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This translation was prepared by Tax Interpretations Inc. The CRA did not issue this document in the language in which it now appears, and is not responsible for any errors in its translation that might impact a reader’s understanding of it or the position(s) taken therein. See also the general Disclaimer below.
Principal Issues: 1) Can CRA comment on what it considers an economic dependence? 2) Is there an economic dependence in the two proposed scenarios? 3) Whether an economic dependence can solely create a non-arm's length relationship according to paragraph 251(1)(c).
Position: General comments provided.
Reasons: See below.
FEDERAL TAX ROUNDTABLE, OCTOBER 7, 2021
APFF CONFERENCE 2021
Question 7
Economic dependence and dependency
In the recent decision of Keybrand Food Inc. v. Canada, the Federal Court of Appeal concluded that the "financial dependence" of one party on another is a relevant factor in determining whether two taxpayers are not dealing with each other at arm's length under paragraph 251(1)(c).
In this case, the Court ruled that: “[…] the degree of financial dependence of Vidabode on Keybrand and BWS in December 2010 was a significant factor pointing towards a finding that Keybrand and Vidabode were not dealing with each other at arm’s length”.
Questions to the CRA
(a) Could the CRA elaborate on what it considers to be financial dependence?
(b)Would the CRA consider a company to be financially dependent on a funder in the following circumstances:
(i) a corporation receives a loan from a single third party (unrelated) funder to enable it to carry on its business. Without the loan, the company could not operate. The lender may demand repayment of the at any time
(ii) a corporation receives a loan from a single (unrelated) third-party lender to enable it to operate. Without the loan, the company could not operate. The loan has a 10-year term.
c) Does the CRA consider that financial dependence of one party on another is sufficient in itself to create a non-arm's length relationship between the parties?
CRA response to question 7(a)
The concept of economic dependence has been examined by the courts on several occasions in different contexts. That concept is relevant, in particular, to determine whether unrelated persons are not dealing with each other at arm's length at a particular time within the meaning of paragraph 251(1)(c) or whether a corporation is "controlled directly or indirectly in any manner whatever" by another person or group of persons (control in fact) within the meaning of subsections 256(5.1) and 256(5.11).
In general, economic dependence arises from the commercial, financial and contractual relationships between the parties concerned. For example, the following factual elements have been considered by the courts in determining whether a party is economically dependent on another party: all or substantially all of the income earned by one party came from the other party, one party was the sole customer or supplier of the other party, the sole customer or supplier would be very difficult to replace, the integration of the activities of one party with those of the other party, the involvement or control of one party in the financing of the other party, and the contractual and commercial arrangements between the parties did not reflect terms and conditions normally agreed upon by independent parties according to industry business practice.
Where the concept of economic dependence is relevant in a specific case, the CRA generally relies on the relevant jurisprudence in the context of the issue under analysis to determine whether such dependence exists.
CRA response to question 7(b)
The question of whether a party is economically dependent on another party is a question of fact that can only be resolved after a full examination of all the relevant facts, actions, circumstances and documents surrounding a particular situation. Given the very limited facts presented in question 7(b), we cannot make a determination without first examining all the facts and circumstances relevant to the situation in this question.
CRA response to question 7(c)
The question of whether an economic dependence of one party on another is sufficient in itself to create a relationship of dependence between them can only be determined after an analysis of the facts and circumstances of a particular situation and considering the context of the legislative provision invoked.
As stated in Income Tax Folio S1-F5-C1:
Paragraph 251(1)(c) provides that it is a question of fact whether unrelated persons (other than persons described in ¶1.30) are dealing with each other at arm's length at a particular time. Sometimes unrelated persons may deal with each other at arm's length and sometimes they may not, depending on the circumstances. General criteria can be provided to determine whether there is an arm's-length relationship between unrelated persons for a given transaction. However, it must be recognized that all-encompassing guidelines to cover every situation cannot be provided. Each particular transaction or series of transactions must be examined on its own merits. The following paragraphs set forth the CRA's general guidelines with some specific comments about certain relationships.
Folio S1-F5-C1 lists the criteria generally applied by the courts to determine whether a transaction was conducted at arm's length:
The following criteria have generally been used by the courts in determining whether parties to a transaction are not dealing at arm's length:
- whether there is a common mind which directs the bargaining for both parties to a transaction;
- whether the parties to a transaction act in concert without separate interests; and
- whether there is de facto control.
It is not required that all three tests be satisfied in every case. In any particular case, any one or more of the criteria may be of greater or lesser importance in the determination whether the parties are dealing at arm’s length (Canada v. Remai, 2009 FCA 340, 2009 DTC 5188 (FCA), at par. 32).
As noted by the Federal Court of Appeal in Keybrand and Aeronautic, the economic dependence of one party on the other could, depending on the facts and circumstances of the situation, demonstrate that the parties are not dealing with each other at arm's length at a particular time in respect of a particular transaction.
If the facts and circumstances of a specific case demonstrate that the economic dependence of one party on another is such that it is possible for the CRA to conclude that a transaction or series of transactions was entered into between persons not dealing with each other at arm's length under any of the criteria listed in paragraph 1.38 of Folio S1-F5-C1, then such dependence may be sufficient to conclude that the parties are not dealing at arm's length.
In general, economic dependence arises from the commercial, financial and contractual relationships between the parties concerned. For example, the following factual elements have been considered by the courts in determining whether a party is economically dependent on another party: all or substantially all of the income earned by one party came from the other party, one party was the sole customer or supplier of the other party, the sole customer or supplier would be very difficult to replace, the integration of the activities of one party with those of the other party, the involvement or control of one party in the financing of the other party, and the contractual and commercial arrangements between the parties did not reflect terms and conditions normally agreed upon by independent parties according to industry business practice.
Where the concept of economic dependence is relevant in a specific case, the CRA generally relies on the relevant jurisprudence in the context of the issue under analysis to determine whether such dependence exists.
Nathalie Aubin
(438) 340-0531
October 7, 2021
2021-090097
FOOTNOTES
Due to our system requirements, footnotes contained in the original document are reproduced below:
1 2020 FCA 201 ("Keybrand").
2 Notably in Rosario Poirier Inc. v. The Queen, 2002 D.T.C. 1770 (T.C.C.), L.D.G. 2000 Inc. v. The Queen, 2003 D.T.C. 82 (T.C.C.), 9044-2807 Québec Inc. v. Canada, 2003 D.T.C. 134 affirmed in 2004 FCA 23, Corpor-Air Inc. v. The Queen, 2006 TCC 75 and Lyrtech RD Inc. v. The Queen, 2013 TCC 12 affirmed in 2014 FCA 267, Aeronautic Development Corporation v. Canada, 2018 FCA 67 ("Aeronautic"), Keybrand, supra, note 1.
3 CANADA REVENUE AGENCY, Income Tax Folio S1-F5-C1, "Related Persons and Dealing at Arm's Length," November 26, 2015, No. 1.37.
4 Id. at No. 1.38.
5 Supra, note 1, at para. 59: "That a degree of dependence could support a finding that parties are not dealing with each other at arm’s length is also found in Swiss Bank Corp. et al. v. Minister of National Revenue, [1974] S.C.R. 1144, 31 D.L.R. (3d) 1 (Swiss Bank)..." . At para. 65: "[...] However, the Court did acknowledge that the existence of such dependence is not irrelevant. In my view, in light of Robson Leather and Swiss Bank, the degree of financial dependence of Vidabode on Keybrand and BWS in December 2010 was a significant factor pointing towards a finding that Keybrand and Vidabode were not dealing with each other at arm’s length."
6 Supra, note 2, at para. 58: "[...] In this case, given ADC's near total economic dependence on Seawind Corp. the fact that the owner of Seawind Corp. dictated (and was in a position to dictate) the terms of the relationship between the two companies is a very relevant factor in determining whether the three were not at arm's length. [...] ".
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