T4037(E) Rev. 23

Before you start

Find out if this guide is for you

The most common income tax situations are explained in this guide. Use this guide to get information on capital gains or capital losses in 2023. You generally have a capital gain or loss whenever you sell, or are considered to have sold, capital property. Use Schedule 3, Capital Gains (or Losses), to calculate and report your taxable capital gains or net capital loss. If the property you sold is a flipped property, see Property flipping.

If your only capital gains or losses are those shown on information slips (T3, T4PS, T5 or T5013) and you did not file Form T664 or T664 (Seniors), Election to Report a Capital Gain on Property Owned at the End of February 22, 1994, you do not have to read the entire guide. See Chart 1 – Reporting capital gains (or losses) and other amounts from information slips to find out how to report these amounts.

If you sell units, shares or securities for which you were issued an information slip, you will have to report a capital gain or loss. See Publicly traded shares, mutual fund units, deferral of eligible small business corporation shares and other shares.

If you are a farmer and you sold property included in capital cost allowance Class 14.1 (was eligible capital property before January 1, 2017) that is qualified farm or fishing property or farmland in 2023 that includes your principal residence, see the following guides:

• T4002, Self-employed Business, Professional, Commission, Farming, and Fishing Income
• RC4060, Farming Income and the AgriStability and AgriInvest Programs Guide
• RC4408, Farming Income and the AgriStability and AgriInvest Programs Harmonized Guide

Guide RC4060 is applicable to AgriStability and AgriInvest Program participants in Ontario, Alberta, Saskatchewan and Prince Edward Island while Guide RC4408 applies to AgriStability and AgriInvest participants in British Columbia, Manitoba, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Newfoundland and Labrador, and the Yukon. AgriStability and AgriInvest Program participants from Quebec will continue to use Guide T4002, Self-employed Business, Professional, Commission, Farming, and Fishing Income.

If you are a non-resident, emigrant, or new resident of Canada, go to Individuals – Leaving or entering Canada and non-residents and refer to the section that applies to your situation.

The CRA's publications and personalized correspondence are available in braille, large print, e-text and MP3. For more information, go to Order alternate formats for persons with disabilities or call 1-800-959-8281.

Table of contents

• Definitions
• Chapter 1 – General information
  • When do you have a capital gain or loss?
    • Disposing of Canadian securities
  • When do you report a capital gain or loss?
    • Do you own a business?
    • Are you a member of a partnership?
  • Calculating your capital gain or loss
  • What happens if you have a capital gain?
    • Claiming a reserve
    • Claiming a capital gains deduction
  • What happens if you have a capital loss?
  • What records do you have to keep?
• Chapter 2 – Completing Schedule 3
  • Qualified small business corporation shares (QSBCS)
  • Qualified farm or fishing property
  • Publicly traded shares, mutual fund units, deferral of eligible small business corporation shares, and other shares
    • Employee security options
    • Stock splits and consolidations
  • Real estate, depreciable property, and other properties
    • Real estate
    • Depreciable property
  • Bonds, debentures, promissory notes, crypto-assets, and other similar properties
    • Treasury bills (T-bills) and stripped bonds
    • Foreign currencies
    • Crypto-assets
  • Personal-use property
  • Listed personal property
  • Information slips – Capital gains (or losses)
    • Chart 1 – Reporting capital gains (or losses) and other amounts from information slips
• Chapter 3 – Special rules and other transactions
  • Adjusted cost base (ACB)
    • Identical properties
    • Property for which you filed Form T664 or T664 (Seniors)
    • Chart 2 – Calculating the revised adjusted cost base (ACB) of a flow-through entity
    • Chart 3 – Calculating the revised adjusted cost base (ACB) of capital property (other than a flow-through entity)
    • Property you inherit or receive as a gift
  • Selling a building
    • Selling part of a property
  • Capital gains deferral for investment in small business
    • Eligible small business corporation shares
    • Calculating the capital gains deferral
    • ACB reduction
  • Other transactions
    • Property included in capital cost allowance Class 14.1
    • Partnerships
    • Purchase of replacement property
    • Transfers of property to your spouse or common-law partner or to a trust for your spouse or common-law partner
    • Other transfers of property
  • Selling or donating certified Canadian cultural property
  • Gifts of ecologically sensitive land
• Chapter 4 – Flow-through entities
  • What is a flow-through entity?
  • Exempt capital gains balance
  • Disposing of your shares of, or interest in, a flow-through entity
• Chapter 5 – Capital losses
  • Inclusion rate
  • How do you apply your 2023 net capital loss to previous years?
  • How do you apply your net capital losses of other years to 2023?
    • Chart 4 – Applying net capital losses of other years to 2023
    • Losses incurred before May 23, 1985
    • Chart 5 – Applying net capital losses of other years to 2023 (for taxpayers with a pre-1986 capital loss balance)
  • Applying listed personal property losses
  • Superficial loss
  • Restricted farm loss
  • Allowable business investment loss (ABIL)
    • What is a business investment loss?
    • What happens when you incur an ABIL?
    • Chart 6 – How to claim an allowable business investment loss
  • Summary of loss application rules
• Chapter 6 – Principal residence
  • What is a principal residence?
    • Designating a principal residence
    • Can you have more than one principal residence?
  • Disposing of your principal residence
    • Property flipping
    • Reporting the sale of your principal residence
    • Why you have to report the sale
    • Form T2091(IND), Designation of a Property as a Principal Residence by an Individual (Other Than a Personal Trust)
    • Did you or your spouse or common-law partner file Form T664 or T664 (Seniors)?
  • Changes in use
    • Special situations
    • Changing all your principal residence to a rental or business property
    • Changing all your rental or business property to a principal residence
    • Changing part of your principal residence to a rental or business property or vice versa
  • Farm property
• Example
• Reference documents
  • Forms
  • Income Tax Folios
  • Information Circulars
  • Information Sheet
  • Archived Interpretation Bulletins
• For more information
  • If you need help
  • Forms and publications
  • Digital services for individuals
  • Tax Information Phone Service (TIPS)
  • Teletypewriter (TTY) users
  • Formal disputes (objections and appeals)
• CRA Service feedback program

Definitions

This section describes, in a general way, the technical terms that are used in this guide. Whenever practical, technical terms are defined in detail in the applicable chapters.

Abbreviations – The following is a list of some of the abbreviations that are used in this guide:

• ABIL – Allowable business investment loss
• ACB – Adjusted cost base
• CCA – Capital cost allowance
• CNIL – Cumulative net investment loss
• FMV – Fair market value
• LPP – Listed personal property
• RFL – Restricted farm loss
• UCC – Undepreciated capital cost

Adjusted cost base (ACB) – This is usually the cost of a property plus any expenses to acquire it, such as commissions and legal fees.

The cost of a capital property is its actual or deemed cost, depending on the type of property and how you acquired it. It also includes capital expenditures, such as the cost of additions and improvements to the property. You cannot add current expenses, such as maintenance and repair costs, to the cost base of a property.

For more information on ACB, see Archived Interpretation Bulletin IT-456R, Capital Property – Some Adjustments to Cost Base, and its Special Release.

Advantage – The advantage is generally the total value of any property, service, compensation, use or any other benefit that you are entitled to as partial consideration for, or in gratitude for, the gift. The advantage may be contingent or receivable in the future, either to you or a person or partnership not dealing at arm's length with you.

The advantage also includes any limited-recourse debt in respect of the gift at the time it was made. For example, there may be a limited-recourse debt if the property was acquired as part of a gifting arrangement that is a tax shelter. In this case, the eligible amount of the gift will be reported in box 13 of Form T5003, Statement of Tax Shelter Information. For more information on tax shelters and gifting arrangements, see Guide T4068, Guide for the Partnership Information Return (T5013 Forms).

Allowable capital loss – This is, for a tax year, your capital loss for the year multiplied by the inclusion rate for that year. For 2001 and later years, the inclusion rate is 1/2.

Arm's length – This refers to a relationship or a transaction between unrelated persons who act in their separate interests. An arm's length transaction is generally a transaction that reflects ordinary commercial dealings between parties acting in their separate interests.

Related persons are not considered to deal with each other at arm's length. Related persons include individuals connected by blood relationship, marriage, common law partnership or adoption (legal or in fact). A corporation and another person or two corporations may also be related persons.

Unrelated persons may not be dealing with each other at arm's length at a particular time. Each case will depend upon its own facts. The following criteria will be used to determine if the parties to a transaction are not dealing at arm's length:

• whether there is a common mind that directs the bargaining for the parties to a transaction
• whether the parties to a transaction act in concert without separate interests; ("acting in concert" means, for example, that parties act with considerable interdependence on a transaction of common interest)
• whether there is de facto control of one party by the other because of, for example, advantage, authority or influence

For more information, see Income Tax Folio S1-F5-C1, Related Persons and Dealing at Arm's Length.

Business investment loss – See Allowable business investment loss.

Canadian-controlled private corporation – This is a private corporation that is a Canadian corporation other than any of the following:

1. a corporation controlled, directly or indirectly in any way, by one or more non-resident persons, by one or more public corporations (other than a prescribed venture capital corporation), by one or more corporations described in paragraph c), or by any combination of the above
2. a corporation that would be controlled by one person if that one person owned all the shares of capital stock of any corporation that are owned by any non-resident person, by any public corporation (other than a prescribed venture capital corporation), or by a corporation described in paragraph c)
3. a corporation, a class of the shares of capital stock of which is listed on a designated stock exchange

Canadian security – This is any of the following:

• a share of the capital stock of a corporation resident in Canada
• a unit of a mutual fund trust
• a bond, debenture, bill, note, mortgage, hypothecary claim, or similar obligation issued by a person resident in Canada

Prescribed securities are not considered to be Canadian securities.

Capital cost allowance (CCA) – In the year you buy a depreciable property, such as a building, you cannot deduct its full cost. However, since this type of property wears out or becomes obsolete over time, you can deduct its capital cost over a period of several years. This deduction is called CCA. You usually group depreciable properties into classes. You have to base your CCA claim on the rate assigned to each class of property.

Capital gain – You have a capital gain when you sell, or are considered to have sold, a capital property for more than the total of its adjusted cost base and the outlays and expenses incurred to sell the property.

Capital loss – You have a capital loss when you sell, or are considered to have sold, a capital property for less than the total of its adjusted cost base and the outlays and expenses incurred to sell the property.

Capital property – This includes depreciable property, and any property which, if sold, would result in a capital gain or a capital loss. You usually buy it for investment purposes or to earn income. Capital property does not include the trading assets of a business, such as inventory. Some common types of capital property include:

• cottages
• securities, such as stocks, bonds and units of a mutual fund trust
• land, buildings and equipment you use in a business or a rental operation

Common-law partner – This is a person who is not your married spouse, but with whom you are living in a conjugal relationship and at least one of the following conditions applies:

1. This person has been living with you in a conjugal relationship for at least 12 continuous months
   

   Note
   In this definition, 12 continuous months includes any period where you were separated for less than 90 days because of a breakdown in the relationship.

2. This person is the parent of your child by birth or adoption
3. This person has custody and control of your child (or had custody and control immediately before the child turned 19 years of age) and your child is wholly dependent on that person for support

Deemed acquisition – This expression is used when you are considered to have acquired property, even though you did not actually buy it.

Deemed cost – This refers to the price of property you are considered to have acquired, even though you did not actually buy it.

Deemed disposition – This expression is used when you are considered to have disposed of property, even though you did not actually sell it.

Deemed proceeds of disposition – This expression is used when you are considered to have received an amount for the disposition of property, even though you did not actually receive the amount.

Depreciable property – This is usually capital property used to earn income from a business or property. The capital cost can be written off as capital cost allowance (CCA) over a number of years.

Disposition (dispose of) – This is usually an event or transaction where you give up possession, control and all other aspects of property ownership.

Eligible amount of the gift – This is generally the amount by which the fair market value (FMV) of the gifted property exceeds the amount of an advantage, if any, received or receivable for the gift. For more information, see Guide P113, Gifts and Income Tax.

Eligible active business corporation – Generally, this is a taxable Canadian corporation, where all or substantially all of the fair market value (FMV) of its assets are used principally in an active business carried on primarily in Canada by the corporation or a related active business corporation while the investor holds the shares, or for at least 730 days of the ownership period. It can also be shares of, or a debt issued by, other related active business corporations or a combination of such assets, shares or debt.

Eligible capital property – This is property that does not physically exist but gives you a lasting economic benefit. Examples of this kind of property are goodwill, customer lists, trademarks, and milk quotas. For 2017 and following tax years, this property is included in capital cost allowance Class 14.1.

Eligible small business corporation – Generally, this is a Canadian-controlled private corporation, where all or substantially all of the fair market value (FMV) of its assets are used principally in an active business that is carried on primarily in Canada by the corporation or an eligible small business corporation related to it. It can also be shares of, or a debt issued by, other related eligible small business corporations or a combination of such assets, shares or debt. The issuing corporation must be an eligible small business corporation at the time the shares were issued.

Excepted gift – This is a gift of a share you made to a donee with whom you deal at arm's length. The donee cannot be a private foundation. If the donee is a charitable organization or public foundation, it will be an excepted gift if you deal at arm's length with each director, trustee, officer, and official of the donee. For more information, go to Non-qualifying security.

Fair market value (FMV) – This is usually the highest dollar value you can get for your property in an open and unrestricted market, between a willing buyer and a willing seller who are acting independently of each other.

Flow-through entity – This is explained in What is a flow-through entity?

Flipped property – This is when property of a taxpayer is a housing unit (including rental properties) located in Canada, or a right to acquire a housing unit located in Canada, that is not already considered to be inventory of the taxpayer and was owned or held by the taxpayer for less than 365 consecutive days prior to the disposition unless the disposition can reasonably be considered to occur due to, or in anticipation of certain life events.

For more information (including the list of life events), see Property flipping.

Inclusion rate – Generally, the inclusion rate for 2023 is 1/2. This means that you multiply your capital gain for the year by this rate to determine your taxable capital gain. Similarly, you multiply your capital loss for the year by 1/2 to determine your allowable capital loss. For a list of previous year inclusion rates, see Inclusion rate.

Listed personal property (LPP) – This is a type of personal-use property. The principal difference between LPP and other personal-use properties is that LPP usually increases in value over time. LPP includes all or any part of any interest in, or any right to, the following properties:

• prints, etchings, drawings, paintings, sculptures or other similar works of art
• jewellery
• rare folios, rare manuscripts or rare books
• stamps
• coins

Net capital loss – Generally, if your allowable capital losses are more than your taxable capital gains, the difference between the two becomes part of the calculation of your net capital loss for the year.

Non-arm's length – This generally refers to a relationship or transaction between persons who are related to each other. However, a non-arm's length relationship might also exist between unrelated individuals, partnerships, or corporations, depending on the circumstances. For more information, see the definition of arm's length.

Non-qualifying real property – Generally, this is real property that you or your partnership disposed of after February 1992 and before 1996.

It also generally includes any of the following properties you or your partnership disposed of after February 1992 and before 1996, if its fair market value is derived principally (more than 50%) from real property:

• a share of a capital stock of a corporation
• an interest in a partnership
• an interest in a trust
• an interest or option in any property described above

Non-qualifying securities – These are securities you donated to a qualified donee. Non-qualifying securities generally include:

• a share of a corporation with which you do not deal at arm's length after the donation was made
• your beneficial interest in a trust in certain circumstances
• an obligation of yours, or of any person or partnership with whom you do not deal at arm's length after the donation was made
• any other security issued by you or by any person or partnership with whom you do not deal at arm's length after the donation was made

Non-qualifying securities exclude:

• shares, obligations, and other securities listed on a designated stock exchange
• obligations of a financial institution to repay an amount deposited with the institution

For more information on non-qualifying securities, go to Non-qualifying security.

Outlays and expenses – These are amounts that you incurred to sell a capital property. You can deduct outlays and expenses from your proceeds of disposition when calculating your capital gain or loss. You cannot reduce your other income by claiming a deduction for these outlays and expenses. These types of expenses include fixing-up expenses, finders' fees, commissions, brokers' fees, surveyors' fees, legal fees, transfer taxes and advertising costs.

Personal-use property – This refers to items that you own primarily for the personal use or enjoyment of your family and yourself. It includes all personal and household items, such as furniture, automobiles, boats, a cottage and other similar properties.

Prescribed security – Generally, this includes the following:

• a share of a corporation (other than a public corporation) whose value at the time you dispose of it comes mainly from real estate, resource properties or both
• a bond, debenture, bill, note, mortgage, or similar obligation of a corporation (other than a public corporation) that you do not deal with at arm's length at any time before you dispose of the security
• a share, bond, debenture, bill, note, mortgage or similar obligation you acquire from a person with whom you do not deal at arm's length

A prescribed security is not considered to be a Canadian security.

Proceeds of disposition – This usually is the amount you received or will receive for your property. In most cases, it refers to the sale price of the property. This could also include compensation you received for property that has been destroyed, expropriated or stolen.

Public corporation – This is a corporation that is resident in Canada and meets one of the following conditions:

• it has a class of shares listed on a designated Canadian stock exchange
• it is a corporation (other than a prescribed labour-sponsored venture capital corporation) that has elected, or has been designated by the Minister of National Revenue, to be a public corporation. Also, at the time of the election or designation, the corporation complied with prescribed conditions concerning the number of its shareholders, dispersal of ownership of its shares, and public trading of its shares

Qualified donees – These are the following:

• registered charities
• registered Canadian amateur athletic associations
• registered national arts service organizations
• registered housing corporations resident in Canada set up only to provide low-cost housing for the aged
• registered municipalities in Canada
• registered municipal or public bodies performing a function of government in Canada
• the United Nations and its agencies
• universities outside Canada, the student body of which ordinarily includes students from Canada, that have applied for registration and are registered with the CRA (these universities are no longer required to be prescribed in Schedule VIII of the Income Tax Regulations)

Note
If a university has applied for registration before February 27, 2018, and is registered by the Minister on or after that day, it is considered to have applied for registration. Any university named in Regulation Schedule VIII at the end of February 26, 2018, is also considered to have applied for registration.

• Government of Canada, a province, or a territory
• registered foreign charities to which the Government of Canada has made a gift
• registered journalism organizations

Qualified farm or fishing property – This is certain property you or your spouse or common-law partner owns. It is also certain property owned by a family-farm or fishing partnership in which you or your spouse or common-law partner holds an interest.

Qualified farm or fishing property (QFFP) includes the following:

• a share of the capital stock of a family-farm or fishing corporation that you or your spouse or common-law partner owns
• an interest in a family-farm or fishing partnership that you or your spouse or common-law partner owns
• real property, such as land, buildings, and fishing vessels
• property included in capital cost allowance Class 14.1, such as milk and egg quotas, or fishing licenses

For more information on what is considered to be qualified farm or fishing property, see the following guides:

• T4002, Self-employed Business, Professional, Commission, Farming, and Fishing Income
• RC4060, Farming Income and the AgriStability and AgriInvest Programs Guide
• RC4408, Farming Income and the AgriStability and AgriInvest Programs Harmonized Guide

Qualified small business corporation shares – A share of a corporation will be considered to be a qualified small business corporation share if all the following conditions are met:

• at the time of sale, it was a share of the capital stock of a small business corporation, and it was owned by you, your spouse or common-law partner, or a partnership of which you were a member
• throughout that part of the 24 months immediately before the share was disposed of, while the share was owned by you, a partnership of which you were a member, or a person related to you, it was a share of a Canadian-controlled private corporation and more than 50% of the fair market value of the assets of the corporation were:
  • used mainly in an active business carried on primarily in Canada by the Canadian-controlled private corporation, or by a related corporation
  • certain shares or debts of connected corporations
  • a combination of these two types of assets
• throughout the 24 months immediately before the share was disposed of, no one owned the share other than you, a partnership of which you were a member or person related to you

Generally, when a corporation has issued shares after June 13, 1988, either to you, to a partnership of which you are a member, or to a person related to you, a special situation exists. The CRA considers that, immediately before the shares were issued, an unrelated person owned them. As a result, to meet the holding-period requirement, the shares cannot have been owned by any person other than you, a partnership of which you are a member, or a person related to you for a 24-month period that begins after the shares were issued and that ends when you sold them. However, this rule does not apply to shares issued in any of the following situations:

• as payment for other shares
• for dispositions of shares after June 17, 1987, as payment of a stock dividend
• in connection with a property that you, a partnership of which you were a member, or a person related to you disposed of to the corporation that issued the shares. The property disposed of must have consisted of either:
  • all or most (90% or more) of the assets used in an active business carried on either by you, the members of the partnership of which you were a member, or the person related to you
  • an interest in a partnership where all or most (90% or more) of the partnership's assets were used in an active business carried on by the members of the partnership

Real property – This is property that cannot be moved, such as land or buildings. The CRA commonly refers to such property as "real estate." This also is known as "immovable property."

Recapture – When you sell a depreciable property for less than its capital cost but for more than the undepreciated capital cost (UCC) in its class, you do not have a capital gain. However, if there is a negative UCC balance at the end of the year, this balance is a recapture of capital cost allowance. You have to include this amount in income for that year.

Small business corporation – This is a Canadian-controlled private corporation in which all or most (90% or more) of the fair market value of its assets:

• are used mainly in an active business carried on primarily in Canada by the corporation or by a related corporation
• are shares or debts of connected corporations that were small business corporations
• are a combination of these two types of assets

Spouse – This applies only to a person to whom you are legally married.

Taxable capital gain – This is the portion of your capital gain that you have to report as income on your income tax and benefit return.

If you realize a capital gain when you donate certain properties to a qualified donee or make a donation of ecologically sensitive land, special rules will apply. For more information, see Calculating your capital gain or loss and Capital gains deferral for investment in small business.

Terminal loss – This occurs when you have an undepreciated balance in a class of depreciable property at the end of the tax year or fiscal year and you no longer own any property in that class. You can deduct the terminal loss when you calculate your income for the year. For more information on terminal losses, see Recapture of CCA and terminal losses.

Undepreciated capital cost (UCC) – Generally, UCC is equal to the total capital cost of all the properties of the class minus the total capital cost allowance you claimed in previous years. If you sell depreciable property in a year, you also have to subtract from the UCC one of the following two amounts, whichever is less:

• the proceeds of disposition of the property (either actual or deemed) minus the outlays and expenses incurred to sell it
• the capital cost of the property

Chapter 1 – General information

This chapter provides the general information you need to report a capital gain or loss.

Generally, when you dispose of a property and end up with a gain or a loss, it may be treated in one of two ways:

• as a capital gain or loss (capital transaction)
• as an income gain or loss (income transaction)

When you dispose of a property, you need to determine if the transaction is a capital transaction or an income transaction. The facts surrounding the transaction determine the nature of the gain or loss.

For more information on the difference between capital and income transactions, see the following archived interpretation bulletins:

• IT-218R, Profits, capital gains and losses from the sale of real estate, including farmland and inherited land and conversion of real estate from capital property to inventory and vice versa
• IT-459, Adventure or Concern in the Nature of Trade
• IT-479R, Transactions in securities and its Special Release

For information on how to report income transactions, see Guide T4002, Self-employed Business, Professional, Commission, Farming, and Fishing Income.

When do you have a capital gain or loss?

Usually, you have a capital gain or loss when you sell or are considered to have sold capital property. The following are examples of cases where you are considered to have sold capital property:

• You exchange one property for another
• You give property (other than cash) as a gift
• Shares or other securities in your name are converted
• You settle or cancel a debt owed to you
• You transfer certain property to a trust
• Your property is expropriated
• Your property is stolen
• Your property is destroyed
• An option that you hold to buy or sell property expires
• A corporation redeems or cancels shares or other securities that you hold (you will usually be considered to have received a dividend, the amount of which will be shown on a T5 slip)
• You change all or part of the property's use (see Changes in use)
• You leave Canada (see Dispositions of property for emigrants of Canada)
• The owner of the capital property dies (see Guide T4011, Preparing Returns for Deceased Persons)

Disposing of Canadian securities

If you dispose of Canadian securities, it's possible that you could have a gain or loss on income account (as opposed to the more likely capital gain or loss). However, in the year you dispose of Canadian securities, you can elect to report such a gain or loss as a capital gain or loss. If you make this election for a tax year, the CRA will consider every Canadian security you owned in that year and later years to be capital properties. A trader or dealer in securities (other than a mutual fund trust or a mutual fund corporation) or anyone who was a non-resident of Canada when the security was sold cannot make this election.

If a partnership owns Canadian securities, each partner is treated as owning the security. When the partnership disposes of the security, each partner can elect to treat the security as capital property. An election by one partner will not result in each partner being treated as having made the election.

To make this election, complete Form T123, Election on Disposition of Canadian Securities, and attach it to your 2023 income tax and benefit return. Once you make this election, you cannot reverse your decision.

For more information on this election as well as what constitutes a gain on income account versus a capital gain, see archived Interpretation Bulletin IT-479R, Transactions in securities and its Special Release.

Disposing of personal-use property (including your principal residence)

Most people are not affected by the capital gains rules because the property they own is for their personal use or enjoyment.

Personal-use property

When you sell personal-use property, such as cars and boats, in most cases you do not end up with a capital gain. This is because this type of property usually does not increase in value over the years. As a result, you may end up with a loss. Although you have to report any gain on the sale of personal-use property, generally you are not allowed to claim a loss. For more information, see Personal-use property.

Principal residence

If you sold or you were considered to have sold your home in 2023, you must report the sale on Schedule 3, Capital Gains (or Losses) and Form T2091(IND), Designation of a Property as a Principal Residence by an Individual (Other Than a Personal Trust). For more information on this requirement, see Chapter 6 – Principal residence.

If you sell your home or when you are considered to have sold it for more than what it cost you, you usually do not have to pay tax on any gain if you meet all of the following conditions:

• Your home was your principal residence for all years you owned it or for all years except one year
• You report the sale of the property and designate it as your principal residence on Schedule 3 and complete Form T2091(IND)
• You or a member of your family did not designate any other property as a principal residence while you owned your home

However, you must pay taxes if the property that is otherwise a principal residence meets the definition of a flipped property. For more information, see Property flipping.

For more information, see Chapter 6.

When do you report a capital gain or loss?

Report the disposition of capital property in the calendar year (January to December) you sell, or are considered to have sold, the property.

Do you own a business?

If you own a business that has a fiscal year end other than December 31, you still report the sale of a capital property in the calendar year the sale takes place.

Are you a member of a partnership?

If you are a member of a partnership, it is possible that your partnership has a fiscal year end other than December 31. If the partnership sells capital property during its fiscal year, you generally report your share of any capital gain or loss in the calendar year in which that fiscal year ends.

Calculating your capital gain or loss

To calculate any capital gain or loss, you need to know the following three amounts:

• the proceeds of disposition
• the adjusted cost base (ACB)
• the outlays and expenses incurred to sell your property

To calculate your capital gain or loss, subtract the total of your property's ACB, and any outlays and expenses incurred to sell your property, from the proceeds of disposition.

You have a capital gain when you sell, or are considered to have sold, a capital property for more than the total of its ACB and the outlays and expenses incurred to sell the property.

When you sell, or are considered to have sold, a capital property for less than its ACB plus the outlays and expenses incurred to sell the property, you have a capital loss. You can apply half of your capital losses against any taxable capital gains in the year. For more information on capital losses, see Chapter 5.

Use Schedule 3, Capital Gains (or Losses), to calculate and report all your capital gains and losses. Do not include any capital gains or losses in your business or property income, even if you used the property for your business. For more information on how to complete Schedule 3, see Chapter 2.

You may be entitled to an inclusion rate of zero on any capital gain resulting from the donation of any of the following properties to a qualified donee:

• a share of the capital stock of a mutual fund corporation
• a unit of a mutual fund trust
• an interest in a related segregated fund trust
• a prescribed debt obligation that is not a linked note
• ecologically sensitive land including a covenant, an easement, or in the case of land in Quebec, a personal servitude (when certain conditions are met), or a real servitude donated to certain qualified donees other than a private foundation
• a share, debt obligation, or right listed on a designated stock exchange

For donations of publicly traded securities, the inclusion rate of zero also applies to any capital gain realized on the exchange of shares of the capital stock of a corporation for those publicly listed securities donated. This treatment is subject to certain conditions. In cases where the exchanged securities are partnership interests, a special calculation is required to determine the capital gain to be reported. For more information on exchangeable securities, see Guide P113, Gifts and Income Tax.

Generally, if you donate property to a qualified donee that is, at the time of the donation, included in a flow-through share class of property, in addition to any capital gain that would otherwise be subject to the zero inclusion rate discussed earlier in this section, you may be deemed to have a capital gain from the disposition of another capital property. For more information including the calculation of the capital gain, see Guide P113, Gifts and Income Tax.

If you donated any of these properties, use Form T1170, Capital Gains on Gifts of Certain Capital Property, to calculate the capital gain to report on Schedule 3.

Even though, in most cases, the inclusion rate of 1/2 is reduced to zero for gifts of these properties, Form T1170 should still be completed to report these gifts.

However, in all cases, if you received an advantage in respect of the gift, part of the capital gain on the gifted property will be subject to the 1/2 inclusion rate. In addition, the inclusion rate of zero does not apply to capital losses you may have from such donations. For more information, see Guide P113, Gifts and Income Tax.

What happens if you have a capital gain?

If you have a capital gain, you may be able to do one of the following:

• defer part of the capital gain by claiming a reserve (see the next section)
• reduce or offset all or a part of the gain by claiming a capital gains deduction (see Claiming a capital gains deduction)

Claiming a reserve

When you sell a capital property, you usually receive full payment at that time. However, sometimes you receive the amount over a number of years. For example, you sell a capital property for $50,000 and receive $10,000 when you sell it and the remaining $40,000 over the next 4 years. If this happens, you may be able to claim a reserve. Usually, a reserve allows you to report a portion of the capital gain in the year you receive the proceeds of disposition.

Who can claim a reserve?

Most people can claim a reserve when they dispose of a capital property. Generally, you cannot claim a reserve in a tax year if you were in any of the following situations:

• You were not a resident of Canada at the end of the tax year or at any time in the following year
• You were exempt from paying tax at the end of the tax year or at any time in the following year
• You sold the capital property to a corporation that you control in any way

How do you calculate and report a reserve?

If you claim a reserve, you still calculate your capital gain for the year as the proceeds of disposition minus the adjusted cost base and the outlays and expenses incurred to sell the property. From this, you deduct the amount of your reserve for the year. What you end up with is the part of the capital gain that you have to report in the year of disposition.

To deduct a reserve in any year, you have to complete Form T2017, Summary of Reserves on Dispositions of Capital Property. The information on the last page of Form T2017 explains how to calculate the maximum amount you can deduct as a reserve for a given year and the number of years for which you can claim the reserve.

Generally, the maximum period over which most reserves can be claimed is 4 years. However, a 9-year reserve period is provided for transfers to your child of family farm or fishing property (which includes shares of a family farm or fishing corporation, an interest in a family farm or fishing partnership, as well as land or depreciable property in Canada that you, your spouse or common-law partner, your parent or any of your children used in a farming or fishing business), and small business corporation shares, as well as gifts of non-qualifying securities made to a qualified donee.

Your children include any of the following:

• a person of whom you or your spouse or common-law partner is the legal parent
• your grandchild or great-grandchild
• your child's spouse or common-law partner
• another person who is wholly dependent on you for support and who is, or was immediately before the age of 19, in your custody and under your control

If you claimed a reserve in the previous year, include that reserve in the calculation of your capital gains for the current year. For example, if you claimed a reserve in 2022, you have to include it in your capital gains calculation for 2023. Claim the new reserve that you have calculated for 2023 in the appropriate area on Form T2017. If you still have an amount that is payable to you after 2023, you may be able to calculate and claim a new reserve. However, you will have to include it in your capital gains calculation for 2024.

A capital gain from a reserve brought into income qualifies for the capital gains deduction only if the original capital gain was from a property eligible for the deduction. For more information, see Which capital gains are eligible for the capital gains deduction?

Reserve for a gift of non-qualifying securities

If you donate a non-qualifying security (other than an excepted gift) to a qualified donee and have a capital gain, you may be able to claim a reserve in order to postpone the inclusion of the capital gain in income.

For gifts of non-qualifying securities, the reserve you can claim cannot be greater than the eligible amount of the gift.

You can claim this reserve for any tax year ending within 60 months of the time you donated the security. However, you cannot claim a reserve if the donee disposes of the security or the security ceases to be a non-qualifying security before the end of the tax year. If this happens, you will be considered to have made a charitable donation in that year and can claim the charitable donation tax credit.

Where a qualified donee has received a gift of a non-qualifying security (other than an excepted gift), no tax receipt may be issued and therefore no charitable donation tax credit may be claimed by the donor unless, within the 60-month period, the non-qualifying security ceases to be a non-qualifying security or has been disposed of in exchange for property that is not another non qualifying security of the donor. For dispositions of non-qualifying securities by qualified donees, the disposition must be in exchange for property that is not another non-qualifying security of any party.

If the security is not disposed of within the 60-month period, you will not be required to bring the reserve back into income in the year following the end of that period.

To deduct this type of reserve, you have to complete Form T2017, Summary of Reserves on Dispositions of Capital Property.

Claiming a capital gains deduction

If you have a capital gain on the sale of certain properties, you may be eligible for the lifetime capital gains deduction (half of the lifetime capital gains exemption (LCGE)).

The deduction limit was increased on capital gains arising from dispositions of qualified property in 2023. For more information, see What is the capital gains deduction limit?

What is a capital gains deduction?

It is a deduction that you can claim against taxable capital gains you realized from the disposition of certain capital properties. You can reduce your taxable income by claiming this deduction.

Which capital gains are eligible for the capital gains deduction?

You may be able to claim the capital gains deduction on taxable capital gains you have in 2023 from any of the following:

• dispositions of qualified small business corporation shares (QSBCS)
• dispositions of qualified farm or fishing property (QFFP)
• a reserve brought into income in 2023 from either of the above
• the allocation and designation by a trust of taxable capital gains reported in the trust's tax year on the disposition of QSBCS or QFFP
• the allocation and designation by a trust of taxable capital gains resulting from a reserve brought into income in the trust's tax year relating to a disposition of QSBCS or QFFP in a prior tax year of the trust

Who is eligible to claim the capital gains deduction?

You have to be a resident of Canada throughout 2023 to be eligible to claim the capital gains deduction. For the purposes of this deduction, the CRA will also consider you to be a resident throughout 2023 if you meet both of the following conditions:

• You were a resident of Canada for at least part of 2023
• You were a resident of Canada throughout 2022 or 2024

Residents of Canada include factual and deemed residents. For more information on factual and deemed residents, see the definitions under Before you file or Income Tax Folio S5-F1-C1, Determining an Individual's Residence Status.

What is the capital gains deduction limit?

For 2023, if you disposed of QSBCS, you may be eligible for the $971,190 LCGE. Because you only include one-half of the capital gains from these properties in your taxable income, your cumulative capital gains deduction is $485,595 (half of $971,190).

For dispositions of QFFP in 2023, the LCGE is $1,000,000. Because you only include one-half of the capital gains from these properties in your taxable income, your cumulative capital gains deduction is $500,000 (half of $1,000,000).

How do you claim the capital gains deduction?

Use Form T657, Calculation of Capital Gains Deduction, to calculate the capital gains deduction. If you have investment income or investment expenses in any years from 1988 to 2023, you will also have to complete Form T936, Calculation of Cumulative Net Investment Loss (CNIL) to December 31, 2023.

If you are including a taxable capital gain in your income resulting from a reserve that relates to a disposition in a prior year of capital property that is QSBCS or QFFP, the amount of the capital gains deduction that you may claim is based on the year in which the property was disposed. This also applies to any taxable capital gain allocated and designated to you, by a trust which had claimed a capital gains reserve on a disposition of QSBCS or QFFP in a prior year of the trust.

What happens if you have a capital loss?

If you have a capital loss in 2023, you can use it to reduce any capital gains you had in the year, to a balance of zero. If your capital losses are more than your capital gains, you may have a net capital loss for the year. Generally, you can apply your net capital losses to taxable capital gains of the 3 preceding years and to any future years. For more information on capital losses, see Chapter 5.

What records do you have to keep?

You will need information from your records or supporting documents to calculate your capital gains or capital losses for the year. You do not need to include these documents with your income tax and benefit return as proof of any sale or purchase of capital property. However, it is important that you keep these documents in case the CRA asks to see them later.

If you own qualified farm or fishing property or qualified small business corporation shares, you should also keep a record of your investment income and expenses in case you decide to claim a capital gains deduction in the year of sale. You will need these amounts to calculate the cumulative net investment loss (CNIL) component of the capital gains deduction. You can use Form T936, Calculation of Cumulative Net Investment Loss (CNIL) to December 31, 2023, for this purpose.

In addition, you should keep a record of the fair market value of the property on the date you:

• inherit it
• receive it as a gift
• change its use

Chapter 2 – Completing Schedule 3

This chapter gives you information about how and where you should report some of the more common capital transactions on Schedule 3, Capital Gains (or Losses). Schedule 3 is included in the Income Tax Package.

Schedule 3 has five numbered columns and is divided into several sections for reporting the disposition of different types of properties. Report each disposition in the appropriate section and make sure you provide the information requested in all columns. Complete the schedule to determine your taxable capital gain or net capital loss. If you have a taxable capital gain, transfer the amount to line 12700 of your income tax and benefit return. If you have a net capital loss, see Chapter 5 for information on how you can apply the loss.

Qualified small business corporation shares (QSBCS)

Report dispositions of QSBCS on lines 10699 and 10700 of Schedule 3.

Capital gains deduction

If you have a capital gain when you sell QSBCS, you may be eligible for the lifetime capital gains deduction. For more information, see Claiming a capital gains deduction.

Qualified farm or fishing property

Generally, when you dispose of qualified farm or fishing property (QFFP), you report any capital gain or loss in this section of Schedule 3. Report dispositions of QFFP on lines 10999 and 11000 of Schedule 3.

If the capital gain or loss is from a mortgage foreclosure or conditional sales repossession, report it on lines 12399 and 12400 of Schedule 3. For more information, see Other mortgage foreclosures and conditional sales repossessions.

If you dispose of farm or fishing property, other than QFFP, report it on lines 13599 and 13800 of Schedule 3. For more information, see Real estate, depreciable property, and other properties.

Special reporting instructions apply to the disposition of property included in capital cost allowance Class 14.1 that is QFFP. For more information, see the chapter called "Eligible Capital Expenditures" in the following guides:

• T4002, Self-employed Business, Professional, Commission, Farming, and Fishing Income
• RC4060, Farming Income and the AgriStability and AgriInvest Programs Guide
• RC4408, Farming Income and the AgriStability and AgriInvest Programs Harmonized Guide

Capital gains deduction

If you have a capital gain when you sell QFFP, you may be eligible for the lifetime capital gains deduction. For more information, see Claiming a capital gains deduction.

Publicly traded shares, mutual fund units, deferral of eligible small business corporation shares and other shares

Use this section to report a capital gain or loss when you sell shares or securities that are not described in any other section of Schedule 3. These include:

• units in a mutual fund trust
• publicly traded shares
• shares that qualify as Canadian securities or prescribed securities, if they are not qualified small business corporation shares or qualified family farm or fishing corporation shares
• shares issued by foreign corporations

Report dispositions of units or shares on lines 13199 and 13200 of Schedule 3.

You should also use this section if you donate any of the following properties:

• shares listed on a designated stock exchange
• shares of the capital stock of a mutual fund corporation
• units in a mutual fund trust
• interest in a related segregated fund trust

If you donated any of these properties to a qualified donee, use Form T1170, Capital Gains on Gifts of Certain Capital Property, to calculate the capital gain to report on Schedule 3. For more information, see Guide P113, Gifts and Income Tax.

If you sold any of the shares or units listed above in 2023, you will receive a T5008 slip, Statement of Securities Transactions, or an account statement.

You may buy and sell the same type of property (for example, units of a mutual fund trust or publicly traded shares) over a period of time. If so, you have to calculate the average cost of each property in the group at the time of each purchase to determine the adjusted cost base (ACB). For more information, see Adjusted cost base (ACB).

If you report a capital gain from the disposition of shares or other securities for which you filed Form T664, Election to Report a Capital Gain on Property Owned at the End of February 22, 1994, see Chapter 4.

For 2017 and later tax years, if you exchange mutual fund corporation shares that result in you switching exposure between portfolios (switch funds), the exchange will be considered a disposition at fair market value (FMV) which could result in a capital gain that is taxable in the year of the exchange. This will not apply to switches between classes of shares where the only difference between the shares is based on the relative management fees or expenses paid by the investor in the classes of shares (where the switch is between different series of the same class of shares).

For more information on mutual funds, see Information Sheet RC4169, Tax Treatment of Mutual Funds for Individuals.

For information on the deferral of capital gains incurred on the disposition of small business investments, see Capital gains deferral for investment in small business.

Employee security options

When you get an option to buy securities through your employer, it does not immediately affect your tax situation. An option is an opportunity to buy securities at a certain price. The securities under the option agreement may be shares of a corporation or units of a mutual fund trust.

If you decide to exercise your option and buy the securities at less than the fair market value (FMV), you will have a taxable benefit received through employment. The taxable benefit is generally the difference between what you paid for the securities and the FMV at the time you exercised your option. You can reduce the amount of the taxable benefit by any amount you paid to acquire the option rights.

Generally, you are an eligible employee if you meet all of the following conditions right after the option is granted:

• You deal at arm's length with the employer, the entity granting the option, and the entity whose eligible securities could be acquired under the option agreement
• You are not a specified shareholder of an entity above that is a corporation (a specified shareholder is generally one who owns 10% or more of any class of a corporation's shares)

Such an employee must also be a resident of Canada at the time the option is exercised to qualify for the deferral from the taxable benefit.

Generally, an eligible security is one of the following:

• a common share of a class listed on a designated stock exchange in or outside Canada
• a unit of a mutual fund trust

Generally, the total amount paid to acquire the eligible security, including any amount paid to acquire the rights under the option agreement, cannot be less than the FMV of the security at the time the option is granted.

If you buy shares through an employee security option granted to you by a Canadian-controlled private corporation (CCPC) with which you deal at arm's length, you do not include the taxable benefit in your income in the year you acquire the securities. You wait until the year you sell the securities.

For eligible securities under option agreements exercised up to and including 4 p.m. Eastern Standard Time (EST) on March 4, 2010, that were not granted by a CCPC, an income deferral of the taxable benefit may have been allowable subject to an annual limit of $100,000 on the FMV of the eligible securities.

If this situation applies, the inclusion into income of the taxable benefit is deferred until the year in which the first of these events occurs:

• The employee disposes of the eligible security
• The employee (or former employee) dies
• The employee (or former employee) becomes a non-resident

If you exercised an option for eligible securities after 4 p.m. EST on March 4, 2010, that was not granted by a CCPC, the election to defer the security option benefit is no longer available.

If you qualify for a security option deduction on line 24900 of your income tax and benefit return, you can claim one half of the amount recognized (and reported as income) as a taxable benefit from the sale of eligible securities in 2023.

Employee security option cash-out rights

If you acquire securities under a security option agreement and meet certain conditions, you may be entitled to a deduction equal to one-half of the security option benefit (security option deduction). In this case, your employer cannot claim a deduction for the issuance of the share.

Employee security option agreements can also be structured in such a way that you can dispose of your security option rights to your employer for a cash payment or other in-kind benefit.

For such transactions occurring after 4 p.m. EST on March 4, 2010, the security option deduction can only be claimed in one of the following situations:

• You exercise your options by acquiring shares of your employer
• Your employer has elected (as indicated by completing box 86, Security option election, of your T4 slip) for all security options issued or to be issued after 4 p.m. EST on March 4, 2010, under the agreement and has filed such election with the Minister of National Revenue, that neither the employer nor any person not dealing at arm's length with the employer will claim a deduction for the cash payment in respect of your disposition of rights under the agreement

Adjusted cost base (ACB) of eligible securities

Regardless of when the eligible security option was exercised, the ACB of the eligible security you purchased through an employee eligible security option agreement is not the actual price you paid for them. To calculate the ACB of your eligible securities, add the following two amounts:

• the actual purchase price
• any amount included in your income as a taxable employee option benefit for the securities (even if you claimed a security option deduction for them)

Disposition of eligible securities

Report the capital gain (or loss) in the year you exchange or sell the eligible securities purchased through an employee eligible security option agreement. If the eligible securities are qualified small business corporation shares, report the transaction in the "Qualified small business corporation shares" section of Schedule 3. In all other cases, report the transaction in the "Publicly traded shares, mutual fund units, deferral of small business corporation shares, and other shares" section of Schedule 3.

Remittance requirement

If you exercise your security options in 2023, your employer will be required to withhold and remit an amount in respect of the taxable security option benefit (less any security option deduction) in the same way as if the amount of the benefit had been paid to you as an employee bonus.

Donations under employee option agreements

If you donated shares or mutual fund units in 2023 under your employee option agreement to a qualified donee, use Form T1170, Capital Gains on Gifts of Certain Capital Property, to calculate your capital gain.

For a donation made in 2023, you may qualify for an additional security option deduction equal to half of the taxable benefit.

For more information on these donations, see Guide P113, Gifts and Income Tax.

Stock splits and consolidations

Generally, a stock split takes place if a company's outstanding shares are divided into a larger number of shares, without changing the total market value of the company's holdings. The total market value of each investor's holdings and their proportionate equity in the company are also not affected.

For example, in the case of a 2-for-1 stock split, the number of shares is doubled and the price per share is decreased by 50%. If, before the split, you owned 100 shares valued at $60 each, you would now own 200 shares worth $30 each. If the stock split was 5-for-1, your previous 100 shares valued at $60 would become 500 shares, worth $12 each. In each of these cases, the total market value is the same ($6,000). This also applies when a stock consolidation (reverse split) takes place, and the number of shares decreases and the price increases proportionally. For example, 600 shares worth $10 each that are consolidated 1-for-3 become 200 shares worth $30 each.

In each of the above cases, no stock dividend is considered to have been issued, no disposition or acquisition is considered to have occurred, and the event is not taxable. However, the adjusted cost base (ACB) of the shares must be recalculated to reflect each split or consolidation, and when there is a disposition of the shares, the new ACB will be used to calculate the capital gain or loss.

This ACB is calculated by dividing the total cost of the shares purchased (usually including any expenses involved in acquiring them) by the total number of shares owned. For example, if you owned 100 shares of XYZ Ltd. that cost $1,000 to purchase, the ACB of each share would be $10 ($1,000 ÷ 100). If the stocks subsequently split 2-for-1, you would now own 200 shares of XYZ Ltd. The ACB of each share must be recalculated and would now be $5 ($1,000 ÷ 200).

Real estate, depreciable property and other properties

If you sold real estate or depreciable property in 2023, you have to report your capital gain or loss in this section. Report these dispositions on lines 13599 and 13800 of Schedule 3.

Do not use this section to report the sale of personal-use property (such as a cottage) or the sale of mortgages and other similar debt obligations on real property. Report these transactions under the sections called "Personal-use property" and "Bonds, debentures, promissory notes, crypto-assets and other similar properties," respectively.

Real estate

Real estate includes the following:

• vacant land
• rental property (both land and buildings)
• farm property, including both land and buildings (other than qualified farm or fishing property)
• commercial and industrial land and buildings

For each real property you sold in 2023 that includes land and a building, you must:

• determine how much of the selling price relates to the land and how much is for the building
• report the sale of your land and building separately on Schedule 3

To help you understand how to report a disposition of real property that includes land and a building, see the example Disposing of a principal residence partly used for earning income.

If you dispose of a building and end up with a loss, special rules may apply. Under these rules, you may have to consider your proceeds of disposition as an amount other than the actual proceeds. For more information, see Selling a building.

Special rules may also apply if you dispose of, or are considered to have disposed of, a property that was your principal residence for 1994 and for which you or your spouse or common-law partner has filed Form T664 or T664 (Seniors), Election to Report a Capital Gain on Property Owned at the End of February 22, 1994. If this is your situation, see Disposing of your principal residence.

The CRA may reassess an income tax and benefit return beyond the normal reassessment period in the following situations:

• You do not report in your income tax and benefit return a sale or other disposition of real estate in the year
• You do not file an income tax and benefit return for the year in which a disposition of the real or immovable property occurs and the CRA issues an assessment of tax
• You owned property directly or indirectly through a partnership and the partnership did not report the sale or other disposition on Form T5013, Statement of Partnership Income, if it was required to file one

Under this extended reassessment period, the reassessment is limited to amounts reasonably relating to the unreported or previously unreported disposition of real estate. Where the disposition is by a corporation or partnership, the extended reassessment period applies only if the property is a capital property of the corporation or the partnership.

Depreciable property

When you dispose of depreciable property, you may have a capital gain. In addition, certain rules on capital cost allowance (CCA) may require that you add a recapture of CCA to your income or allow you to claim a terminal loss. You can find definitions of these and other terms used in this section in Definitions.

Capital gain

Usually, you will have a capital gain on depreciable property if you sell it for more than its adjusted cost base plus the outlays and expenses incurred to sell the property.

Recapture of CCA and terminal losses

This section will provide you with a general look at the rules for the recapture of CCA and terminal losses.

When you sell a depreciable property for less than its original capital cost but for more than the undepreciated capital cost (UCC) in its class, you do not have a capital gain.

Generally, the UCC of a depreciable property class is the total capital cost of all the properties of the class, minus the total CCA you claimed in previous years. If you sell depreciable property in a year, you also have to subtract from the UCC one of the following amounts, whichever is less:

• the proceeds of disposition of the property, minus the related outlays and expenses
• the capital cost of the property

If the UCC of a class has a negative balance at the end of the year, this amount is considered to be a recapture of CCA. Include this recapture in your income for the year of sale.

If the UCC of a class has a positive balance at the end of the year and you do not have any properties left in that class, this amount is a terminal loss. Unlike a capital loss, you can deduct the full amount of the terminal loss from your income in that year.

If the balance for the UCC of a class is zero at the end of the year, then you do not have a recapture of CCA or a terminal loss.

For more information about CCA and how to report a recapture of CCA or a terminal loss, see the chapter called "Capital Cost Allowance (CCA)" in the following guides:

• T4002, Self-employed Business, Professional, Commission, Farming, and Fishing Income
• RC4060, Farming Income and the AgriStability and AgriInvest Programs Guide
• RC4408, Farming Income and the AgriStability and AgriInvest Programs Harmonized Guide
• T4036, Rental Income

Bonds, debentures, promissory notes, crypto-assets and other similar properties

Use this section to report capital gains or capital losses from the disposition of bonds, debentures, Treasury bills, promissory notes, crypto-assets, and other properties. Other properties include bad debts, foreign currencies, and options, as well as discounts, premiums, and bonuses on debt obligations. Report these dispositions on lines 15199 and 15300 of Schedule 3.

Capital gains arising from donations made to a qualified donee of a debt obligation or right listed on a designated stock exchange, or a prescribed debt obligation, are treated differently. If you made such a donation, use Form T1170, Capital Gains on Gifts of Certain Capital Property. If you have a capital gain, report on Schedule 3 the amount calculated on Form T1170.

For more information on these donations, see Guide P113, Gifts and Income Tax.

If you sold any of the types of properties listed above in 2023, you will receive a T5008 slip, Statement of Securities Transactions or an account statement.

A linked note is a debt obligation, most often issued by a financial institution, the return on which is linked in some manner to the performance of one or more underlying assets or indexes over the term of the debt obligation. For transfers of debt obligations (as described in paragraph 7000(1)(d) of the Income Tax Regulations), any gain realized at the time of the assignment, or transfer of a linked note is treated as interest that accrued on the debt obligation for a period commencing before the time of the transfer and ending at the time of the transfer.

If you sold a linked note in 2023, you will receive a T5008 slip, Statement of Securities Transactions, and a T5 slip, Statement of Investment Income. Box 30, Equity linked notes interest, of your T5 slip contains the amount of interest income you have to report on line 12100 of your income tax and benefit return. The T5008 slip contains information to help you calculate a capital gain (or loss), if any. The box on the T5008 slip called "Proceeds of disposition or settlement amount" does not contain any interest income that is already reported on your T5 slip. For instructions on how to calculate your capital gain (or loss), see Calculating your capital gain or loss.

If you have bought and sold the same type of property over a period of time, a special rule may affect your capital gain (or loss) calculation. For more information, see Identical properties.

Treasury bills (T-bills) and stripped bonds

When a T-bill or stripped bond is issued at a discount, and you keep it until it matures, the difference between the issue price and the amount you cash it in for is considered to be interest that accrued to you. However, if you sell the T-bill or stripped bond before it matures, you may have a capital gain or loss in addition to the interest accrued at that time.

Before you calculate your capital gain or loss, you have to determine the amount of interest accumulated to the date of disposition. Subtract the interest from the proceeds of disposition and calculate the capital gain or loss in the usual way.

Bad debts

If a debt is owed to you (other than a debt under a mortgage or a debt resulting from a conditional sales agreement) and remains unpaid after you have exhausted all means to collect it, it becomes a bad debt.

The debt will be a capital loss in the following situations:

• You acquired it to earn income from a business or property
• You acquired it as consideration or payment for the sale of capital property in an arm's length transaction

In most cases, the capital loss is equal to the adjusted cost base of the debt.

To claim a capital loss on a bad debt, you have to file an election with your income tax and benefit return. To make this election, write and sign a letter stating that you want subsection 50(1) of the Income Tax Act to apply to the bad debt. Attach this letter to your return.

If the debt is from the sale of personal-use property to a person with whom you deal at arm's length, the situation is different. You can claim the capital loss in the year that the debt becomes a bad debt. However, the capital loss cannot be more than the capital gain you previously reported on the sale of the property that created the debt.

The recovery of any bad debt claimed as a capital loss will be treated as a capital gain in the year of recovery.

Foreign currencies

Foreign exchange gains or losses from capital transactions of foreign currencies (that is money) are considered to be capital gains or losses. However, you only have to report the amount of your net gain or loss for the year that is more than $200. If the net amount is $200 or less, there is no capital gain or loss and you do not have to report it on your income tax and benefit return.

Report your net gain or loss in Canadian dollars. In general, the foreign currency amount should be converted using the Bank of Canada exchange rate in effect on the day of the transaction.

Alternatively, the CRA will also generally accept a rate for that day from another source if it is:

• widely available
• verifiable
• published by an independent provider on an ongoing basis
• recognized by the market
• used in accordance with well-accepted business principles
• used to prepare financial statements (if any)
• used regularly from year to year

Other sources that the CRA would generally accept include rates from Bloomberg L.P., Thomson Reuters Corporation and OANDA Corporation. In certain circumstances described in the Income Tax Folio S5-F4-C1, Income Tax Reporting Currency, an average rate may be used to convert foreign currency amounts. Also refer to that Folio for more information about this or converting foreign amounts generally.

Crypto-assets

Crypto-assets can be described as a digital representation of value that relies on a cryptographically secured distributed ledger or a similar technology to validate and secure transactions. Common examples include but not limited to:

• cryptocurrency
• utility tokens
• security tokens
• non-fungible tokens

If you disposed of a crypto-asset you may have a capital gain (or a capital loss). The amount of the capital gain (or loss) is calculated by subtracting the adjusted cost base of the crypto-asset from the proceeds of disposition.

Report crypto-asset dispositions on lines 15199 and 15300 of Schedule 3.

Report your capital gain (or loss) in Canadian dollars.

Keep accurate records of your purchases and sales of crypto-assets, including records that show how you calculated the proceeds of disposition and the adjusted cost base.

Trading a crypto-asset for another type of crypto-asset

Generally, when you exchange one type of crypto-asset to acquire another crypto-asset, you have to convert the value of the crypto-asset you received into Canadian dollars. This transaction is considered a disposition of a crypto-asset, and you have to report it on your income tax return. Determine if the gain (or loss) is either business income (or loss) or a capital gain (or loss). If it is a capital gain report the dispositions on lines 15199 and 15300 of Schedule 3. If it is business income (or loss) see Guide T4002, Self-employed Business, Professional, Commission, Farming, and Fishing Income.

For more information, go to Information for crypto-asset users and tax professionals.

Other mortgage foreclosures and conditional sales repossessions

Report these dispositions on lines 15499 and 15500 of Schedule 3.

You may have held a mortgage on a property but had to repossess the property later because you were not paid all or a part of the amount owed under the mortgage. In this case, you may have to report a capital gain or loss.

The following rules also apply when property is repossessed under a conditional sales agreement.

If, as a mortgagee (a person who lends money under a mortgage), you repossess a property because the mortgagor failed to pay you the money owed under the mortgage, you are considered to have purchased the property. At the time of repossession, you do not have a capital gain or loss. Any gain or loss will be postponed until you sell the property.

If you are the mortgagor and your property is repossessed because you did not pay the money owed under the mortgage, you are considered to have sold the property. Depending on the amount you owed at the time of repossession, you may have a capital gain, a capital loss, or, in the case of depreciable property, a terminal loss. However, if the property is personal-use property, you cannot deduct the loss.

Other tax implications

Capital gains from a mortgage foreclosure or a conditional sales repossession will be excluded from net income when calculating your claim for the goods and services tax/harmonized sales tax credit, the Canada child benefit, credits allowed under certain related provincial or territorial programs, and the age amount. You should also exclude this income when calculating your social benefits repayment.

Personal-use property

Report these dispositions on line 15800 of Schedule 3.

When you dispose of personal-use property, you may have a capital gain or loss. To calculate this gain or loss, follow these rules:

• If the adjusted cost base (ACB) of the property is less than $1,000, its ACB is considered to be $1,000
• If the proceeds of disposition are less than $1,000, the proceeds of disposition are considered to be $1,000
• If both the ACB and the proceeds of disposition are $1,000 or less, you do not have a capital gain or a capital loss. Do not report the sale on Schedule 3 when you file your income tax and benefit return

If you are disposing of your principal residence, see Chapter 6.

When you dispose of personal-use property that has an ACB or proceeds of disposition of more than $1,000, you may have a capital gain or loss. You have to report any capital gain from disposing of personal-use property. However, if you have a capital loss, you usually cannot deduct that loss when you calculate your income for the year. In addition, you cannot use the loss to decrease capital gains on other personal-use property. This is because if a property depreciates through personal use, the resulting loss on its disposition is a personal expense.

These loss restrictions do not apply:

• if you disposed of personal-use property that is listed personal property (see the next section)
• to a bad debt owed to you from the sale of a personal-use property to a person with whom you deal at arm's length (for more information, see Bad debts)

Listed personal property

Report these dispositions on line 15900 of Schedule 3.

To determine the value of many LPP items, you can have them appraised by a dealer. You can also refer to catalogues for the value of the properties.

Because LPP is a type of personal-use property, the capital gain or loss on the sale of the LPP item is calculated the same way as for personal-use property. For more information about these rules, see Personal-use property.

If your 2023 gains from dispositions of LPP are more than your losses from such dispositions, you can use unapplied LPP losses from 2016 and later years to reduce your 2023 gains. If you want to do this, do not enter these losses on line 25300 of your income tax and benefit return. Instead, subtract the unapplied LPP losses of previous years from your 2023 LPP gains. You should only complete the "Listed personal property" area of Schedule 3 if, after doing these calculations, you still have a net LPP gain in 2023.

If your 2023 losses from dispositions of LPP are more than your 2023 gains from such dispositions, the difference represents your LPP loss for the year. Keep a record of your LPP losses that have not expired so you can apply these losses against LPP gains in other years. An unapplied LPP loss expires when you do not use it by the end of the seventh year after you incurred it.

For more information on applying LPP losses, see Applying listed personal property losses.

Information slips – Capital gains (or losses)

Most capital gains and capital losses reported on Schedule 3 come from amounts shown on information slips.

Although you report most of these amounts on line 17400 or 17600 (in the case of T3 slips) of Schedule 3, there are exceptions. For example, capital gains from qualified small business corporation shares and qualified farm or fishing property are eligible for the lifetime capital gains deduction. Therefore, you have to report those gains on line 10700 or 11000, whichever applies.

An amount reported in box 30 of a T3 slip issued by a trust represents the capital gains from dispositions of QSBCS or QFFP by the trust that are allocated and designated to a beneficiary of the trust. See Chart 1 for information on how to report these capital gains on Schedule 3 and Form T657.

The following chart explains how to report the capital gains (or losses) and other amounts shown on certain information slips.

Chapter 3 – Special rules and other transactions

This chapter explains some of the special rules that may apply when you calculate your capital gain or loss. It also explains how to report some of the less common capital transactions.

Adjusted cost base (ACB)

In some cases, special rules may apply that will allow you to consider the cost of a property to be an amount other than its actual cost. This section explains these rules.

Identical properties

Properties of a group are considered to be identical if each property in the group is the same as all the others. The most common examples of identical properties are shares of the same class of the capital stock of a corporation or units of a mutual fund trust.

You may buy and sell several identical properties at different prices over a period of time. If you do this, you have to calculate the average cost of each property in the group at the time of each purchase to determine your ACB. Dispositions of identical properties do not affect the ACB.

The average cost is calculated by dividing the total cost of identical properties purchased (this is usually the cost of the property plus any expenses involved in acquiring it) by the total number of identical properties owned.

Any amount reported in box 42, Amount resulting in cost base adjustment, of the T3 slip represents a change in the capital balance of the mutual fund trust identified on the slip. This amount is used when calculating the ACB reported on Schedule 3, Capital Gains (or Losses), for the property in the year of disposition. For more information and an example of the calculation, see Information Sheet RC4169, Tax Treatment of Mutual Funds for Individuals.

If box 42 contains a negative amount, add this amount to the ACB of the units of the trust identified on the T3 slip.

If box 42 contains a positive amount, subtract this amount from the ACB of the units of the trust identified on the T3 slip.

If the ACB of the trust units is reduced below zero during the tax year, the negative amount is deemed to be a capital gain in the year. The ACB of the trust units is deemed to be zero. Enter the amount of the capital gain on line 13200 of your Schedule 3. Place a zero on line 13199, since there is no actual sale of units.

As a result, the ACB averaging rule described above does not apply to these types of securities. Each of these securities will have its own ACB determined in the usual way.

You also use this method to calculate the average cost of identical bonds or debentures you bought after 1971. However, the average cost is based on the principal amount for each identical property, that is, the amount before any interest or premiums are added.

A bond, debenture, or similar debt obligation that a debtor issues is considered to be identical to another if both of the following conditions are met:

• The same debtor issues both securities
• All the attached rights are the same

The principal amount of individual debt obligations being the same is not enough for such debts to be considered identical properties. They must still meet the two conditions listed above.

Property for which you filed Form T664 or T664 (Seniors)

Special rules also apply to determine the adjusted cost base (ACB) of a property for which you filed Form T664 or T664 (Seniors), Election to Report a Capital Gain on Property Owned at the End of February 22, 1994.

In most cases, if you filed Form T664 or T664 (Seniors), you are considered to have sold your capital property at the end of February 22, 1994, and to have immediately reacquired it on February 23, 1994. The ACB of your property on February 23, 1994, depends on the type of property for which you filed an election. For example, if you filed an election for your interest in, or your shares of, a flow-through entity, in most cases the ACB of your interest or shares will not change.

If you filed an election for capital property, other than a flow-through entity, your ACB is usually the amount you designated as proceeds of disposition on Form T664 or T664 (Seniors). If the property is a cottage, rental property, or other non-qualifying real property, your ACB is your designated proceeds of disposition, minus the reduction for non-qualifying real property.

Also, if your designated proceeds of disposition were more than the fair market value of the property at the end of February 22, 1994, your ACB on February 23, 1994, may be reduced. In this case, complete Chart 2 or Chart 3 below to determine your ACB on February 23, 1994.

Property you inherit or receive as a gift

If you receive property as a gift, you are generally considered to have acquired the property at its fair market value (FMV) on the date you received it. Similarly, if you win property in a lottery, you are considered to have acquired this prize at its FMV at the time you won it.

Generally, when you inherit property, the property's cost to you is equal to the deemed proceeds of disposition for the deceased person. Usually, this amount is the FMV of the property right before the person's death. However, there are exceptions to this rule. For example, property that you inherit because your spouse or common-law partner died, or farm property or a woodlot transferred on death to a child, may be treated differently. See the chapter called "Deemed disposition of property" in Guide T4011, Preparing Returns for Deceased Persons, to find out which rules apply to your situation.

Selling a building

If you sold a building of a prescribed class, special rules may make the selling price an amount other than the actual selling price. This happens when you meet both of the following conditions:

• You, or a person with whom you do not deal at arm's length, own the land on which the building is located, or the land adjoining the building if you need the land to use the building
• You sold the building for less than its cost amount and its capital cost

Calculate the building cost amount as follows:

• If the building was the only property in the class, the cost amount is the undepreciated capital cost (UCC) of the class before the sale
• If more than one property is in the same class, you have to calculate the cost amount of each building as follows:

For more information, call 1-800-959-8281.

If you sold a building under these conditions, this may restrict the terminal loss on the building and reduce the capital gain on the land. For more information, see Guide T4036, Rental Income, or Income Tax Folio S3-F4-C1, General Discussion of Capital Cost Allowance.

Selling part of a property

When you sell only part of a property, you have to divide the adjusted cost base (ACB) of the property between the part you sell and the part you keep.

For more information on selling part of a property, see archived Interpretation Bulletin IT-264R, Part Dispositions, and its Special Release.

Capital gains deferral for investment in small business

Individuals (other than trusts) may defer capital gains incurred on certain small business investments disposed of in 2023. This deferral applies to dispositions where you use the proceeds to acquire another small business investment. The adjusted cost base (ACB) of the new investment is reduced by the capital gain deferred from the initial investment.

You may acquire shares from a spouse, common-law partner, or parent due to circumstances such as a death or the breakdown of a marriage or common-law partnership. For the purposes of the capital gains deferral, the CRA considers you to have acquired such shares at the time and under the same circumstances that the related individual originally acquired them.

The capital gains deferral is also available to individuals involved in pooling their investments with another person or partnership. If you are part of such a qualifying pooling arrangement, call the CRA for more information.

To qualify for the capital gains deferral for investment in small business, the investment must be in an eligible small business corporation.

Eligible small business corporation shares

The capital gains deferral applies only to eligible small business corporation shares. Eligible small business corporation shares have the following characteristics:

• They consist of common shares issued by the corporation to you, the investor
• The issuing corporation must be an eligible small business corporation at the time the shares were issued
• The total carrying value of the assets of the corporation and related corporations cannot exceed $50 million immediately before, and immediately after, the share was issued. "Total carrying value of the assets of the corporation" means the amount at which the assets of the corporation would be valued for the purpose of the corporation's balance sheet as of that time if it was prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles used in Canada at that time. However, an asset of a corporation that is a share or debt issued by a related corporation is deemed to have a carrying value of nil
• While you hold the shares, the issuing corporation is an eligible active business corporation

To be able to defer the capital gain, you must have held the eligible small business corporation shares for more than 185 days from the date you acquired them.

The replacement shares have to be acquired at any time in the year in which the disposition is made or within 120 days after the end of that year.

For example, you acquire eligible small business corporation shares in October 2012 and dispose of them on June 9, 2023. You may acquire the replacement shares no later than April 29, 2024, which is within 120 days after the end of the tax year of the original disposition.

Calculating the capital gains deferral

The capital gains deferral is available for the disposition of eligible small business corporation shares made in 2023. The investment can be made by an individual in any particular corporation (or related group).

The permitted deferral of the capital gain from the disposition of eligible small business corporation shares is determined by the following formula:

Capital gains deferral = B × (D ÷ E)

where

B = the total capital gain from the original sale

E = the proceeds of disposition

D = E or the total cost of all replacement shares, whichever is less

For dispositions in 2023, report the total capital gain on lines 13199 and 13200 of Schedule 3 and the capital gains deferral on line 16100 of Schedule 3. The capital gain you must report in the year of disposition will be determined by subtracting the capital gain deferral from the total capital gain realized from the disposition.

ACB reduction

You must use the capital gains deferral to reduce the ACB of each of the eligible replacement shares by the amount determined by the following formula:

ACB reduction = F × (G ÷ H)

where

F = capital gains deferral

G = the cost of replacement shares

H = the total cost of all the replacement shares

Other transactions

The remaining sections in this chapter have information on less-common transactions.

Property included in capital cost allowance Class 14.1

If you disposed of property included in capital cost allowance (CCA) Class 14.1 (eligible capital property before January 1, 2017) that is qualified farm or fishing property, you may be able to claim the capital gains deduction.

For more information on how to report the disposition of this type of property and what amounts are eligible for the capital gains deduction, see the chapters called "Eligible Capital Expenditures" and "Capital Gains" in the following guides:

• T4002, Self-employed Business, Professional, Commission, Farming, and Fishing Income
• RC4060, Farming Income and the AgriStability and AgriInvest Programs Guide
• RC4408, Farming Income and the AgriStability and AgriInvest Programs Harmonized Guide

Partnerships

A partnership does not pay tax on its capital gains or losses and does not report them on an income tax and benefit return. Instead, members of the partnership report their share of the partnership's capital gains or losses on their own return.

Certain partnerships may have to file a partnership information return (T5013 SUM, Summary of Partnership Income, and T5013-FIN, Partnership Financial Return), and send copies of the T5013, Statement of Partnership Income, to report amounts flowed out to their members.

If you receive a T5013 slip, see Chart 1 to find out how to report your share of the capital gain or loss from the partnership.

However, if you are a member of a partnership that does not have to file a partnership information return for 2023, you have to report your share of any capital gain or loss from each disposition of capital property shown on the partnership financial statements in the appropriate area of Schedule 3. For example, if the capital gain is from disposing of depreciable property, report the gain in the Real estate, depreciable property, and other properties section.

If the partnership disposed of property included in CCA Class 14.1 that is qualified farm or fishing property, part of the business income from the transaction may be a taxable capital gain. This amount qualifies for the capital gains deduction.

For more information on the calculation and how to report this amount, see the chapter called "Capital gains" in the following guides:

• T4002, Self-employed Business, Professional, Commission, Farming, and Fishing Income
• RC4060, Farming Income and the AgriStability and AgriInvest Programs Guide
• RC4408, Farming Income and the AgriStability and AgriInvest Programs Harmonized Guide

Disposition of an interest in a partnership to a non-resident or tax-exempt entity

In general, if you dispose of an interest in a partnership to tax-exempt entities, non-resident persons, or partnerships and trusts that have such members or beneficiaries, a special rule may apply. Part of the capital gain may be taxable at 50% and another part at 100%. The portion of the capital gain from the disposition that can reasonably be attributed to increases in the value of capital property (other than depreciable property) held directly by the partnership (or held indirectly by the partnership through one or more other partnerships) is taxable at the 50% inclusion rate and the rest is taxable at 100%.

If all the partnership assets are inventory, depreciable property, or resource property, then the capital gain would be taxable at 100% unless an exception applies. If there is also capital property (other than depreciable property), then the gain must be apportioned.

For electronic filers, if you are reporting an amount at 100%, include the full amount at supporting line 50410.

For paper filers, if you are reporting an amount at 100%, include the full amount on line 19900 of Schedule 3 and indicate 100% beside lines 19900 and 12700 of the income tax and benefit return.

Capital gains reduction (flow-through entity)

A partnership is considered a flow-through entity. You cannot claim the capital gains reduction for dispositions of these shares. For more information on flow-through entities, see Chapter 4.

Capital gains deduction

You may be eligible for the capital gains deduction for any of the following partnership-related amounts:

• a capital gain from disposing of qualified small business corporation shares
• a capital gain from disposing of qualified farm or fishing property
• farming or fishing income from the disposition of property included in CCA Class 14.1 that is qualified farm or fishing property

For more information, see Claiming a capital gains deduction.

Purchase of replacement property

When you sell a business property or when a property you own is expropriated, destroyed, or stolen, you may be able to elect to postpone or defer reporting the capital gain, recapture of capital cost allowance, or business income from disposing of property. Provided you meet certain conditions, you may want to do this when you use the proceeds of disposition of the property to purchase a replacement property. The election may defer the tax consequences on the above amounts until you sell the replacement property.

For more information, see Income Tax Folio S3-F3-C1, Replacement Property.

Transfers of property to your spouse or common-law partner or to a trust for your spouse or common-law partner

Before reading this section, read the definitions of spouse and common-law partner.

You generally do not have a capital gain or loss if you give capital property to your spouse or common-law partner, a spousal or common-law partner trust, a joint spousal or common-law partner trust, or an alter ego trust. For definitions of these trusts, see Guide T4013, T3 – Trust Guide.

At the time you give the gift, depending on the type of property you give, you are considered to receive an amount equal to one of the following:

• the undepreciated capital cost for depreciable property
• the adjusted cost base for other types of capital property

Your spouse or common-law partner, or the trust for your spouse or common-law partner or for yourself, is considered to have bought the capital property for the same amount that you are considered to have sold it for.

You may have transferred or loaned property to your spouse or common-law partner, a person who has since become your spouse or common-law partner, or a trust for your spouse or common-law partner. If that person or the trust sells the property during your lifetime, you usually have to report any capital gain or loss from the sale. You usually have to do this if, at the time of the sale, you meet both of the following conditions:

• You are a resident of Canada
• You are still married to, or living in a common-law relationship with, that person

If you are living apart because of a breakdown in the relationship, you may not have to report the capital gain or loss when your spouse or common-law partner sells the property. In such a case, you have to file an election with your income tax and benefit return.

For transfers of property made before May 23, 1985, you have to file the election with your income tax and benefit return for the tax year in which the separation occurred. To make this election, attach to your return a letter signed by you and your spouse or common-law partner that states you do not want subsection 74(2) of the Income Tax Act to apply.

For transfers of property made after May 22, 1985, you can file this election with your income tax and benefit return for any tax year ending after the time you separated. However, for the election to be valid, you have to file it no later than the year your spouse or common-law partner disposes of the property. To make this election, attach to your return a letter signed by you and your spouse or common-law partner that states you do not want section 74.2 of the Income Tax Act to apply.

If you sold the property to your spouse or common-law partner, or a trust for your spouse or common-law partner, and you were paid an amount equal to the fair market value (FMV) of the property, there is another way to report the sale. Generally, you can list the sale at the property's FMV and report any capital gain or loss for the year you sold the property. To do this, you have to attach to your return a letter signed by you and your spouse or common-law partner. State that you are reporting the property as being sold to your spouse or common-law partner at its FMV and that you are electing for subsection 73(1) of the Income Tax Act not to apply.

If your spouse or common-law partner or the trust later sells the property, your spouse or common-law partner or the trust has to report any capital gain or loss from the sale.

A special situation exists if all of the following apply to you:

• You owned capital property (other than depreciable property or a partnership interest) on June 18, 1971
• You gave the property to your spouse or common-law partner after 1971
• Your spouse or common-law partner later sold the property

In this case, certain rules apply when calculating your and your spouse's or common-law partner's capital gain or loss to remove any capital gains accrued before 1972. For more information, see archived Interpretation Bulletin IT-209R, Inter-vivos gifts of capital property to individuals directly or through trusts and its Special Release.

Other transfers of property

If you give capital property as a gift, you are considered to have sold it at its FMV at the time you give the gift. Include any taxable capital gain or allowable capital loss on your income tax and benefit return for the year that you give the gift.

If you sell property to someone with whom you do not deal at arm's length and the selling price is less than its FMV, your selling price is considered to be the FMV. Similarly, if you buy property from someone with whom you do not deal at arm's length and the purchase price is more than the FMV, your purchase price is considered to be the FMV.

Special rules allow you to transfer property at an amount other than the property's FMV. If these rules apply to you, you may be able to postpone paying tax on any capital gains you had from the transfer. Some of the more common transfers are noted below.

Farm or fishing property

When you sell or transfer farm or fishing property, you may have a capital gain. If you transfer farm or fishing property to your child, spouse or common-law partner, or spousal or common-law partner trust, you may be able to postpone any taxable capital gain or recapture of capital cost allowance. For more information on these types of transfers and other rules that apply to farm or fishing property, see the following guides:

• T4002, Self-employed Business, Professional, Commission, Farming, and Fishing Income
• RC4060, Farming Income and the AgriStability and AgriInvest Programs Guide
• RC4408, Farming Income and the AgriStability and AgriInvest Programs Harmonized Guide

Elections

You can postpone reporting a capital gain when you transfer property from:

• an individual or partnership to a Canadian corporation
• an individual to a Canadian partnership

For more information on transfers to a Canadian corporation, see Information Circular IC76-19R3, Transfer of Property to a Corporation Under Section 85.

For more information on transfers to a Canadian partnership, see Archived Interpretation Bulletin IT-413R, Election by Members of a Partnership Under Subsection 97(2).

Selling or donating certified Canadian cultural property

You do not have to report a capital gain when you sell or donate certified Canadian cultural property (national treasures) to an institution or public authority designated by the Minister of Canadian Heritage. The Canadian Cultural Property Export Review Board certifies this property as cultural property and will give you a certificate for tax purposes. Cultural property can include paintings, sculptures, books, manuscripts, or other objects.

Donations of cultural property made on or after March 19, 2019, no longer require that property be of "national importance" to claim the exemption from income tax for any capital gains arising on the disposition of the property.

If you sell or donate certified cultural property to a designated institution, you may have a capital loss. The tax treatment of the loss will depend on what type of property you sold or donated. For example, the certified cultural property may be listed personal property. If this is the case, the rules for listed personal property losses will apply. For more information on how to apply capital losses, see Chapter 5.

For more information, see consolidated and archived Interpretation Bulletin IT-407R4, Dispositions of Cultural Property to Designated Canadian Institutions or Guide P113, Gifts and Income Tax.

Gifts of ecologically sensitive land

If you made a gift of ecologically sensitive land to certain qualified donees (other than to a private foundation), the inclusion rate of zero may apply to your capital gain. Use Form T1170, Capital Gains on Gifts of Certain Capital Property, to report the amounts.

To qualify for the capital gains inclusion rate of zero, you must meet certain conditions and other special rules may apply. For more information, see Guide P113, Gifts and Income Tax.

Chapter 4 – Flow-through entities

This chapter provides information on the types of investments that are considered flow-through entities. It also provides information on how to calculate and report the capital gain or loss resulting from the disposition of shares of, or interests in, a flow-through entity. The information in this chapter also applies if, for the 1994 tax year, you filed Form T664, Election to Report a Capital Gain on Property Owned at the End of February 22, 1994, for your shares of, or interest in, a flow-through entity. In addition, if you have any remaining unused exempt capital gains balance (ECGB), this chapter provides detailed information on how it can be used.

What is a flow-through entity?

You are a member of, or an investor in, a flow-through entity if you own shares or units of, or an interest in, one of the following:

1. an investment corporation
2. a mortgage investment corporation
3. a mutual fund corporation
4. a mutual fund trust
5. a related segregated fund trust
6. a partnership
7. a trust governed by an employees' profit-sharing plan
8. a trust maintained primarily for the benefit of employees of one corporation or more than one that do not deal at arm's length with each other, where one of the main purposes of the trust is to hold interests in shares of the capital stock of the corporation or corporations, as the case may be, or any corporation not dealing at arm's length with the trust
9. a trust established for the benefit of creditors in order to secure certain debt obligations
10. a trust established to hold shares of the capital stock of a corporation in order to exercise the voting rights attached to such shares

Exempt capital gains balance

When you filed Form T664 for your shares of, or interest in, a flow-through entity, the elected capital gain you reported created an exempt capital gains balance (ECGB) for that entity.

Disposing of your shares of, or interest in, a flow-through entity

When you dispose of your shares of, or interest in, a flow-through entity, calculate the capital gain or loss in the same way as with any other disposition of capital property (proceeds of disposition minus the adjusted cost base (ACB) and outlays and expenses for the sale).

Report these dispositions on Schedule 3 as follows:

• For shares of a flow-through entity, use the Publicly traded shares, mutual fund units, deferral of eligible small business corporation shares and other shares section
• For an interest in a flow-through entity, use the Bonds, debentures, promissory notes, crypto-assets and other similar properties section

For more information, see Chapter 2 and Disposition of an interest in a partnership to a non-resident or tax-exempt entity.

If you filed Form T664 for your shares of, or interest in, a flow-through entity and the proceeds of disposition were more than the fair market value, the ACB of your investments may be affected. For more information, see Property for which you filed Form T664 or T664 (Seniors).

Certain circumstances may create a special situation for a flow-through entity described in items 1 to 6 of What is a flow-through entity?. This happens if you dispose of your remaining shares of, or interest in, such an entity in the 1994 to 2023 tax years and have filed Form T664. If this is the case, in the year you dispose of the shares, use the ECGB available for the entity immediately before the disposition to increase the ACB of the shares or interest.

The ACB adjustment will either reduce your capital gain or will create or increase your capital loss from disposing of the shares or interest in the flow-through entity.

Chapter 5 – Capital losses

You have a capital loss when you sell, or are considered to have sold, a capital property for less than its adjusted cost base (ACB) plus the outlays and expenses involved in selling the property. This chapter explains how to:

• Determine your adjustment factor
• Report your 2023 net capital losses
• Apply your unused 2023 net capital losses against your taxable capital gains of other years
• Apply your unused net capital losses of other years against your 2023 taxable capital gains

It also explains the special rules that apply to listed personal property losses, superficial losses, restricted farm losses, and allowable business investment losses.

See the following link for a summary of the loss application rules.

Generally, if you had an allowable capital loss in a year, you have to apply it against your taxable capital gain for that year. If you still have a loss, it becomes part of the computation of your net capital loss for the year. You can use a net capital loss to reduce your taxable capital gain in any of the 3 preceding years or in any future year.

Inclusion rate

The rate used to determine taxable capital gains and allowable capital losses, called an inclusion rate (IR), has changed over the years. As a result, the amount of net capital losses of other years that you can claim against your taxable capital gain depends on the IR that was in effect when the loss and the gain were incurred. Also, the way you apply these losses may differ if you incurred them before May 23, 1985. For more information, see How do you apply your net capital losses of other years to 2023?

If you had a capital loss or gain in 2023, you must complete Schedule 3, Capital Gains (or Losses).

How do you apply your 2023 net capital loss to previous years?

You can carry your 2023 net capital loss back to 2020, 2021, and 2022 and use it to reduce your taxable capital gains in any of these years. When you carry back your net capital loss, you can choose the year(s) to which you apply the loss.

If you carry your 2023 net capital loss back to 2020, 2021 or 2022, you do not have to adjust the amount of the 2023 net capital loss since the inclusion rate is the same for these years.

To apply a 2023 net capital loss to 2020, 2021 or 2022, complete "Part 5 – Net capital loss for carryback" on Form T1A, Request for Loss Carryback. This form will also help you determine the amount you have left to carry forward to future years. Do not file an amended income tax and benefit return for the year to which you want to apply the loss.

How do you apply your net capital losses of other years to 2023?

You can apply your net capital losses of other years to your taxable capital gains in 2023. To do this, claim a deduction on line 25300 of your 2023 income tax and benefit return. However, the amount you claim depends on when you incurred the loss. This is because the inclusion rate used to determine taxable capital gains and allowable capital losses has changed over the years.

You have to apply net capital losses of earlier years before you apply net capital losses of later years. For example, if you have net capital losses in 1994 and 1996 and want to apply them against your taxable capital gains in 2023, you have to follow a certain order. First, apply your 1994 net capital loss against your taxable capital gain. Then apply your 1996 net capital loss against it. Keep separate balances of unapplied net capital losses for each year. This will help you keep track of your capital losses.

You can use a net capital loss of a previous year to reduce a taxable capital gain in 2023. If the inclusion rates for the two years are different, you must adjust the amount of the net capital loss to match the inclusion rate for 2023. Determine the adjustment factor by dividing the inclusion rate for 2023 by the inclusion rate for the year in which the loss arose.

Complete Chart 5 if you have a balance of unapplied net capital losses from before May 23, 1985, or you want to keep a breakdown of your unapplied net capital losses by year.

However, if you do not have a balance of unapplied net capital losses from before May 23, 1985, and your 2022 notice of assessment or notice of reassessment shows that you have unapplied net capital losses of other years, a 2022 net capital loss, or both, you can use the following chart to determine your net capital losses of other years that you can apply to 2023.

Losses incurred before May 23, 1985

Special rules apply to losses you incurred before May 23, 1985. This also includes losses you incurred after May 22, 1985, on any disposition of capital property made under an agreement of sale you entered into before May 23, 1985.

Usually, you can apply net capital losses of other years only against taxable capital gains. However, if you incurred the losses before May 23, 1985, you may use them to offset other income. Once you have applied your net capital losses of other years against taxable capital gains, you can use any excess to offset other income. The amount you can use is limited to the least of the following:

• the excess amount
• $2,000
• your pre-1986 capital loss balance available for 2023

Your pre-1986 capital loss balance available for 2023 is calculated as follows:

• the balance of your total net unapplied capital losses that you had at any time before May 23, 1985

minus

• the total adjusted amount of capital gains deductions that you claimed before 2023

If you had a net capital loss during the period from January 1, 1985, to May 22, 1985, and you had taxable capital gains later in 1985, your taxable capital gains will reduce your pre-1986 capital loss balance.

Applying listed personal property losses

You have a listed personal property (LPP) loss if, in a particular year, your losses from dispositions of LPP are more than your gains from such dispositions. Applying this type of loss is different from applying other capital losses because of the following reasons:

• You can only deduct losses from the disposition of LPP from any gains you had from selling other LPP
• The total LPP losses you deduct in the year cannot be more than your total LPP gains from such dispositions for that year
• You cannot use this type of loss to reduce any capital gains you had from selling other types of property

If you have an LPP loss in 2023, you can use the loss to reduce gains from dispositions of LPP you had in any of the 3 years before 2023 or the 7 years after.

For information on how to apply a prior-year LPP loss to 2023 gains from dispositions of LPP, see Listed personal property.

To carry back your 2023 LPP losses to reduce your LPP net gains from 2020, 2021 and 2022, complete Form T1A, Request for Loss Carryback and include it with your 2023 income tax and benefit return (or send one to the CRA separately). Do not file an amended return for the year to which you want to apply the loss.

Superficial loss

A superficial loss can occur when you dispose of capital property for a loss and both of the following conditions are met:

• You, or a person affiliated with you, buys, or has a right to buy, the same or identical property (called "substituted property") during the period starting 30 calendar days before the sale and ending 30 calendar days after the sale
• You, or a person affiliated with you, still owns, or has a right to buy, the substituted property 30 calendar days after the sale

Some examples of affiliated persons are:

• you and your spouse or common-law partner
• you and a corporation that is controlled by you or your spouse or common-law partner
• a partnership and a majority-interest partner of the partnership
• a trust and its majority interest beneficiary (generally, a beneficiary who enjoys a majority of the trust income or capital) or one who is affiliated with such a beneficiary

If you have a superficial loss in 2023, you cannot deduct it when you calculate your income for the year. However, if you are the person who acquires the substituted property, you can usually add the amount of the superficial loss to the adjusted cost base of the substituted property. This will either decrease your capital gain or increase your capital loss when you sell the substituted property.

In certain situations, when you dispose of capital property, the loss may not be considered a superficial loss. Some of the more common situations include the following:

• You are considered to have sold the capital property because you became or ceased to be a resident of Canada
• You are considered to have sold the property because you changed its use
• You disposed of the property and within 30 calendar days after the disposition, you became or ceased to be exempt from income tax
• The property is considered to have been sold because the owner died
• The disposition results from the expiry of an option
• The property is appropriated by a shareholder on the winding-up of a corporation
• Non-depreciable capital property is disposed of by a corporation, partnership, or trust. In this situation, although the loss is not added to the adjusted cost base of the transferred property, it is not claimed immediately but its recognition is deferred pending the occurrence of certain events. For more information, call 1-800-959-8281

Restricted farm loss

If you run your farm as a business, you may be able to deduct a farm loss in the year. However, if your main source of income is neither from farming nor from a combination of farming and some other source of income, you can only deduct a portion of your farm loss for the year.

For more information, see the following guides:

• T4002, Self-employed Business, Professional, Commission, Farming, and Fishing Income
• RC4060, Farming Income and the AgriStability and AgriInvest Programs Guide
• RC4408, Farming Income and the AgriStability and AgriInvest Programs Harmonized Guide

The portion of the loss that you cannot deduct becomes a restricted farm loss (RFL). You can carry an RFL incurred in tax years ending before 2006 back 3 years and forward up to 10 years.

You can now carry an RFL incurred in tax years ending after 2005, back 3 years and forward up to 20 years.

However, the amount you can deduct in any year cannot be more than your net farming income for that year. For more information on determining your main source of income and how to calculate an RFL, see Guide T4002, RC4060, or RC4408.

You may have RFLs that you incurred in your farming operation that you could not deduct when you calculated your income for previous years. You can apply part of these RFLs against any capital gain you may have when you sell your farmland. The amount of RFLs that you can apply cannot be more than the property taxes and interest on money you borrowed to buy the farmland that were included in the calculation of the RFLs for each year. Reduce your capital gain by adding these amounts to the adjusted cost base (ACB) of your farmland. Also, you have to reduce your RFL balance by these amounts.

You can only use RFLs to reduce any capital gain from selling your farmland to zero. You cannot use an RFL to create or increase a capital loss from selling farmland.

Allowable business investment loss

If you had a business investment loss in 2023, you may be able to deduct half of the loss from income. The amount of the loss you can deduct from your income is called your allowable business investment loss (ABIL). Complete Chart 6 to determine your ABIL and, if applicable, your business investment loss reduction. Claim the deduction for the ABIL on line 21700 of your income tax and benefit return. Enter the gross business investment loss on line 21699 of your return.

What is a business investment loss?

A business investment loss results from the actual or deemed disposition of certain capital properties. It can happen when you dispose of one of the following to a person you deal with at arm's length:

• a share of a small business corporation
• a debt owed to you by a small business corporation

For business investment loss purposes, a small business corporation includes a corporation that was a small business corporation at any time during the 12 months before the disposition.

You may also have such a loss if you are deemed to have disposed of, for nil proceeds of disposition, a debt or share of a small business corporation under any of the following circumstances:

• A small business corporation owes you a debt (other than a debt from the sale of personal-use property) that is considered to be a bad debt at the end of the year
• At the end of the year, you own a share (other than a share you received as consideration from the sale of personal-use property) of a small business corporation that:
  • has gone bankrupt in the year
  • is insolvent and a winding-up order has been made in the year under the Winding-up Act
  • is insolvent at the end of the year and neither the corporation, nor a corporation it controls, carries on business. Also, at that time, the share in the corporation has a fair market value of nil, and it is reasonable to expect that the corporation will be dissolved or wound up and will not start to carry on business

You can elect to be deemed to have disposed of the debt or share of the small business corporation at the end of the year for nil proceeds of disposition, and to have immediately reacquired the debt or share after the end of the year at a cost equal to nil. To do this, you have to file an election with your income tax and benefit return. To make this election, attach to your return a letter signed by you. State that you want subsection 50(1) of the Income Tax Act to apply.

What happens when you incur an ABIL?

You can deduct your ABIL from your other sources of income for the year. If your ABIL is more than your other sources of income for the year, include the difference as part of your non-capital loss.

Although you can generally carry a non-capital loss back 3 years and forward 20 years, this does not apply to a non-capital loss resulting from an ABIL. Instead, an ABIL that has not been used within 10 tax years will become a net capital loss in the eleventh year.

To carry a non-capital loss back to 2020, 2021 or 2022, complete Form T1A, Request for Loss Carryback, and include it with your 2023 income tax and benefit return (or send one to the CRA separately). Do not file an amended return for the year to which you want to apply the loss.

The unapplied part of your non-capital loss resulting from an ABIL will become a net capital loss in the eleventh year. You can use this loss to reduce your taxable capital gains in any year after.

Chapter 6 – Principal residence

When you sell your home or when you are considered to have sold it, you may realize a capital gain. If the property was solely your principal residence for every year you owned it, you do not have to pay tax on the gain. If at any time during the period you owned the property, it was not your principal residence, or solely your principal residence, you might not be able to benefit from the principal residence exemption on all or part of the capital gain that you have to report.

If you sold or if you were considered to have sold property in 2023 that was, at any time, your principal residence, you must report the sale on Schedule 3, Capital Gains (or Losses) and Form T2091(IND), Designation of a Property as a Principal Residence by an Individual (Other Than a Personal Trust). See Schedule 3 and Form T2091(IND) for more information on reporting requirements.

The calculation of the principal residence exemption is limited to the number of tax years ending after the acquisition of the property during which the taxpayer was resident in Canada and the property is the taxpayer's principal residence. If you sold your principal residence and were not a resident of Canada throughout the year in which you acquired it, different rules apply to this calculation. If you were not a resident of Canada for the entire time you owned the designated property, call 1-800-959-8281.

This chapter explains the meaning of a principal residence, how you designate a property as such, and what happens when you sell it. It also explains what to do in other special tax situations.

If after reading this chapter you need more information, see Income Tax Folio S1-F3-C2, Principal Residence.

What is a principal residence?

Your principal residence can be any of the following types of housing units:

• a house
• a cottage
• a condominium
• an apartment in an apartment building
• an apartment in a duplex
• a trailer, mobile home, or houseboat

A property qualifies as your principal residence for any year if it meets all of the following four conditions:

• It is a housing unit, a leasehold interest in a housing unit, or a share of the capital stock of a co-operative housing corporation you acquire only to get the right to inhabit a housing unit owned by that corporation
• You own the property alone or jointly with another person
• You, your current or former spouse or common-law partner, or any of your children lived in it at some time during the year
• You designate the property as your principal residence

The land on which your home is located can be part of your principal residence. Usually, the amount of land that you can consider as part of your principal residence is limited to half of a hectare (1.24 acres). However, if you can show that you need more land to use and enjoy your home, you can consider more than this amount as part of your principal residence. For example, this may happen if the minimum lot size imposed by a municipality at the time you bought the property is larger than half of a hectare.

Designating a principal residence

You designate your home as your principal residence when you sell or are considered to have sold all or part of it. You can designate your home as your principal residence for all the years that you own and use it as your principal residence. However, in some situations, you may choose not to designate your home as your principal residence for one or more of those years. For more information, see the section called Form T2091(IND), Designation of a Property as a Principal Residence by an Individual (Other Than a Personal Trust).

Can you have more than one principal residence?

For 1982 and later years, you can only designate one home as your family's principal residence for each year.

For 1982 to 2000, your family included:

• you
• a person who, throughout the year, was your spouse (unless you were separated for the entire year under the terms of a court order or a written agreement)
• your children (other than a child who had a spouse during the year or who was 18 or older)

If you did not have a spouse and were not 18 or older, your family also included:

• your mother and father
• your brothers and sisters (who did not have spouses and were not 18 or older during the year)

For 2001 and later tax years, the above definition applies except that the reference to spouse is replaced by spouse or common-law partner.

For 1993 to 2000, a spouse included a common-law partner. Therefore, common-law spouses could not designate different housing units as their principal residence for any of those years.

For years before 1982, more than one housing unit per family can be designated as a principal residence. Therefore, a husband and wife can designate different principal residences for these years. However, a special rule applies if members of a family designate more than one home as a principal residence. For more information, see Income Tax Folio S1-F3-C2, Principal Residence.

Disposing of your principal residence

When you sell your home or when you are considered to have sold it, usually you do not have to pay tax on any gain from the sale because of the principal residence exemption. This is the case if the property was solely your principal residence for every year you owned it.

NEW!Property flipping

Starting January 1, 2023, any gain from the disposition of a housing unit (including a rental property) located in Canada, or a right to acquire a housing unit located in Canada, that you owned or held for less than 365 consecutive days before its disposition is deemed to be business income and not a capital gain, unless the property was already considered inventory or the disposition occurred due to, or in anticipation of one of the following life events:

• the death of the taxpayer or a related person
• a related person joining the taxpayer's household or the taxpayer joining a related person's household (for example, moving in with a spouse or common-law partner, for the birth of a child, adoption, or care of an elderly parent)
• the breakdown of a marriage or common-law partnership where the taxpayer had been living separate and apart from their spouse or common-law partner for at least 90 days before the disposition
• a threat to the personal safety of the taxpayer or a related person (for example, domestic violence)
• a serious disability or illness of the taxpayer or a related person
• the eligible relocation of the taxpayer or their spouse or common-law partner where the taxpayer's new home is at least 40 kilometres closer to the new work location or school (generally, an eligible relocation allows the taxpayer to carry on business, be employed or attend full-time post-secondary education)
• the involuntary termination of employment of the taxpayer or their spouse or common-law partner
• the insolvency of the taxpayer
• the destruction or expropriation of the taxpayer's property (for example, when the property is destroyed due to natural or man-made disaster)

If the property is not considered flipped property, whether the income from selling the property should be treated as business income or as a capital gain depends on the specific details of the situation. If the disposition is considered:

a capital gain, complete Schedule 3, Capital Gains (or Losses)

business income, complete Form T2125, Statement of Business or Professional Activities

For more information about property flipping, go to Report your real estate income or see Schedule 3.

For more information about business income, go to Business income or see Guide T4002, Self-employed Business, Professional, Commission, Farming Income.

Reporting the sale of your principal residence

If you sold or if you were considered to have sold your property in 2023 and it was your principal residence, you have to report the sale and designate the property on Schedule 3, Capital Gains (or Losses). In addition, you also have to complete Form T2091(IND), Designation of a Property as a Principal Residence by an Individual (Other Than a Personal Trust). Complete only page 1 of Form T2091(IND) if the property you sold was your principal residence for all the years you owned it, or for all years except one year, being the year in which you replaced your principal residence.

Why you have to report the sale

Effective 2016 and later tax years, the CRA will only allow the principal residence exemption if you report the disposition and designation of your principal residence on your income tax and benefit return. If you forget to make this designation in the year of the disposition, it is very important to ask the CRA to amend your income tax and benefit return for that year. The CRA will accept a late designation in certain circumstances, but a penalty may apply.

If your home was not your principal residence for every year that you owned it, you have to report the part of the capital gain on the property that relates to the years for which you did not designate the property as your principal residence. To do this, complete Form T2091(IND). You are also required to complete the applicable sections of Schedule 3 as indicated on page 2 of the schedule.

If only a part of your home qualifies as your principal residence and you used the other part to earn or produce income, you have to split the selling price and adjusted cost base between the part you used for your principal residence and the part you used for other purposes (for example, rental or business). You can do this by using square metres or the number of rooms, as long as the split is reasonable.

Report on line 13800 of Schedule 3 only the gain on the part you used to produce income. For more information, see Real estate, depreciable property, and other properties and Income Tax Folio S1-F3-C2, Principal Residence.

You are also required to complete page 2 of Schedule 3 to report the sale of your principal residence. See the Example that provides information on how to calculate the capital gain and your reporting requirements for the sale.

The CRA will consider the entire property to maintain its nature as a principal residence in spite of the fact that you have used it for income producing purposes when all of the following conditions are met:

• The income producing use is ancillary to the main use of the property as a residence
• There is no structural change to the property
• No capital cost allowance is claimed on the property

This situation could occur, for example, where the property is used as a home day care. For more information, see Income Tax Folio S1-F3-C2, Principal Residence.

If you sold or if you were considered to have sold, more than one property in the same calendar year and each property was, at one time, your principal residence, you must show this by completing a separate Form T2091(IND) for each property to designate what years each was your principal residence and calculate the amount of capital gain, if any, to report on line 15800 of Schedule 3, Capital Gains (or Losses).

Form T2091(IND), Designation of a Property as a Principal Residence by an Individual (Other Than a Personal Trust)

Use Form T2091(IND) to designate a property as a principal residence. This form will help you calculate the number of years that you can designate your home as your principal residence, as well as the part of the capital gain, if any, that you have to report. Complete Form T2091(IND) and include it with your income tax and benefit return in any of the following situations:

• You sold, or were considered to have sold, your principal residence or any part of it
• You granted someone an option to buy your principal residence or any part of it

A legal representative (executor, administrator, or a liquidator in Quebec) of a deceased person should use Form T1255, Designation of a Property as a Principal Residence by the Legal Representative of a Deceased Individual, to designate a property as a principal residence for the deceased.

Did you or your spouse or common-law partner file Form T664 or T664 (Seniors)?

Use Form T2091(IND) to calculate the capital gain if you sell, or are considered to have sold, a property for which you or your spouse or common-law partner filed Form T664 or T664 (Seniors), Election to Report a Capital Gain on Property Owned at the End of February 22, 1994, and one of the following situations apply:

• The property was your principal residence for 1994
• You are designating the property in 2023 as your principal residence for any tax year

Use Form T2091(IND)-WS, Principal Residence Worksheet, to calculate a reduction due to the capital gains election. In this case, if the property was designated as a principal residence for the purpose of the capital gains election, you have to include those previously designated tax years as part of your principal residence designation in 2023.

If the property was not your principal residence for 1994 and you are not designating it in 2023 as your principal residence for any tax year, do not use Form T2091(IND) and Form T2091(IND)-WS to calculate your capital gain. Instead, calculate your capital gain, if any, in the regular way (proceeds of disposition minus the adjusted cost base and outlays and expenses). For more information on how to calculate your adjusted cost base as a result of the capital gains election, see Property for which you filed Form T664 or T664 (Seniors).

Changes in use

When there is a change in use of a property you have, you may be considered to have sold all or part of your property even though you did not actually sell it. The following are some sample situations:

• You change all or part of your principal residence to a rental or business operation
• You change your rental or business operation to a principal residence

Every time you change the use of a property, you are considered to have sold the property at its fair market value and have immediately reacquired the property for the same amount. You have to report the resulting capital gain or loss (in certain situations) in the year the change of use occurs.

If the property was your principal residence for any year you owned it before you changed its use, you do not have to pay tax on any gain that relates to those years. You only have to report the gain that relates to the years your home was not your principal residence. For more information on how to calculate and report the gain, if any, see Disposing of your principal residence.

If you were using the property to earn or produce income before you changed its use, see Real estate, depreciable property, and other properties for information on how to report any capital gain or loss.

Special situations

In certain situations, the rules stated above for changes in use do not apply. The following are some of the more common situations.

Changing all your principal residence to a rental or business property

When you change your principal residence to an income producing property, such as a rental or business property, you can make an election not to be considered as having started to use your principal residence as a rental or business property. This means you do not have to report any capital gain when you change its use. If you make this election, you cannot claim capital cost allowance (CCA) on the property. Any income in respect of a property, net of applicable expenses, must be reported for tax purposes.

While your election is in effect, you can designate the property as your principal residence for up to 4 years, even if you do not use your property as your principal residence. However, during those years, you have to meet all of the following conditions:

• You do not designate any other property as your principal residence
• You are a resident or deemed to be a resident of Canada

You can extend the 4-year limit indefinitely if all of the following conditions are met in addition to the above listed conditions:

• You live away from your principal residence because your employer, or your spouse's or common-law partner's employer wants you to relocate
• You and your spouse or common-law partner are not related to the employer
• You return to your original home while you or your spouse or common-law partner are still with the same employer, or before the end of the year following the year in which this employment ends, or you die during the term of employment
• Your original home is at least 40 kilometres (by the shortest public route) farther than your temporary residence from your, or your spouse's or common-law partner's, new place of employment

If you make this election, there is no immediate effect on your income tax situation when you move back into your residence. However, if you change the use of the property again and do not make this election again, any gain you have from selling the property may be subject to tax.

To make this election, attach a letter signed by you to your income tax and benefit return of the year in which the change of use occurs. Describe the property and state that you want subsection 45(2) of the Income Tax Act to apply.

If you started to use your principal residence as a rental or business property in the year, you may want information on how you should report your business or property income. If so, see the following guides:

• T4002, Self-employed Business, Professional, Commission, Farming, and Fishing Income
• T4036, Rental Income

Changing all your rental or business property to a principal residence

When you change your rental or business property to a principal residence, you can elect to postpone reporting the disposition of your property until you actually sell it. However, you cannot make this election if you, your spouse or common-law partner, or a trust under which you or your spouse or common-law partner is a beneficiary has deducted CCA on the property for any tax year after 1984, and on or before the day you change its use.

This election only applies to a capital gain. If you claimed CCA on the property before 1985, you have to include any recapture of CCA in your business or rental income and the income in the year you changed the use of the property. For more information on the recapture of CCA, see the following guides:

• T4002, Self-employed Business, Professional, Commission, Farming, and Fishing Income
• T4036, Rental Income

If you make this election, you can designate the property as your principal residence for up to 4 years before you actually occupy it as your principal residence.

To make this election, attach to your income tax and benefit return a letter signed by you. Describe the property and state that you want subsection 45(3) of the Income Tax Act to apply. You have to make this election by the earliest of the following dates:

• 90 days after the date the CRA asks you to make the election
• the date you are required to file your income tax and benefit return for the year in which you actually sell the property

Changing part of your principal residence to a rental or business property or vice versa

Before March 19, 2019, you could not elect to avoid the deemed disposition that occurs on a partial change in the use of a property. However, starting on March 19, 2019, depending on your situation, you can elect under subsection 45(2) or 45(3) of the Income Tax Act that the deemed disposition that normally arises on a partial change in use of property does not apply.

Even if you do not make the election, if you started to use part of your principal residence for rental or business purposes, the CRA usually considers you to have changed the use of that part of your principal residence unless all of the following conditions apply:

• Your rental or business use of the property is relatively small in relation to its use as your principal residence
• You do not make any structural changes to the property to make it more suitable for rental or business purposes
• You do not deduct any CCA on the part you are using for rental or business purposes

Generally, if you do not meet all of the above conditions, you will have a deemed disposition of the portion of property that had the change of use, and immediately after, you will be deemed to have reacquired that portion of property. The proceeds of disposition and the cost of the reacquisition will be equal to the proportionate share of the fair market value (FMV) of the property, determined at that time. Additionally, in the year the partial change in use occurs, you can make a principal residence designation (for the portion of the property that had the change in use), by completing page 2 of Schedule 3, Capital Gains (or Losses), and page 1 of Form T2091 (IND), Designation of a Property as a Principal Residence by an Individual (Other Than a Personal Trust).

Subsequently, when you actually sell the property you have to take all of the following actions:

• Split the selling price between the part you used for your principal residence and the part you used for rental or business purposes. The CRA will accept a split based on square metres or the number of rooms as long as the split is reasonable
• Report any capital gain on the part you used for rental or business purposes. You can also make a principal residence designation for the portion of the property for which there was no change in use as your principal residence, by completing Schedule 3 and Form T2091(IND), in order to claim the principal residence exemption for that portion of the gain. For more information, see Real estate, depreciable property, and other properties. You do not have to report any capital gain for the part you used for your principal residence

Farm property

If you are a farmer and you sell land in 2023 used principally in a farming business that includes your principal residence, you can choose one of two methods to calculate your taxable capital gain. For more information on those methods, see the following guides:

• T4002, Self-employed Business, Professional, Commission, Farming, and Fishing Income
• RC4060, Farming Income and the AgriStability and AgriInvest Programs Guide
• RC4408, Farming Income and the AgriStability and AgriInvest Programs Harmonized Guide

Reference documents

To get CRA forms and publications, go to Forms and publications or call 1-800-959-8281.

Forms

T1A, Request for Loss Carryback

T123, Election on Disposition of Canadian Securities

T657, Calculation of Capital Gains Deduction for 2022

T936, Calculation of Cumulative Net Investment Loss (CNIL) to December 31, 2023

T1105, Supplementary Schedule for Dispositions of Capital Property Acquired Before 1972

T1170, Capital Gains on Gifts of Certain Capital Property

T1212, Statement of Deferred Security Options Benefits

T1255, Designation of a Property as a Principal Residence by the Legal Representative of a Deceased Individual

T2017, Summary of Reserves on Dispositions of Capital Property

T2091(IND), Designation of a Property as a Principal Residence by an Individual (Other Than a Personal Trust)

T2091(IND)-WS, Principal Residence Worksheet

Income Tax Folios

S1-F3-C2, Principal Residence

S1-F5-C1, Related Persons and Dealing at Arm's Length

S3-F3-C1, Replacement Property

S3-F4-C1, General Discussion of Capital Cost Allowance

S3-F9-C1, Lottery Winnings, Miscellaneous Receipts, and Income (and Losses) from Crime

S4-F8-C1, Business Investment Losses

S5-F1-C1, Determining an Individual's Residence Status

Information Circulars

IC 76-19R3, Transfer of Property to a Corporation Under Section 85

IC 78-10R5, Books and Records Retention/Destruction

Information Sheet

RC4169, Tax Treatment of Mutual Funds for Individuals

Archived Interpretation Bulletins

IT-95R, Foreign Exchange Gains and Losses

IT-96R6, Options Granted by Corporations to Acquire Shares, Bonds, or Debentures and by Trusts to Acquire Trust Units

IT-113R4, Benefits to Employees – Stock Options

IT-125R4, Dispositions of Resource Properties

IT-159R3, Capital Debts Established to be Bad Debts

IT-209R, Inter-Vivos Gifts of Capital Property to Individuals Directly or Through Trusts, and its Special Release

IT-218R Profit, Capital Gains and Losses From the Sale of Real Estate, Including Farmland and Inherited Land and Conversion of Real Estate From Capital Property to Inventory and Vice Versa

IT-232R3, Losses – Their Deductibility in the Loss Year or in Other Years

IT-264R, Part Dispositions, and its Special Release

IT-391R, Status of Corporations

IT-407R4, Dispositions of Cultural Property to Designated Canadian Institutions

IT-413R, Election by Members of a Partnership Under Subsection 97(2)

IT-456R, Capital Property – Some Adjustments to Cost Base, and its Special Release

IT-458R2, Canadian-Controlled Private Corporation

IT-459, Adventure or Concern in the Nature of Trade

IT-479R,Transactions in Securities, and its Special Release

IT-511R, Interspousal and Certain Other Transfers and Loans of Property

Digital services for individuals

The CRA's digital services are fast, easy, and secure!

My Account

My Account lets you view and manage your personal income tax and benefit information online. Use My Account throughout the year to:

• view your benefit and credit information and apply for certain benefits
• view your notice of assessment or reassessment
• view uncashed cheques and request a replacement payment
• change your address, phone numbers, direct deposit information, marital status, and information about children in your care
• manage notification preferences and receive email notifications when important changes are made on your account
• check your tax-free savings account (TFSA) contribution room, your registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) deduction limit, and your first home savings account (FHSA) participation room
• track the progress of certain files you have submitted to the CRA
• make a payment online to the CRA with the My Payment service, create a pre-authorized debit (PAD) agreement, or create a QR code to pay in person at Canada Post for a fee. For more information on how to make a payment, go to Payments to the CRA
• view and print your proof of income statement
• manage authorized representatives and authorization requests
• submit documents to the CRA
• submit an audit enquiry
• link between your CRA My Account and Employment and Social Development Canada (ESDC) My Service Canada Account
• manage Multi-factor authentication settings

To sign in to or register for the CRA's digital services, go to:

• My Account for Individuals, if you are an individual
• Represent a Client, if you are an authorized representative

Receive your CRA mail online

Set your correspondence preference to "Electronic mail" to receive email notifications when CRA mail, like your notice of assessment, is available in your account.

For more information, go to Email notifications from the CRA – Individuals.

For more information

If you need help

If you need more information after reading this guide, go to Line 12700 – Taxable capital gains or call 1-800-959-8281.

Forms and publications

The CRA encourages you to file your return electronically. If you need a paper version of the CRA's forms and publications, go to Forms and publications, or call 1-800-959-8281.

Tax Information Phone Service (TIPS)

For tax information by telephone, use the CRA's automated service, TIPS, by calling 1-800-267-6999.

Teletypewriter (TTY) users

If you use a TTY for a hearing or speech impairment, call 1-800-665-0354.

If you use an operator-assisted relay service, call the CRA's regular telephone numbers instead of the TTY number.

Formal disputes (objections and appeals)

You have the right to file an objection if you disagree with an assessment, determination, or decision.

For more information about objections and related deadlines, go to File an objection.

CRA service feedback program

Service complaints

You can expect to be treated fairly under clear and established rules, and get a high level of service each time you deal with the CRA. For more information about the Taxpayer Bill of Rights, see the Taxpayer Bill of Rights.

You may provide compliments or suggestions, and if you are not satisfied with the service you received:

1. Try to resolve the matter with the employee you have been dealing with or call the telephone number provided in the correspondence you received from the CRA. If you do not have contact information, go to Contact the Canada Revenue Agency
2. If you have not been able to resolve your service-related issue, you can ask to discuss the matter with the employee’s supervisor
3. If the problem is still not resolved, you can file a service-related complaint by filling out Form RC193, Service Feedback. For more information and to learn how to file a complaint, go to Submit service feedback

If you are not satisfied with how the CRA has handled your service-related complaint, you can submit a complaint to the Office of the Taxpayers' Ombudsperson.

Reprisal complaints

If you have received a response regarding a previously submitted service complaint or a formal review of a CRA decision and feel you were not treated impartially by a CRA employee, you can submit a reprisal complaint by filling out Form RC459, Reprisal Complaint.

For more information, go to Reprisal Complaints.