News of Note
Big Bird Trucking – Tax Court of Canada finds that drivers regularly hired on a per-load basis were independent contractors
Email this ContentC. Miller J. found that three particular drivers regularly hired by a trucking company, but on a per-load basis, were independent contractors for EI and CPP purposes notwithstanding that the company provided the trucks and insurance, stating:
There is a lack of commitment on either side, a lack of security, a lack of continuity and inherent risk that one seeking employment would find unattractive… .
Neal Armstrong. Summary of Big Bird Trucking Inc. v. M.N.R., 2015 TCC 340, under s. 5(1).
The new form for qualifying non-resident employer certification requires only basic details
On January 12, 2016, CRA released the form for (Treaty-exempt) non-resident employers to apply for certification as "qualifying non-resident employers" so as to be exempt from source deduction requirements on remuneration paid to "qualifying non-resident employees" (broadly, Treaty-exempt non-resident employees who work in Canada for less than 45 days in the calendar year of payment or are present in Canada less than 90 days in any 12-month period that includes the payment time). The RC473 form must be filed by the end of February 1, 2016 in order for certification to be treated as retroactive to January 1, 2016.
The applicant non-resident employer is not required to provide employee details or any travel data, so that the form mainly serves as a notification to CRA that the non-resident employer will have non-resident employees working in Canada during the certified period.
Neal Armstrong. Summaries of RC473 Application for Non-Resident Employer Certification and PWC, “New Non-Resident Employer Certification program: Payroll withholding relief for foreign employers with frequent business travellers to Canada” Tax Insights, Issue 2016-02, 15 January 2016 under s. 153(7).
Lloyds Bank decisions suggest that structured transactions have tax reductions as one of their main objects
In IRC v Brebner (1967), 43 TC 705 (HL), Lord Upjohn stated:
"... when the question of carrying out a genuine commercial transaction ... is considered, the fact that there are two ways of carrying it out—one by paying the maximum amount of tax, the other by paying no, or much less, tax—it would be quite wrong as a necessary consequence to draw the inference that in adopting the latter course one of the main objects is ... avoidance of tax.
Following the Lloyds Bank decisions ([2014] EWCA Civ 1062, remitted to [2015] UKFTT 401) dealing with an anti-avoidance provision which was engaged if the obtaining of a writing-down allowance of 25% was “one of the main objects" of ship-leasing transactions, a U.K. writer has inferred that
the courts have now made it difficult for taxpayers to show that tax is not "a main object/purpose" in any situation where they have taken tax advice, and elected to adopt a more rather than less tax-efficient structure for a commercial transaction.
Neal Armstrong. Summaries of Michael McGowan, "HMRC v Lloyds Bank Leasing (No 1) Ltd: the troublesome increase in the scope of the "sole or main object" test", [2015] British Tax Review (Thomson Reuters (Professional) UK Limited), 2015, No. 5, p. 649 under General Concepts – Intention and s. 83(2.1).
Gervais – Federal Court of Appeal finds that a scheme to use basis averaging to permit spousal use of the capital gains exemption technically worked
The taxpayer purchased 1.04M preferred shares from her husband at a cost of $1.04M and was gifted a further 1.04M shares on a rollover basis by him under s. 73, so that her cost of the gifted shares was $0.04M. The transactions were reported on the basis that on the immediately following sale of those shares to a third party for $2.08M, the effect of basis averaging under s. 47 was that there was a $0.5M capital gain attributed back to her husband on the gifted shares, and the other $0.5M capital gain was "hers," so that she could claim the capital gains exemption.
In reversing the finding by Jorré J below that the taxpayer’s resale of the 1.04M preferred shares occurred on income account given that ”not only was there a rapid resale, but the resale… was programmed in advance,” Boivin J found that as it was predetermined that she would resell at her acquisition cost, it would be “at the very least incongruous to impute to Mrs. Gendron a reasonable expectation of profit and to categorize this transaction as an adventure or concern in the nature of trade.” (See also see Continental Bank, Loewen and 2012-0438651E5). Acquiring shares in order to gift them also was not an adventure.
The transactions thus “worked” on a technical basis. Rather than dealing with the GAAR issue raised by the Crown (which Jorré J had ducked), Boivin JA remitted the file to the Tax Court for consideration of this issue.
Neal Armstrong. Summary of Gervais v. The Queen, 2016 CAF 1 under s. 9 – capital gain v. profit – shares.
Upstream loans may still be preferable to paying actual dividends
Notwithstanding the upstream loan rules, a “distribution from a foreign affiliate by means of an upstream loan may still be preferred to a (permanent) distribution from a foreign affiliate by means of an actual dividend, because the upstream loan may avoid foreign withholding and other taxes that would be incurred with an actual dividend.” This may work because the Canco recipient of the loan generally can use the ACB of its shares in the foreign affiliate at the time of the upstream loan (or other surplus), provided that such attributes are not put to use respecting other upstream loans or distributions. A sale of the foreign affiliate to a third party (with the loan kept outstanding) would not preclude continued use of such ACB as at the initial time of the upstream loan.
CRA indicated that Finance is likely to amend the rules so that there is not an inappropriate income inclusion under these rules when an upstream loan is extinguished by operation of law on the winding-up of the foreign affiliate (FA1) under s. 88(3) into the Canco. In policy terms, the upstream loan likely should be considered to be settled for “the paragraph 88(3)(d) determination of Canco's proceeds of disposition of the FA1 shares based in turn on the net distribution amount in respect of the liquidation.”
Neal Armstrong. Summary of Geoffrey S. Turner, "Upstream Loans and Dispositions of Foreign Affiliate Shares", International Tax (Wolters Kluwer CCH), No. 85, December 2015, p.1 under s. 90(9).
Income Tax Severed Letters 13 January 2016
This morning's release of eight severed letters from the Income Tax Rulings Directorate is now available for your viewing.
Murray Holdings – Scottish Inner House finds that payments derived from employment service are assessable even where they are agreed to be redirected to a 3rd party
A group of companies, which ran a Glasgow football club, implemented a scheme for their key employees to avoid income tax on their annual bonuses. The bonus for each employee would be paid by the employer to a master trust whose trustees in their discretion would use the amount to settle a sub-trust with the class of beneficiaries (usually the employee's family members) determined by them after reading a letter of suggestion from the employee. The trustee of the sub-trust would lend all the funds to the employee under a long-term loan at LIBOR+1.5%, and the employee as sub-trust protector could change beneficiaries or the trustees of the sub-trust.
In finding that this scheme did not work, i.e., the payments to the master trust were taxable employment income subject to source deductions, Lord Drummond Young (in the highest Scottish court) applied the principle that
if income is derived from an employee’s services qua employee, it is… assessable to income tax, even if the employee requests or agrees that it be redirected to a third party….[I]t is irrelevant that the…trustees who receive the payment, at whatever remove, exercise a genuine discretion as to what happens to the funds.
In finding that the (Scottish) Inner House was entitled to decide on related questions of English trust law, Lord Drummond Young noted that it be “would be highly artificial” to consider that it was bound by the findings on English law made by the tribunals below (which had acknowledged U.K.-wide jurisdiction), and that “Scottish judges should not have any great difficulty in understanding English law, and are expected to do so in the Upper Tribunal and UK Supreme Court,” stating that:
No doubt the theoretical nature of a trust is different, being based on the notion of legal estate and equitable interest in England, whereas in Scotland it is based on the notion of dual patrimonies of the trustee. Nevertheless the practical results are similar… .
This issue was not raised in Boettger, where a Quebec court dealt with an Alberta trust.
Neal Armstrong. Summaries of Advocate Gen. for Scotland v. Murray Group Holdings Ltd., [2015] CSIH 77, [2015] BTC 36 under s. 6(1)(a) and General Concepts – evidence.
CRA confirms that exempting a capital gain doubles the CDA addition
The capital dividend account definition provides for the addition of the difference between the corporation’s capital gain from a disposition and the portion of that capital gain which is a taxable capital gain. Therefore, if the taxable capital gain resulting from the disposition is nil (for example, for a donation of ecologically sensitive lands exempted under s. 38(a.2)(i)), the full amount of the capital gain will be added to the CDA.
Neal Armstrong. Summary of 3 December 2015 T.I. 2015-0613761E5 F under s. 89(1) – capital dividend account.
CRA finds that post-retirement insurance premiums which secure coverage for pre-retirement negligent professional advice can be deductible
After referring to Poulin, CRA accepted that post-retirement premiums paid by a former professional to cover off any negligence claims respecting pre-retirement advice given “during the ordinary course of the professional’s business operation” could qualify for deduction, even though the retired professional no longer had a source of professional income. Otherwise than perhaps quibbling about CRA’s reference to the insured advice having been given in the “ordinary course” rather than the “course” of the professional practice (see McNeill), this looks right.
Neal Armstrong. Summary of 3 December 2015 T.I. 2015-0618981E5 under s. 18(1)(a) - start-up and liquidation costs.
S. 256(1.3) can deem a corporation to be associated even if the minor turns 18 shortly after the start of the given year
S. 256(1.3) deems a corporation, whose shares are owned at any time by a minor (other than one who is managing its business without significant influence by a parent), to be associated with other corporations at that time to the same extent as if those shares were owned by the parent. Given that s. 256(1) provides that corporations are associated if they have the described degree of connection at any time in the year, this means s. 256(1.3) could deem the corporation to be associated even if the minor turns 18 shortly after the start of the given year.
Neal Armstrong. Summary of 8 December 2015 T.I. 2015-0610921E5 F under s. 256(1.3).