Docket: IMM-3796-16
Citation:
2017 FC 456
Ottawa, Ontario, May 5, 2017
PRESENT: The
Honourable Madam Justice Roussel
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BETWEEN:
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RIZWAN (ALSO
KNOWN AS RIZWAN PARVAIZ MASIH OR RIZWAN PARVAIZ MASHIH)
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Applicant
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and
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THE MINISTER OF
CITIZENSHIP AND IMMIGRATION
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Respondent
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JUDGMENT AND REASONS
[1]
The Applicant, Rizwan (also known as Rizwan
Parvaiz Masih or Rizwan Parvaiz Mashih), is a twenty-one (21) year old citizen
of Pakistan, who has lived in Oman with his parents and siblings since 2003. He
arrived in Canada from the United States on March 18, 2016 and sought refugee
protection.
[2]
The Applicant is a Christian, from a practicing
Christian family. He claims to fear persecution both in Oman and in Pakistan
from his friend’s father who accuses him of trying to convert his son, a
Muslim, to the Christian faith. The Applicant alleges he invited his friend to
a Christmas party at his home and later brought him to a Christian church in
Oman. His friend’s father became very angry and threatened to bring charges
against the Applicant in Oman that would lead to him being deported to Pakistan
and to have the Applicant charged with blasphemy in Pakistan.
[3]
In a decision dated August 16, 2016, the Refugee
Protection Division [RPD] rejected the Applicant’s claim for protection. The
RPD determined that the Applicant had failed to establish with sufficiently
credible evidence that he was at risk of harm in Pakistan from his friend’s father
or that he would be at risk of persecution based solely on his religion.
[4]
The Applicant now seeks judicial review of that
decision, alleging that the RPD unreasonably assessed the credibility of his
allegations, as well as the risk of persecution he faces if he is returned to Pakistan.
[5]
I will first deal with a preliminary question
touching on the admissibility of an affidavit. The Applicant filed an affidavit
from a lawyer setting out the lawyer’s legal interpretation of the blasphemy
laws in Pakistan and their applicability to the situation of the Applicant. The
Respondent contests the admissibility of the affidavit, as it was not before
the RPD in considering the Applicant’s claim. The Applicant responds that the
affidavit was submitted to answer a new issue that was raised by the RPD,
namely the capacity of the father to file a criminal complaint against the
Applicant in Pakistan.
[6]
It is trite law that the evidentiary record
before this Court on judicial review is restricted to the evidentiary record
that was before the decision-maker (Association of Universities and Colleges
of Canada and the University of Manitoba v The Canadian Copyright Licensing
Agency Operating as “Access Copyright”, 2012 FCA 22 at para 19; Nshogoza
v Canada (Citizenship and Immigration), 2015 FC 1211 at para 16). Since the
Applicant has not demonstrated that the affidavit from the lawyer falls within
the few recognized exceptions to the general rule, I find the affidavit to be
inadmissible.
[7]
The sole determinative issue in this application
for judicial review is whether the RPD reasonably concluded that the Applicant
was not at risk in Pakistan.
[8]
The RPD’s finding involves questions of mixed
fact and law and as such, is reviewable under the standard of reasonableness. In
assessing reasonableness, the reviewing Court is concerned with the “existence of justification, transparency and intelligibility
within the decision-making process” and “whether
the decision falls within a range of possible, acceptable outcomes which are
defensible in respect of the facts and law” (Canada (Citizenship and
Immigration) v Khosa, 2009 SCC 12 at para 59 [Khosa]; Dunsmuir v
New Brunswick, 2008 SCC 9 at para 47 [Dunsmuir]). The Court must give deference to the RPD’s findings
on credibility and its assessment of the evidence, as the RPD is in a better
position to appreciate the credibility of the Applicant and to draw the
necessary inferences (Aguebor v Canada (Minister of Employment and
Immigration), [1993] F.C.J. No. 732 (CA) at para 4 (Q.L.)).
[9]
Moreover, it is not the function of the Court
upon judicial review to substitute its own view of a preferable outcome and to
reweigh the evidence that was before the RPD (Khosa at paras 59, 61). The RPD’s decision “should be approached as an organic whole, without a
line-by-line treasure hunt for error” (Communications,
Energy and Paperworkers Union of Canada, Local 30 v Irving Pulp & Paper,
Ltd, 2013 SCC 34 at para 54; Newfoundland and
Labrador Nurses’ Union v Newfoundland and Labrador (Treasury Board), 2011
SCC 62 at paras 14, 16; Gong v Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),
2017 FC 165 at para 7).
[10]
Contrary to the Applicant’s assertions, I find
that it was reasonable for the RPD to draw a negative inference from the
Applicant’s failure to submit any corroborative evidence to substantiate his
allegations (Ma v Canada (Citizenship and Immigration), 2010 FC 509 at
para 2). Aside from the Applicant’s testimony and a letter from the
Applicant’s church pastor, the Applicant adduced no other evidence to
corroborate his claim of persecution by his friend’s father and provided no
reasonable explanation for not doing so.
[11]
Evidence, such as a sworn affidavit, from the
Applicant’s father could easily have been submitted, attesting to the telephone
call he received from the friend’s father threatening to make the Applicant’s
life difficult if he returned to Oman. The Applicant’s father could equally have
provided evidence regarding the discussions the Applicant had with his family when
the decision was made that the Applicant should leave Oman. As well, the
Applicant’s grandfather and sister could have attested to the friend’s father coming
to the Applicant’s house to tell him that he was a bad influence on his son and
was trying to convert him to Christianity, as they were allegedly home at the
time. They were also present when the police came to the Applicant’s house in
March 2016 to inform him that they had completed their investigation and that
no charges would be laid but that they would keep an eye on the Applicant for
as long as he was in Oman. It was equally not unreasonable for the RPD to
expect that the Applicant submit corroborating evidence regarding the police investigation
in Oman. In my view, the elements for which the RPD would have liked to have
seen some form of evidence were central to the claim and were not insignificant
as contented by the Applicant (Tellez Picon v Canada (Citizenship and
Immigration), 2010 FC 129 at paras 11-12).
[12]
I recognize that the RPD made an error in
stating that the Applicant did not establish the existence of his friend. The pastor’s
letter corroborates the Applicant’s assertion that he brought his friend to a
church service in January 2016. However, I do not consider this error to be
determinative as the rest of the pastor’s letter is based on hearsay and does
not establish the Applicant’s problems with his friend’s father.
[13]
Moreover, I find that it was reasonably open to
the RPD to conclude that the Applicant wanted to leave Oman for reasons other
than his fear of his friend’s father given the timing of the alleged events in
Oman, the Applicant’s precarious status in Oman and the rejection of the
Applicant’s two (2) visa applications. The RPD properly noted that “after years of living problem-free in Oman”, the
Applicant’s problems began at the same time he was making efforts to obtain a visa
to study abroad. I also note from the Applicant’s affidavit that his application
for a temporary resident visa and study permit was received and subsequently refused
in December 2015, the same month that his alleged problems began in Oman.
[14]
The RPD’s decision is not based solely on the
insufficiency of credible evidence to substantiate the Applicant’s alleged
problems in Oman. The RPD also considered the Applicant’s risk in Pakistan and found
that, even if the problems in Oman had been established, the Applicant had not
demonstrated that these problems would follow him to Pakistan. The RPD
reasonably found that it was little beyond speculation that the friend’s father
would know that the Applicant was in Pakistan or that he would have the means
or the motivation to have blasphemy charges brought against him in Pakistan. As
for the Applicant’s argument that his friend’s father would come to know his
whereabouts through Facebook, the RPD reasonably concluded that the Applicant
could keep this information private and that this was not akin to living as a
fugitive.
[15]
The Applicant also submits that it was unreasonable
for the RPD to make an adverse finding of credibility based on the fact that he
had accompanied his family to Pakistan four (4) times, for about one (1) month
each year between 2012 and 2015 to visit the Applicant’s grandmother. I
disagree. This is not a credibility finding nor is it a secondary issue to the
claim, as suggested by the Applicant. Rather, the Applicant’s repeated travel
to Pakistan showed a lack of subjective fear and a lack of objective risk of
persecution in Pakistan.
[16]
The RPD also found, based on the objective
documentary evidence, that the Applicant’s profile as a Christian in Pakistan
was not enough to put him at risk, even if discrimination and sectarian
violence existed in Pakistan. By arguing that the RPD disregarded other more
favourable evidence in the country condition documents, the Applicant is, in
effect, asking this Court to reweigh the evidence before the RPD and to come to
a different conclusion. Such is not the role of this Court upon judicial
review.
[17]
In conclusion, even if the RPD’s finding
regarding the existence of the Applicant’s friend is not supported by the
record, its other conclusions are. Keeping in mind that the RPD’s decision must
be reviewed as an organic whole, I find that when viewed as a whole, the
decision is reasonable as it falls within the range of possible, acceptable
outcomes which are defensible in respect of the facts and the law (Dunsmuir
at para 47).
[18]
Accordingly, the application for judicial review
is dismissed. No questions were proposed for certification and I agree that
none arise.
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