I.                   Preliminary remarks

[1]               To quote Einstein, if you can’t explain it to a 12-year-old, you don’t understand it yourself. A great deal of ink and hundreds of words will be wasted unless we ensure that we understand the crux of the matter we are discussing and clarify the role of the Refugee Appeal Division [RAD]. The essence of the case before the Court is the following: which entity does what, when, and according to which principles of the legislation and the case law?

[2]               What is the RAD’s role in relation to the Refugee Protection Division [RPD] and to the Federal Court?

[3]               The RAD is a specialized quasi-judicial body, whose members have the powers of a commissioner under section 111 of the Immigration and Refugee Protection Act, SC 2001, c 27 [IRPA].

[4]               If the RPD does not provide reasons in its assessment of the evidence, the RAD must intervene following its own review; if the RPD misinterprets the legislation, the RAD must also intervene.

[5]               The Court notes that the anatomy of the RAD depends on its jurisdiction, and its jurisdiction depends entirely on the statute that has given it its mandate to exist and to act as a specialized quasi-judicial tribunal that also has the authority to investigate, an authority the Federal Court judge (like the Immigration Appeal Division [IAD]) does not have.

II.                Introduction

[6]               This is an application for judicial review made under subsection 72(1) of the Immigration and Refugee Protection Act, SC 2001, c 27 [IRPA], of a decision by the Refugee Appeal Division of the Immigration and Refugee Board [the RAD] dated October 22, 2013, dismissing the applicants’ appeal of the decision of the Refugee Protection Division [RPD] denying their claim to be recognized as Convention refugees or persons in need of protection under sections 96 and 97 of the IRPA.

III.             Facts

[7]               The applicant, Sengloem Eng, is a citizen of Cambodia. He arrived in Canada on December 25, 2012, on a student visa.

[8]               Upon his arrival in Canada, the applicant made a refugee protection claim.

[9]               On June 11, 2013, the RPD rejected the applicant’s claim, not finding it credible.

[10]           The applicant appealed this decision before the RAD, alleging that the RPD erred in its assessment of his credibility and that it acted in a biased manner. The RAD dismissed this appeal on October 22, 2013.

[11]           On November 14, 2013, the applicant filed this application for judicial review against that decision.

IV.             Decision under review

[12]           In its decision, the RAD first discussed the RAD’s role as an appeal tribunal and the standard of review applicable to questions of fact and questions of mixed fact and law as well as to pure questions of law. Relying on the decision in Newton v Criminal Trial Lawyers’ Association, 2010 ABCA 399, the RAD stated that, except for questions of law or questions of natural justice, the members of the RAD had to show deference to the decisions of the RPD by applying the standard of reasonableness. The RPD is better situated to make factual findings owing to its extensive exposure to the evidence, the advantage of hearing testimony viva voce, and its familiarity with the case as a whole (Housen v Nikolaisen, 2002 SCC 33, [2002] 2 S.C.R. 235). The RAD’s analysis must therefore be concerned with the justification, transparency and intelligibility within the decision-making process and not be a reassessment of the evidence.

[13]           Regarding the merits of the appeal, the RAD determined that the RPD did not err in its assessment of the applicant’s credibility. The RAD found that the RPD had reasonably based its conclusion on several central aspects of the refugee protection claim, including the fact that the information in his visa application was inconsistent with his allegations before it. The RAD therefore concluded that the RPD had considered the applicant’s explanations of these inconsistencies, but had found them unsatisfactory. Taken as a whole, the RPD’s decision with respect to the applicant’s credibility fell within a range of possible, acceptable outcomes.

[14]           Lastly, the RAD did not find any derogatory conduct on the part of the RPD that could be interpreted by an informed and reasonable observer as constituting an appearance of bias or an actual bias.

V.                Issue

[15]           Did the RAD err in applying the standard of reasonableness to the RPD’s findings?

VI.             Relevant statutory provisions

[16]           The following provisions of the IRPA are applicable in these proceedings:

VII.          Standard of review

[17]           The issue before the Court in this case is whether the RAD erred in its choice of which standard of review to apply against the RPD’s decision.

[18]           A reviewing court may avoid a full standard of review analysis if previous jurisprudence has satisfactorily resolved the issue (Dunsmuir v New Brunswick, 2008 SCC 9, [2008] 1 S.C.R. 190, at paras 57 and 62). In the matter at bar, the Court does not find that a full standard of review analysis is required since the Court has repeatedly held that the standard of review for such questions of law is that of correctness (Budhai v Canada (Attorney General), 2002 FCA 298, [2003] 2 FC 57, at para 22; Canada (Attorney General) v Hunter, 2013 FCA 12 at para 4; see also Edmonton (Police Service) v Furlong, 2013 ABCA 121, 50 Admin LR (5th) 259).

VIII.       Positions of the parties

[19]           The applicant submits that the RAD’s decision is flawed since the RAD applied the standard of reasonableness to the RPD’s decision. The RAD should have applied the standard of correctness. The applicant argues that Parliament intended to create a full appeal when it created the RAD, a tribunal that can reassess the evidence and substitute its own decision.

[20]           The applicant submits that the RAD refused to exercise its jurisdiction in this case by restricting its review to that of a judicial review body.

[21]           The respondent submits that the RAD did not err in maintaining the RPD’s absence of credibility conclusion. The respondent argues that it was reasonable for the RAD to show deference to the RPD’s conclusions as it is not an appeal de novo.

IX.             Analysis

[22]           The question of law raised in this matter is the following: against which standard of review are the RPD’s findings of facts reviewable before the RAD? Apart from the brief conclusion on this topic in a recent decision, Iyamuremye v Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration), 2014 FC 494, at paragraph 40, there are no decisions to date that analyze in depth the standard of review applicable to decisions before the RAD.

[23]           To identify the appropriate standard of review for the RAD’s examination of decisions of the RPD, the first question is what jurisdiction the RAD has.

[24]           In applying the rules of interpretation to the relevant provisions in this matter (Rizzo & Rizzo Shoes Ltd, [1998] 1 SCR 27), such as to subsection 111(1) of the IRPA, the Court agrees with the applicants that Parliament seems to have wanted to confer a broad power of intervention on the RAD, thus allowing the RAD to dispose of the merits of appeals and not only to determine whether the RPD’s decision was made in a reasonable manner as submitted by the Member in the present matter.

[25]           Subsection 111(1) defines the RAD’s jurisdiction in the following terms:

After considering the appeal, the Refugee Appeal Division shall make one of the following decisions:

(a) confirm the determination of the Refugee Protection Division;

(b) set aside the determination and substitute a determination that, in its opinion, should have been made; or

(c) refer the matter to the Refugee Protection Division for redetermination, giving the directions to the Refugee Protection Division that it considers appropriate. [Emphasis added.]

[26]           The Court agrees that an appeal before the RAD is not an appeal de novo; the IRPA restricts the power of the RAD, in comparison to that of the IAD, to considering new evidence and to holding a hearing only in exceptional cases (see subsections 110(4) and 110(6) of the IRPA). However, the Court cannot accept that, as a result of these limitations, Parliament intended to confer on the RAD a similar jurisdiction as to that of a judicial review body. The Court does not feel that Parliament had such a restriction in mind. In this regard, the Court finds the reasoning in Parizeau c Barreau du Québec, 2011 QCCA 1498, [2011] RJQ 1506, presented by the applicants in support of their application, persuasive and instructive (the Supreme Court of Canada dismissed the application for leave to appeal from this judgment on March 15, 2012: 2012 CanLII 12782 (SCC)).

[27]           In Parizeau, above, the Court of Appeal of Quebec made the following observations on the standard of intervention to be applied by administrative appeal tribunals:

[translation]

[63] The Tribunal des professions sided with this approach and now applies the analytical process for judicial review when identifying its intervention standard. Indeed, this is what it did in the present case.

[64] With the greatest respect, this view of the appeal role of the Tribunal des professions raises serious questions, as the Court itself noted in Laliberté c. Huneault.

. . .

[75] Having said that, if these instructions apply when the legislator has provided for the right to appeal the decision of a specialized administrative tribunal before a generalized court (and that is what all these decisions of the Supreme Court are concerned with), do they also apply when the hearing of the appeal is assigned to another, also specialized, administrative body? In the first case, in fact, the dynamics of administrative law find full expression, and the distinction between specialized administrative tribunals, to which Parliament has given the expert task of developing standards in a particular area, and the generalized courts, the guardians of the rule of law, as pointed out earlier (see para. 69), dictates that the matter be dealt with according to the rules of judicial review. Do these dynamics and the resulting requirement come into the play in the second case, however, when the appeal body is also an administrative one? The reasons that justify the deference shown by the courts to specialized administrative tribunals, reasons that flow from the organization and the respective role of the executive and judicial branches of government and respect for legislative intent, are hardly persuasive when the appeal body is also an administrative tribunal and it, too, has a specialized mandate. The case at bar is a good illustration of this.

. . .

[78] All of this, and primarily legislative intent, not to mention the protection of the litigants to whom recourse is available, weighs against treating appeals before the Tribunal des professions as a form of judicial review and also weighs against developing a policy of deference the effect of which would be to turn appeals before this tribunal into pseudo-judicial reviews. In our opinion, the Tribunal des professions does exercise an appeal function and jurisdiction.

. . .

[81] The Supreme Court and this Court have repeatedly instructed the following: the appeal tribunal may in principle rectify any error in law in the decision under appeal or any palpable and overriding error in the determination of the facts or in the application of the law (if it was correctly identified) to the facts. This standard is just as valid for appeals brought before administrative tribunals, and the standard of intervention developed for judicial review can certainly be transposed to quasi-judicial appeals, with the limitations and adjustments imposed by the particular legislation applicable to each case and according to the general rules of administrative law.

[82] This then is the standard against which the Tribunal des professions must examine the decisions before it under appeal. What is more, this is how, for example, the decisions of the Tribunal du travail, when it still existed and sat in appeal on the decisions of the labour commissioners, were approached: see, for example, Vallée c. Hôpital Jean-Talon and Syndicat des enseignants et enseignantes de la banlieue de Québec c. Commission scolaire des Chutes de la Chaudière.

. . .

[89] . . . There is nothing surprising in this: every time a tribunal of first instance (be it judicial or administrative) has considerable discretion over a certain matter, the appeal tribunal commonly shows increased deference.

[90] However, if the assessing decision is made on the basis of incorrect findings of fact, the Tribunal des professions can intervene to rectify these errors, if they influence the outcome of the dispute, and “render the decision it considers should have been rendered in first instance” (article 182.6 of the Professional Code). Moreover, the Tribunal would also be justified in intervening if the final assessing decision made by the Applications Committee does not agree with the facts revealed by the evidence. In both instances, in fact, a palpable and overriding error warranting the Tribunal’s intervention was made. Denying the Tribunal des professions the opportunity, and even the duty, to intervene in such circumstances would be tantamount to allowing the Applications Committee to act in an arbitrary, and not only discretionary, manner, which would violate a principle of fundamental justice. Even if it is true that the entry or re-entry of a person on the Roll of the Order of Advocates is not automatic, it is also not an outright privilege the granting of which can be denied in an authoritarian or capricious manner.

[91] In the end, this is the reading that must be made of the Brousseau decision, while considering how the case law of recent years has developed and adjusted the appellate intervention standard and, particularly, the concept of “palpable and overriding error” with regard to the facts. In this respect, see, for example, H.L. v. Canada (Attorney General), rendered in 2005, Regroupement des CHSLD Christ-Roy (Centre hospitalier, soins longue durée) c. Comité provincial des malades, at para. 55, and P. L. c. Benchetrit, at para. 24. A palpable and overriding error is an error that, in its undeniability -- and therefore not a difference of opinion on the assessment of the evidence --, determines the outcome of the dispute in that the conclusion of the trier of fact, that is, the result of his or her decision, cannot hold water, thus, ipso facto, making the decision unreasonable. [Emphasis added.]

[28]           In the matter at bar, even though the question raised concerns a different appeal tribunal from the one in Parizeau, the reasoning of the Court of Appeal of Quebec is highly relevant. As in Parizeau, the Court is of the view that the RAD must be able to correct any error of law in a decision of the RPD or any palpable or overriding error in the findings of fact or the application of the law to these facts. It cannot engage in a form of judicial review as the Member did in this case.

[29]           Parliament conferred a true appellate function on the RAD, a specialized (if not overspecialized) tribunal, which sits on appeal of the decisions of another administrative tribunal. Contrary to a court exercising a superintending and reforming power over public bodies, the RAD’s primary responsibility is to ensure the integrity and consistency of proceedings before the RPD and to reduce needless duplication of proceedings (including before the Federal Court). When analyzing a decision of the RPD, the RAD must not merely determine whether it was made in a reasonable manner, but, rather, analyze whether the RPD relied on a wrong principle of law or misassessed the facts to the point of making a palpable and overriding error (Housen, above).

[30]           “Palpable and overriding error” is often used interchangeably with the “clearly wrong” or “unreasonable” decision test.  However, this is the appellate-level standard of intervention that a specialized appeal tribunal such as the RAD must apply when reviewing a decision and not the judicial review standard of reasonableness. Even though there are similarities, these standards are different.

[31]           As the Court of Appeal of Quebec held in Parizeau, at paragraph 66, referring to Laliberté c Huneault, 2006 QCCA 929, 15 ACWS (3d) 1136:

[translation]

[15] . . . In all of these cases, the specialization of the decision-maker, a factor that exists at the administrative but not at the judicial level, weighs in favour of the judicial appellate body showing a measure of deference to the administrative decision-maker. This factor cannot operate with the same intensity when the appeal function is carried out by another administrative tribunal, specialized, like the first decision-maker, in professional and disciplinary law, and enjoying, contrary to the courts whose judgments may be appealed, robust privative clauses protecting the decision the legislation characterizes as final and binding. [Emphasis added.]

[32]           In the Court’s opinion, this interpretation of the RAD’s role is supported by the case law on the almost identical wording of subsection 67(2) of the IRPA, which reads as follows:

[33]           This case law is all the more important for the issue in this case, as it refuses to give subsection 67(2) the meaning that the IAD has similar jurisdiction as that of a judicial review body (see Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration) v Abdul, 2009 FC 967, 3 Admin LR (5th) 181; Mendoza v Canada (Minister of Public Safety and Emergency Preparedness), 2007 FC 934). In Abdul, Justice Michael Kelen wrote as follows:

[28] The applicant submits that the only role of the IAD in a challenge of the legal validity of the visa officer’s decision is to determine the reasonableness of the officer’s decision on excessive demand at the time that the decision is made. The IAD therefore exceeded its jurisdiction by not limiting itself to assessing the reasonableness of the officer’s decision at the time it was made. The applicant cites Ahir v. Canada (MCI), [1984] 1 F.C. 1098 (C.A.), Canada (MEI) v. Jiwanpuri (1990), 10 Imm. L.R. (2d) 241 (F.C.A.), and Mohamed v. Canada (MEI), [1986] 3 F.C. 90 (C.A.) in support of its argument.

[29] In my view the applicant has mischaracterized the role of the IAD in an appeal under subsection 67(2) of IRPA.

[30] None of above cited decisions supports the applicant’s position. Nowhere in these decisions does the Court adopt an approach that would fetter the IAD’s discretion to make substantive determinations which may or may not lead it to substitute its own assessment. [Emphasis added.]

[34]           The Court agrees that the RPD, as the tribunal of first instance, is owed a measure of deference with regard to its findings of fact, and of fact and law. The RPD is better situated to draw such conclusions as it is the tribunal of first instance, the trier of facts, having the advantage of hearing testimony viva voce (Housen, above). However, the RAD must nonetheless perform its own assessment of all of the evidence in order to determine whether the RPD relied on a wrong principle of law or misassessed the facts to the point of making a palpable and overriding error. The idea that the RAD may substitute an original decision by a determination that should have been rendered without first assessing the evidence is completely inconsistent with the purpose of the IRPA and the case law dealing with the virtually identical wording of subsection 67(2). The Court finds that the RAD misinterpreted its role as an appeal body in holding that its role was merely to assess, against a standard of reasonableness, whether the RPD’s decision is within a range of possible, acceptable outcomes.

X.                Conclusion

[35]           For all of the above reasons, the applicant’ application for judicial review is allowed and the matter is referred back for reconsideration by a differently constituted panel of the RAD.

JUDGMENT

THIS COURT ORDERS AND ADJUDGES that the applicants’ application for judicial review be allowed and that the matter be referred back to a differently constituted panel of the RAD for redetermination, with no question of general importance to be certified.

“Michel M.J. Shore”

 

Certified true translation

Johanna Kratz, Translation

FEDERAL COURT

SOLICITORS OF RECORD

DOCKET:		IMM-7281-13
STYLE OF CAUSE:		SENGLOEM ENG v THE MINISTER OF CITIZENSHIP AND IMMIGRATION
PLACE OF HEARING:	Montréal, Quebec
DATE OF HEARING:	JULY 17, 2014
JUDGMENT AND REASONS:	SHORE J.
DATED:	JULY 17, 2014

APPEARANCES:

Stéphanie Valois	FOR THE APPLICANT
Simone Truong	FOR THE RESPONDENT

SOLICITORS OF RECORD:

Stéphanie Valois Lawyer Montréal, Quebec	FOR THE APPLICANT
William F. Pentney Deputy Attorney General of Canada Montréal, Quebec	FOR THE RESPONDENT