SUPREME
COURT OF CANADA
Citation: Alberta (Information and Privacy Commissioner) v.
University of Calgary, 2016 SCC 53, [2016] 2 S.C.R. 555
|
Appeal
heard: April 1, 2016
Judgment
rendered: November 25, 2016
Docket: 36460
|
Between:
Information
and Privacy Commissioner of Alberta
Appellant
and
Board
of Governors of the University of Calgary
Respondent
- and -
Law
Society of Alberta, British Columbia
Freedom
of Information and Privacy Association,
Information
and Privacy Commissioner of Ontario,
Information
and Privacy Commissioner for British Columbia,
Information
and Privacy Commissioner for the
Province
of Newfoundland and Labrador,
Advocates’
Society, Federation of Law Societies of Canada,
Canadian
Bar Association, Information Commissioner of Canada,
Privacy
Commissioner of Canada, Manitoba Ombudsman,
Northwest
Territories Information and Privacy Commissioner,
Nova
Scotia Information and Privacy Commissioner [Review Officer],
Nunavut
Information and Privacy Commissioner,
Saskatchewan
Information and Privacy Commissioner,
Yukon
Ombudsman and Information and Privacy Commissioner and
Criminal
Lawyers’ Association
Interveners
Coram: Abella, Cromwell, Moldaver, Karakatsanis, Wagner, Gascon and
Côté JJ.
Reasons for Judgment:
(paras. 1 to
71)
Partially Concurring Reasons:
(paras. 72 to 129)
Partially Concurring Reasons:
(paras. 130 to
138)
|
Côté J. (Moldaver, Karakatsanis,
Wagner, and Gascon JJ. concurring)
Cromwell J.
Abella J.
|
Alberta (Information
and Privacy Commissioner) v.
University of Calgary, 2016 SCC 53, [2016] 2 S.C.R. 555
Information and Privacy
Commissioner of Alberta Appellant
v.
Board of Governors of the University
of Calgary Respondent
and
Law Society of Alberta, British Columbia
Freedom of Information and Privacy
Association,
Information and Privacy Commissioner of
Ontario,
Information and Privacy Commissioner for
British Columbia,
Information and Privacy Commissioner for
the
Province of Newfoundland and Labrador,
Advocates’ Society, Federation of Law
Societies of Canada,
Canadian Bar Association, Information
Commissioner of Canada,
Privacy Commissioner of Canada, Manitoba
Ombudsman,
Northwest Territories Information and
Privacy Commissioner,
Nova Scotia Information and Privacy
Commissioner [Review Officer],
Nunavut Information and Privacy
Commissioner,
Saskatchewan Information and Privacy
Commissioner,
Yukon Ombudsman and Information and
Privacy Commissioner and
Criminal Lawyers’ Association Interveners
Indexed as: Alberta (Information and Privacy Commissioner) v.
University of Calgary
2016 SCC 53
File No.: 36460.
2016: April 1; 2016: November 25.
Present: Abella, Cromwell, Moldaver, Karakatsanis, Wagner, Gascon
and Côté JJ.
on appeal from the court of appeal for alberta
Privacy
— Investigation of complaints — Powers of Information and Privacy Commissioner
— Production of documents — Solicitor‑client privilege — Dismissed employee
filing complaint with Commissioner and seeking access to her personal
employment information — Employer claiming solicitor‑client privilege
over some documents — Whether statutory provision which requires public body to
produce records to Commissioner “[d]espite . . . any privilege of the
law of evidence” allows Commissioner to review documents over which solicitor‑client
privilege is claimed — If so, whether Commissioner made reviewable error by
ordering production of documents — Freedom of Information and Protection of
Privacy Act, R.S.A. 2000, c. F‑25, s. 56(3).
Administrative
law — Judicial review — Standard of review — Information and Privacy
Commissioner — Standard of review applicable to Commissioner’s decision to
compel production of records over which solicitor‑client privilege is
asserted — Freedom of Information and Protection of Privacy Act, R.S.A. 2000,
c. F‑25, s. 56(3).
In the context
of a constructive dismissal claim, a delegate of the Information and Privacy
Commissioner of Alberta ordered the production of records over which the
University of Calgary had claimed solicitor‑client privilege. The
delegate was acting in accordance with the Office of the Commissioner’s
“Solicitor‑Client Privilege Adjudication Protocol”, which required the
provision of a copy of “the records at issue” or two copies of “an affidavit or
unsworn evidence verifying solicitor‑client privilege over the records”
to substantiate the claim of solicitor‑client privilege. In compliance
with the law and the practice regarding identification of solicitor‑client
privileged documents in civil litigation in Alberta at that time, the
University provided a list of documents identified by page numbers, along with
a sworn affidavit indicating solicitor‑client privilege had been asserted
over the records.
After a further
request to substantiate the claim of privilege, the delegate issued a Notice to
Produce Records under s. 56(3) of the Freedom of Information and Protection
of Privacy Act (“FOIPP”). Under that section, a public body must
produce required records to the Commissioner “[d]espite . . . any
privilege of the law of evidence”. The University sought judicial review of the
delegate’s decision to issue the Notice. On judicial review, the Commissioner’s
decision was upheld, but on appeal, it was found that “any privilege of the law
of evidence”, as used in s. 56(3), did not refer to solicitor‑client
privilege.
Held:
The appeal should be dismissed.
Per Moldaver, Karakatsanis, Wagner, Gascon and Côté JJ.: Whether s. 56(3) of FOIPP allows the review of
documents over which solicitor‑client privilege is claimed is a question
of central importance to the legal system as a whole and outside the
Commissioner’s specialized area of expertise. The question of what statutory language
is sufficient to authorize administrative tribunals to infringe solicitor‑client
privilege is one that has potentially wide implications on other statutes.
Therefore, the applicable standard of review is correctness for both (i) the
decision that the Commissioner has the authority to require the production of
records over which solicitor‑client privilege is asserted, and (ii) the
decision to issue the Notice to Produce Records.
The
expression “any privilege of the law of evidence” does not require a public
body to produce to the Commissioner documents over which solicitor‑client
privilege is claimed. Solicitor‑client privilege is no longer merely a
privilege of the law of evidence, but a substantive right that is fundamental
to the proper functioning of our legal system. The disclosure of documents
pursuant to a statutorily established access to information regime, separate
from a judicial proceeding, engages solicitor‑client privilege in its
substantive, rather than evidentiary, context. To give effect to solicitor‑client
privilege as a fundamental policy of the law, legislative language purporting
to abrogate it, set it aside or infringe it must be interpreted restrictively
and must demonstrate a clear and unambiguous legislative intent to do so. Section
56(3) does not meet this standard and therefore fails to evince clear and
unambiguous legislative intent to set aside solicitor‑client privilege.
This interpretive approach is not a renunciation of the modern approach to
statutory interpretation, but recognizes legislative respect for fundamental
values.
Reading
s. 56(3) in the context of the statute as a whole supports the conclusion
that the legislature did not intend to set aside solicitor‑client
privilege. First, s. 27(1) of FOIPP unequivocally establishes that
a public body may refuse to disclose “information that is subject to any type
of legal privilege, including solicitor‑client privilege”. Second, this
interpretation is coherent. “[P]rivilege of the law of evidence”, as referenced
in s. 56(3), are a narrower category falling within the scope of the
broader category of “legal privilege”, as laid out in s. 27(1). Read together,
therefore, these two sections provide that a public body can refuse to disclose
documents subject to any “legal privilege”, while the Commissioner can obtain
production of those documents over which a “privilege of the law of evidence”
is asserted in order to adjudicate the claims of privilege. Third, given its
fundamental importance, one would expect that if the legislature had intended
to set aside solicitor‑client privilege, it would have legislated
safeguards to ensure that solicitor‑client privileged documents are not
disclosed in a manner that compromises the substantive right or addressed whether
disclosure of solicitor‑client privileged documents to the Commissioner
constitutes a waiver of privilege with respect to any other person.
Lastly,
even if the language of s. 56(3) did clearly evince legislative intent to
set aside solicitor‑client privilege, this was not an appropriate case in
which to order production to the Commissioner. Although the delegate found that
it was necessary to review the records because the University failed to present
evidence of its claim of solicitor‑client privilege as required by the
Protocol, the Protocol is not law. Rather, it is a guide established by the
Commissioner to assist adjudicators and public bodies. At the time, the
prevailing authority in Alberta in civil litigation allowed a party to bundle
and identify solicitor‑client privileged documents by document numbers,
and no evidence or argument was made to suggest that solicitor‑client
privilege had been falsely claimed by the University. In these circumstances,
the delegate erred in concluding that the claim needed to be reviewed to fairly
decide the issue.
Per Cromwell J.: The express language and the full context of s. 56(3) of the Freedom
of Information and Protection of Privacy Act demonstrate that the
legislature intended to abrogate solicitor‑client privilege to the extent
of permitting the Commissioner to order production of records over which
solicitor‑client privilege is asserted when necessary to adjudicate the
validity of that claim. Section
56(3) explicitly grants that authority “[d]espite . . . any privilege
of the law of evidence”, and to hold that solicitor‑client privilege is a
legal privilege but not a “privilege of the law of evidence” in FOIPP is
not justified.
The
grammatical and ordinary meaning of the words “any privilege of the law of
evidence” in s. 56(3) includes solicitor‑client privilege. Solicitor‑client
privilege is both an evidentiary privilege and a substantive principle, but, as
the University is seeking immunity from forced production by virtue of the
Commissioner’s statutory powers, the evidentiary privilege is at issue here.
The fact that s. 27(1) of FOIPP specifically includes the words
“solicitor‑client privilege” does not detract from this interpretation of
s. 56(3) because these provisions perform different functions.
Section 27(1) sets out a number of grounds upon which a public body can
refuse to order disclosure, whereas s. 56 provides what the Commissioner
can and cannot do in the context of conducting an inquiry. Nothing in either
section can be read as saying that the Commissioner is prevented from ordering
the production of documents subject to a claim of solicitor‑client
privilege in the context of answering all questions of law and fact that arise
in the course of an inquiry.
This
interpretation is also supported by a number of contextual factors. First, the
statutory scheme unambiguously supports the view that the legislature intended
the Commissioner to have the powers required to decide whether or not records
should be produced by a public body — including ruling on claims of privilege —
subject to judicial review of the exercise of those powers. Specifically, FOIPP
provides a detailed, self‑contained process for the disclosure of
information to an applicant, and the Commissioner would not be able to fulfill this
statutory mandate without the power to review a claim of solicitor‑client
privilege.
Second,
none of the factors that weigh against a finding that a statute abrogates
solicitor‑client privilege are in play here: the Commissioner has
adjudicative powers; the Commissioner does not appear on behalf of the
complainant; and the language used in s. 56(3) is not open‑textured
language governing production of documents. On the contrary, s. 56(3)
expressly provides that the power to order production applies notwithstanding
any privilege of the law of evidence.
Finally,
the debates leading up to the enactment of the first version of FOIPP support
an interpretation of s. 56(3) as abrogating solicitor‑client
privilege, as does the fact that the same expression in the parallel British
Columbia legislation clearly includes solicitor‑client privilege.
Even
though the Commissioner has the authority to compel production for review of
records over which solicitor‑client privilege is asserted and assuming,
without deciding, that the correctness standard of review applies, she made a
reviewable error to order production in the face of the evidence submitted in
relation to the claim of privilege. The University’s claim of privilege
complied with the requirements of Alberta civil litigation practice at the
time, and it was a reviewable error for the Commissioner’s delegate to impose a
more onerous standard on the University in relation to its assertion of
privilege than that applicable in civil litigation before the courts. The
evidence filed with the Commissioner clearly asserts that the documents are
communications between solicitor and client which entails the seeking or giving
of legal advice, and which is intended to be confidential by the parties.
Per Abella J.:
The standard of review in this case should be reasonableness in accordance with
this Court’s jurisprudence reviewing decisions of Information and Privacy
Commissioners, including decisions involving solicitor‑client privilege.
The question in this case does not fall within any of the categories which
attract correctness review under Dunsmuir v. New Brunswick, [2008] 1
S.C.R. 190. On the contrary, the Commissioner is interpreting her home statute,
which includes the express mandate to consider the application of solicitor‑client
privilege. This is classic “reasonableness review” territory.
But the
Commissioner’s decision to order disclosure was unreasonable. The Commissioner
should have exercised her discretion in a manner that interfered with solicitor‑client
privilege only to the extent absolutely necessary to achieve the ends sought by
her enabling legislation. In ordering disclosure, she did not sufficiently take into account
the fact that the University provided adequate justification for solicitor‑client
privilege, particularly in light of the laws and practices applicable in the
civil litigation context in Alberta.
Cases Cited
By Côté J.
Applied:
Canada (Privacy Commissioner) v. Blood Tribe Department of Health, 2008
SCC 44, [2008] 2 S.C.R. 574; Dunsmuir v. New Brunswick, 2008 SCC 9,
[2008] 1 S.C.R. 190; referred to: R. v. McClure, 2001 SCC 14,
[2001] 1 S.C.R. 445; Lavallee, Rackel & Heintz v. Canada (Attorney
General), 2002 SCC 61, [2002] 3 S.C.R. 209; Canada (National Revenue) v.
Thompson, 2016 SCC 21, [2016] 1 S.C.R. 381; Canadian National Railway
Co. v. Canada (Attorney General), 2014 SCC 40, [2014] 2 S.C.R. 135; Legal
Services Society v. British Columbia (Information and Privacy Commissioner),
2003 BCCA 278, 226 D.L.R. (4th) 20; Ontario (Public Safety and Security) v.
Criminal Lawyers’ Association, 2010 SCC 23, [2010] 1 S.C.R. 815; R. v.
Gruenke, [1991] 3 S.C.R. 263; Pritchard v. Ontario (Human Rights
Commission), 2004 SCC 31, [2004] 1 S.C.R. 809; Smith v. Jones,
[1999] 1 S.C.R. 455; Canada (Attorney General) v. Chambre des notaires du
Québec, 2016 SCC 20, [2016] 1 S.C.R. 336; Descôteaux v. Mierzwinski,
[1982] 1 S.C.R. 860; Solosky v. The Queen, [1980] 1 S.C.R. 821; Maranda
v. Richer, 2003 SCC 67, [2003] 3 S.C.R. 193; Canada (Attorney General)
v. Federation of Law Societies of Canada, 2015 SCC 7, [2015] 1 S.C.R. 401; Goodis
v. Ontario (Ministry of Correctional Services), 2006 SCC 31, [2006] 2
S.C.R. 32; R. v. Brown, 2002 SCC 32, [2002] 2 S.C.R. 185; Agraira v.
Canada (Public Safety and Emergency Preparedness), 2013 SCC 36, [2013] 2
S.C.R. 559; R. v. Barnier, [1980] 1 S.C.R. 1124; Ansell Canada Inc.
v. Ions World Corp. (1998), 28 C.P.C. (4th) 60; Dorchak v. Krupka,
1997 ABCA 89, 196 A.R. 81.
By Cromwell J.
Applied:
Canada (Privacy Commissioner) v. Blood Tribe Department of Health, 2008
SCC 44, [2008] 2 S.C.R. 574; referred to: Canada (National Revenue)
v. Thompson, 2016 SCC 21, [2016] 1 S.C.R. 381; Rizzo & Rizzo Shoes
Ltd. (Re), [1998] 1 S.C.R. 27; Lavallee, Rackel & Heintz v. Canada
(Attorney General), 2002 SCC 61, [2002] 3 S.C.R. 209; Foster Wheeler
Power Co. v. Société intermunicipale de gestion et d’élimination des déchets
(SIGED) inc., 2004 SCC 18, [2004] 1 S.C.R. 456; Descôteaux v.
Mierzwinski, [1982] 1 S.C.R. 860; Newfoundland and Labrador (Attorney
General) v. Information and Privacy Commissioner (Nfld. and Lab.), 2011
NLCA 69, 314 Nfld. & P.E.I.R. 305; Canada (Information Commissioner) v.
Canada (Minister of Environment) (2000), 187 D.L.R. (4th) 127; Canada
(Canadian Human Rights Commission) v. Canada (Attorney General), 2011 SCC
53, [2011] 3 S.C.R. 471; Merck Frosst Canada Ltd. v. Canada (Health),
2012 SCC 3, [2012] 1 S.C.R. 23; Dorchak v. Krupka, 1997 ABCA 89, 196
A.R. 81; Canadian Natural Resources Ltd. v. ShawCor Ltd., 2014 ABCA 289,
580 A.R. 265; Solosky v. The Queen, [1980] 1 S.C.R. 821.
By Abella J.
Applied:
Dunsmuir v. New Brunswick, 2008 SCC 9, [2008] 1 S.C.R. 190; referred
to: McLean v. British Columbia (Securities Commission), 2013 SCC 67,
[2013] 3 S.C.R. 895; Nor‑Man Regional Health Authority Inc. v.
Manitoba Association of Health Care Professionals, 2011 SCC 59, [2011] 3
S.C.R. 616; Alberta (Information and Privacy Commissioner) v. United Food
and Commercial Workers, Local 401, 2013 SCC 62, [2013] 3 S.C.R. 733; Canada
(Privacy Commissioner) v. Blood Tribe Department of Health, 2008 SCC 44,
[2008] 2 S.C.R. 574; Ontario (Community Safety and Correctional Services) v.
Ontario (Information and Privacy Commissioner), 2014 SCC 31, [2014] 1
S.C.R. 674; John Doe v. Ontario (Finance), 2014 SCC 36, [2014] 2 S.C.R.
3; Alberta (Information and Privacy Commissioner) v. Alberta Teachers’
Association, 2011 SCC 61, [2011] 3 S.C.R. 654; Ontario (Public Safety
and Security) v. Criminal Lawyers’ Association, 2010 SCC 23, [2010] 1
S.C.R. 815; Pritchard v. Ontario (Human Rights Commission), 2004 SCC 31,
[2004] 1 S.C.R. 809; Canada (National Revenue) v. Thompson, 2016 SCC 21,
[2016] 1 S.C.R. 381.
Statutes and Regulations Cited
Access to Information and Protection of Privacy Act, S.N.L. 2002, c. A‑1.1, s. 52.
Freedom of Information and Protection of Privacy Act, R.S.A. 2000, c. F‑25, ss. 2(c), (e), 7, 27, 53(1)(a),
56, 58, 59(1), (4), 65(1), 69(1), 70, 72(1), (2)(a), 73.
Freedom of Information and Protection of Privacy Act, R.S.B.C. 1996, c. 165, s. 44.
Freedom of Information and Protection of Privacy Act, S.A. 1994, c. F‑18.5, s. 54(3).
Freedom of Information and Protection of Privacy Amendment Act, 2003, S.B.C. 2003, c. 5, s. 15.
Personal Information Protection Act,
S.A. 2003, c. P‑6.5, s. 38(3).
Personal Information Protection and Electronic Documents Act, S.C. 2000, c. 5, ss. 12 [repl. 2010, c. 23,
s. 83], 12.1, 15.
Privacy Act, R.S.C. 1985, c. P‑21,
s. 34(2) .
Public Inquiries Act, R.S.A. 2000, c. P‑39.
Public Inquiry Act, S.B.C. 2007,
c. 9, s. 76.
Authors Cited
Alberta. Legislative Assembly. Alberta Hansard, 2nd Sess.,
23rd Leg., April 11, 1994, p. 1052.
Alberta. Legislative Assembly. Alberta Hansard, 2nd Sess.,
23rd Leg., April 18, 1994, pp. 1239‑40.
Alberta. Legislative Assembly. Alberta Hansard, 2nd Sess.,
23rd Leg., May 5, 1994, p. 1752.
Alberta. Office of the Information and Privacy Commissioner.
“Solicitor‑Client Privilege Adjudication Protocol”, October 2008 (online:
www.oipc.ab.ca/media/613544/practice_note_solicitor_client_privilege_protocol_oct2008.pdf).
Cross, Rupert. Cross on Evidence, 5th ed. London:
Butterworths, 1979.
Dodek, Adam M. Solicitor‑Client Privilege. Markham,
Ont.: LexisNexis, 2014.
Hubbard, Robert W., Susan Magotiaux and Suzanne M. Duncan.
The Law of Privilege in Canada. Aurora, Ont.: Canada Law Book, 2006
(loose‑leaf updated August 2016, release 35).
Lederman, Sidney N., Alan W. Bryant and Michelle K.
Fuerst. The Law of Evidence in Canada, 4th ed. Markham, Ont.:
LexisNexis, 2014.
Manes, Ronald D., and Michael P. Silver. Solicitor‑Client
Privilege in Canadian Law. Toronto: Butterworths, 1993.
Sullivan, Ruth. Sullivan on the Construction of Statutes, 6th
ed. Markham, Ont.: LexisNexis, 2014.
APPEAL
from a judgment of the Alberta Court of Appeal (Rowbotham, Bielby and Brown
JJ.A.), 2015 ABCA 118, 602 A.R. 35, 647 W.A.C. 35, 12 Alta. L.R. (6th) 272, 81
Admin. L.R. (5th) 257, 382 D.L.R. (4th) 299, [2015] 7 W.W.R. 213, [2015] A.J. No. 348
(QL), 2015 CarswellAlta 574 (WL Can.), setting aside a decision of Jones J.,
2013 ABQB 652, 90 Alta. L.R. (5th) 94, 574 A.R. 137, 66 Admin. L.R. (5th) 254,
[2013] A.J. No. 1233 (QL), 2013 CarswellAlta 2198 (WL Can.). Appeal dismissed.
Glenn Solomon,
Q.C., and Elizabeth Aspinall, for the appellant.
Robert W. Calvert, Q.C., and Michael D. A. Ford, Q.C.,
for the respondent.
David Phillip Jones,
Q.C., and Victoria A. Jones, for the intervener the Law Society
of Alberta.
Written submissions
only by Michael A. Feder and Emily MacKinnon, for the
intervener the British Columbia Freedom of Information and Privacy Association.
Lawren Murray and David
Goodis, for the intervener the Information and Privacy Commissioner of
Ontario.
Ivan Bernardo,
Q.C., Gerald Chipeur, Q.C., and Jill W. Wilkie,
for the intervener the Information and Privacy Commissioner for British
Columbia.
Andrew A. Fitzgerald, for the intervener the Information and Privacy Commissioner for
the Province of Newfoundland and Labrador.
Perry R. Mack,
Q.C., for the intervener the Advocates’ Society.
Mahmud Jamal and David
Rankin, for the intervener the Federation of Law Societies of Canada.
Michele H. Hollins, Q.C., James L. Lebo, Q.C., and Jason L.
Wilkins, for the intervener the Canadian Bar Association.
Marlys A. Edwardh, Daniel Sheppard, Regan Morris, Diane Therrien
and Aditya Ramachandran, for the interveners the Information
Commissioner of Canada, the Privacy Commissioner of Canada, the Manitoba
Ombudsman, the Northwest Territories Information and Privacy Commissioner, the
Nova Scotia Information and Privacy Commissioner [Review Officer], the Nunavut
Information and Privacy Commissioner, the Saskatchewan Information and Privacy
Commissioner and the Yukon Ombudsman and Information and Privacy Commissioner.
Written submissions
only by Brian Gover, Justin Safayeni and Carlo Di Carlo,
for the intervener the Criminal Lawyers’ Association.
The
judgment of Moldaver, Karakatsanis, Wagner, Gascon and Côté JJ. was
delivered by
Côté J. —
I.
Overview
[1]
This case involves a judicial review of a
decision pursuant to the Freedom of Information and Protection of
Privacy Act, R.S.A. 2000, c. F-25 (“FOIPP”). A delegate of the
Information and Privacy Commissioner of Alberta (“Commissioner”) ordered the
production of records over which solicitor-client privilege was claimed in
order to verify that the privilege was properly asserted. At the heart of this
appeal is whether s. 56(3) of FOIPP, which requires a public
body to produce required records to the Commissioner “[d]espite . . . any
privilege of the law of evidence”, allows the Commissioner and her delegates to
review documents over which solicitor-client privilege is claimed.
[2]
I conclude that s. 56(3) does not require a
public body to produce to the Commissioner documents over which
solicitor-client privilege is claimed. As this Court held in Canada (Privacy
Commissioner) v. Blood Tribe Department of Health, 2008 SCC 44, [2008] 2
S.C.R. 574, solicitor-client privilege cannot be set aside by inference but
only by legislative language that is clear, explicit and unequivocal. In the
present case, the provision at issue does not meet this standard and therefore
fails to evince clear and unambiguous legislative intent to set aside
solicitor-client privilege. It is well established that solicitor-client
privilege is no longer merely a privilege of the law of evidence, having
evolved into a substantive protection. Therefore, I am of the view that
solicitor-client privilege is not captured by the expression “privilege of the
law of evidence”. Moreover, a reading of s. 56(3) in the context of the
statute as a whole also supports the conclusion that the legislature did not
intend to set aside solicitor-client privilege. Further, even if s. 56(3)
could be construed as authorizing the Commissioner to review documents over
which privilege is claimed, this was not an appropriate case in which to order
production of the documents for review. Consequently, I would dismiss the
appeal.
II.
Facts
[3]
The University of Calgary (“University”) was
sued by a former employee who brought a claim of constructive dismissal. In
October 2008, the former employee made a request for access to information
under s. 7 of FOIPP, seeking records about her in the University’s
possession.
[4]
The University provided some records in response
to the request, but claimed solicitor-client privilege over other records. In
March 2009, the former employee brought an application under FOIPP
seeking production of the withheld records. A delegate of the Commissioner
(“delegate”) conducted an inquiry on the matter, acting in accordance with the
Office of the Commissioner’s “Solicitor-Client Privilege Adjudication Protocol”
(“Protocol”) (online). The Protocol states how, according to the Office of the
Commissioner, claims of solicitor-client privilege can be substantiated without
revealing the details of the communications. Basing himself on the Protocol,
the delegate issued a Notice of Inquiry instructing the University to provide a
copy of “the records at issue” or two copies of “an affidavit or unsworn
evidence verifying solicitor-client privilege over the records”.
[5]
In August 2010, the University declined to
provide a copy of the withheld records, and instead provided a list of
documents identified by page numbers only. This way of proceeding complied with
the law and the practice regarding identification of solicitor-client
privileged documents in civil litigation in Alberta at that time. The
University also provided a sworn affidavit from its Access and Privacy
Coordinator indicating solicitor-client privilege had been asserted over the
records. Later, the University further provided a letter from its Provost and
Vice-President (Academic), asserting solicitor-client privilege over the
records.
[6]
In September 2010, the delegate directed
the University to substantiate its claim of solicitor-client privilege by
either providing him with a copy of the records, or providing additional
information regarding the records at issue, including, for example, the date
and length of the record, and some information regarding the author and
addressee.
[7]
The University did not comply with either
direction. As a result, the delegate issued a Notice to Produce Records under
s. 56(3) of FOIPP, requiring the University to produce the
documents for review. Section 56(3) reads:
(3)
Despite any other enactment or any privilege of the law of evidence, a public
body must produce to the Commissioner within 10 days any record or a copy of
any record required under subsection (1) or (2).
[8]
The University again did not comply, and in
October 2010 sought judicial review of the delegate’s decision to issue the
Notice to Produce Records. This is the matter on appeal.
[9]
It is noteworthy that the applicant, the former
employee, is not a party to the present appeal. Her litigation against the
University concluded in 2012 and she has had no involvement in the matter since
then (2012 ABQB 342, 545 A.R. 110). Therefore, the claim for production is moot
at this time.
III.
Decisions Below
A.
Information and Privacy Commissioner of Alberta
[10]
In his decision rendered October 20, 2010,
the delegate required the University to produce a copy of the records over
which solicitor-client privilege was claimed, to allow the delegate to
determine whether solicitor-client privilege had been properly asserted. The
delegate concluded that this case was an exceptional one, as the University of
Calgary had failed to present adequate evidence of its claim of
solicitor-client privilege, and therefore it was necessary to review the
records in question to determine whether the University had properly withheld
the records.
B.
Alberta Court of Queen’s Bench, 2013 ABQB 652,
574 A.R. 137
[11]
On judicial review, Justice Jones first
concluded that the appropriate standard of review was correctness. He applied
the modern approach to statutory interpretation and found that s. 56(3) of
FOIPP permits the Commissioner to compel the production of disputed
records to verify claims of solicitor-client privilege. He reviewed the
jurisprudence on similar provisions in other statutes, and concluded that the
Alberta legislature’s intent in enacting FOIPP was clear. The
application judge also found that the provisions of FOIPP do not work
together effectively unless the Commissioner has the power to compel the
production of information over which privilege is alleged since FOIPP
provides no other mechanism to review that type of claim.
[12]
The application judge then considered the
delegate’s exercise of the power to compel the production of the documents. He
found that the delegate had correctly issued the notice, noting that the
University had refused to substantiate in any other way its claims of
solicitor-client privilege. Overall, he concluded the delegate’s approach
established “a framework that interferes with the confidentiality and privilege
only to the extent absolutely necessary” (para. 233).
C.
Alberta Court of Appeal, 2015 ABCA 118, 602 A.R.
35
[13]
The Court of Appeal allowed the University’s
appeal, concluding that the Commissioner did not have statutory authority to
compel the production of records over which solicitor-client privilege was
asserted. It agreed with the application judge that the applicable standard of
review was correctness. Regarding statutory interpretation, however, the Court
of Appeal held that Blood Tribe ousts the modern approach to statutory
interpretation where solicitor-client privilege is at stake. Instead, the rule
of strict construction applies, which requires clear, explicit and specific
reference to solicitor-client privilege.
[14]
Following the rule of strict construction, the Court
of Appeal concluded that an inference would need to be drawn to conclude that
“any privilege of the law of evidence” refers to solicitor-client privilege.
Therefore, the language of s. 56(3) was found to be not sufficiently
specific to evince clear legislative intent.
[15]
The Court of Appeal also observed that a number
of contextual factors supported its conclusion. First, neither the Commissioner
nor her delegate needed to be a lawyer and could lack the legal training
necessary to adjudicate claims of solicitor-client privilege. Second, FOIPP authorized
the Commissioner to disclose information relating to the commission of an
offence to the Minister of Justice and the Attorney General. Third, s. 38(3)
of the Personal Information Protection Act, S.A. 2003, c. P‑6.5,
which applies to law firms, also permits the Commissioner to require the
production of records “[n]otwithstanding . . . any privilege of the law of
evidence”. The Court of Appeal noted that allowing solicitor-client privilege
to be infringed in that context would be undesirable.
IV.
Issues
[16]
This appeal raises the following questions:
1. What is the appropriate standard
of review applicable to the Commissioner’s decision?
2. What approach to statutory
interpretation applies to provisions purporting to abrogate, pierce, set aside
or infringe solicitor-client privilege?
3. Does s. 56(3) of FOIPP
require a public body to produce to the Commissioner records over which
solicitor-client privilege is claimed?
V.
Submissions of the Parties
A.
Information and Privacy Commissioner of Alberta
[17]
The Commissioner argues that the appropriate
standard of review is reasonableness. Regarding statutory interpretation, she
submits a purposive analysis should be applied. In brief, the Commissioner
takes the position that s. 56(3) of FOIPP expressly grants her the
power to review records over which solicitor-client privilege is claimed. She
argues that solicitor-client privilege is a privilege of the law of evidence;
thus the words “any privilege of the law of evidence” in s. 56(3) clearly
abrogate solicitor-client privilege. The Commissioner submits that the
substantive nature of solicitor-client privilege does not preclude this
interpretation, and she argues that a contextual analysis supports her
position.
B.
Board of Governors of the University of Calgary
[18]
In contrast, the University’s Board of Governors
argues that the appropriate standard of review is correctness. Regarding
statutory interpretation, it submits that express, clear and precise words are
necessary to permit the Commissioner to pierce solicitor-client privilege. The
University’s Board of Governors’ primary argument is that s. 56(3) does
not contain express words to that effect since solicitor-client privilege has
been elevated from a rule of evidence to a substantive and fundamental rule of
law. In the alternative, the University’s Board of Governors submits that even
if s. 56(3) could be construed as expressly giving the Commissioner the
power to pierce solicitor-client privilege, disclosure was not appropriate in
this case. The University’s Board of Governors also argues that a contextual
analysis supports its position.
VI.
Analysis
A.
Standard of Review
[19]
The application judge and the Court of Appeal
concluded that the applicable standard of review was correctness. I agree.
[20]
Whether FOIPP allows solicitor-client
privilege to be set aside is a question of central importance to the legal
system as a whole and outside the Commissioner’s specialized area of expertise.
As this Court said in Blood Tribe, solicitor-client privilege is
“fundamental to the proper functioning of our legal system” (para. 9). It is
also a privilege that has acquired constitutional dimensions as both a
principle of fundamental justice and a part of a client’s fundamental right to
privacy (R. v. McClure, 2001 SCC 14, [2001] 1 S.C.R. 445, at para. 41;
Lavallee, Rackel & Heintz v. Canada (Attorney General), 2002 SCC 61,
[2002] 3 S.C.R. 209, at para. 46; see also Canada (National Revenue) v.
Thompson, 2016 SCC 21, [2016] 1 S.C.R. 381, at para. 17). Further, as
the Court of Appeal observed, the question of what statutory language is
sufficient to authorize administrative tribunals to infringe solicitor-client
privilege is a question that has potentially wide implications on other
statutes.
[21]
In Canadian National Railway Co. v.
Canada (Attorney General), 2014 SCC 40, [2014] 2 S.C.R. 135, Rothstein J.,
writing for the Court, discussed how a question of statutory interpretation
that does not have wide implications on other statutes would not
be of central importance to the legal system as a whole and would thus attract
a reasonableness standard. Paragraph 60 of National Railway reads
as follows:
This is also
not a question of central importance to the legal system as a whole. The
question at issue centres on the interpretation of s. 120.1 of the [Canada
Transportation Act, S.C. 1996, c. 10 (“CTA ”)]. The question is
particular to this specific regulatory regime as it involves confidential
contracts as provided for under the CTA and the availability of a
complaint-based mechanism that is limited to shippers that meet the statutory
conditions under s. 120.1(1) . This question does not have precedential value
outside of issues arising under this statutory scheme.
Conversely, it follows
that where — as in this case — the question does have wide implications
on other statues, the appropriate standard of review is correctness.
[22]
In addition, there is nothing to suggest that
the Commissioner has particular expertise with respect to solicitor-client
privilege, an issue which has traditionally been adjudicated by courts (see Legal
Services Society v. British Columbia (Information and Privacy Commissioner),
2003 BCCA 278, 226 D.L.R. (4th) 20, at para. 25). Therefore, the
applicable standard of review is correctness (Dunsmuir v. New Brunswick,
2008 SCC 9, [2008] 1 S.C.R. 190, at para. 60), for both (i) the decision
that the Commissioner has the authority to require the production of records
over which solicitor-client privilege is asserted, and (ii) the decision to
issue the Notice to Produce Records.
[23]
My colleague Justice Abella thinks otherwise.
Drawing from six judgments of this Court involving disclosure decisions by
Information and Privacy Commissioners, she suggests that there is a “clear
lineage” of cases dictating that the standard of review in this appeal should
be reasonableness. With respect, I cannot agree.
[24]
Of the six decisions identified by Abella J.,
only two mention solicitor-client privilege. One of them is Blood Tribe,
in which Binnie J. in effect reviewed the impugned decision on the standard of
correctness, although he did not expressly state so. The other is Ontario
(Public Safety and Security) v. Criminal Lawyers’ Association, 2010 SCC 23,
[2010] 1 S.C.R. 815, which addressed, as a secondary issue,
whether the Assistant Commissioner properly exercised his discretion under a
provision explicitly permitting him to exempt from disclosure documents subject
to solicitor-client privilege. That was it. Resolution of that question had few
ramifications on the principle of solicitor-client privilege and its
application beyond the particular exercise of discretion in that case.
[25]
The question here is different. It does not just
ask whether the Commissioner exercised her discretion appropriately in the
instant case. It asks whether the phrase “privilege of the law of evidence”
suffices to identify, for the purpose of abrogation, the substantive features
of solicitor-client privilege. This necessitates an inquiry into both the
substantive and evidentiary qualities of the privilege.
[26]
The importance of solicitor-client privilege to
our justice system cannot be overstated. It is a legal privilege concerned with
the protection of a relationship that has a central importance to the legal
system as a whole. In R. v. Gruenke, [1991] 3 S.C.R. 263, Chief Justice
Lamer described its rationale as follows:
The prima facie protection for
solicitor-client communications is based on the fact that the relationship and
the communications between solicitor and client are essential to the
effective operation of the legal system. Such communications are
inextricably linked with the very system which desires the disclosure of the
communication . . . . [Emphasis added; p. 289.]
[27]
Having determined that the applicable standard
of review is correctness, I now proceed to apply this standard to the decision
at hand.
B.
Principles of Statutory Interpretation
[28]
To give effect to solicitor-client privilege as
a fundamental policy of the law, legislative language purporting to abrogate
it, set it aside or infringe it must be interpreted restrictively and must
demonstrate a clear and unambiguous legislative intent to do so. The privilege
cannot be set aside by inference (Blood Tribe, at para. 11; Pritchard
v. Ontario (Human Rights Commission), 2004 SCC 31, [2004] 1 S.C.R. 809, at
para. 33; Lavallee, at para. 18). As this Court affirmed in Thompson:
. . . it is
only where legislative language evinces a clear intent to abrogate
solicitor-client privilege in respect of specific information that a court may
find that the statutory provision in question actually does so. Such an intent
cannot simply be inferred from the nature of the statutory scheme or its
legislative history, although these might provide supporting context where the
language of the provision is already sufficiently clear. If the provision is
not clear, however, it must not be found to be intended to strip
solicitor-client privilege from communications or documents that this privilege
would normally protect. [para. 25]
[29]
I would also add that this requirement is not a
renunciation of the modern approach to statutory interpretation. Indeed, on my
reading, Blood Tribe does not preclude using a full modern approach to
interpret words purportedly abrogating privilege. Rather than supporting
adoption of a strict construction rule, the analysis conducted in Blood
Tribe reflects what is essentially the modern approach to statutory
interpretation when dealing with solicitor-client privilege, insofar as it
recognizes legislative respect for fundamental values. The modern approach was
followed by this Court in Thompson, and the same approach is followed
here. Therefore, in no way is this Court returning to the plain meaning rule or
abandoning the modern approach.
C.
Freedom of Information and Protection of Privacy
Act
[30]
Access to information is an important element of
a modern democratic society. As this Court stated in Criminal Lawyers’
Association:
Access to information in the hands
of public institutions can increase transparency in government, contribute to
an informed public, and enhance an open and democratic society. Some
information in the hands of those institutions is, however, entitled to
protection in order to prevent the impairment of those very principles and
promote good governance. [para. 1]
[31]
One of the purposes of FOIPP is “to allow
individuals, subject to limited and specific exceptions as set out in this Act,
a right of access to personal information about themselves that is held by a
public body” (s. 2(c)). As the language of s. 2(c) reveals, the
statute does not grant unfettered access to records; requests for access are
subject to certain exceptions.
[32]
FOIPP also
creates a process for conducting “independent reviews of decisions made by
public bodies under this Act and the resolution of complaints under this Act” (s. 2(e)).
In this regard, a person making a request for access to a record “may ask the
Commissioner to review any decision, act or failure to act” of the head of a
public body relating to the request (s. 65(1)). The Commissioner’s
responsibilities include conducting investigations to ensure compliance with FOIPP
(s. 53(1)(a)) and conducting inquiries to deal with requests for a review
(s. 69(1)).
[33]
At the heart of this appeal is s. 56(3) of FOIPP.
Section 56 reads as follows:
56(1) In conducting an investigation under section 53(1)(a) or an
inquiry under section 69 or 74.5 or in giving advice and recommendations under
section 54, the Commissioner has all the powers, privileges and immunities of a
commissioner under the Public Inquiries Act and the powers given by
subsection (2) of this section.
(2) The Commissioner may require any record to be produced to the
Commissioner and may examine any information in a record, including personal
information whether or not the record is subject to the provisions of this Act.
(3) Despite any other enactment or any privilege of the law of
evidence, a public body must produce to the Commissioner within 10 days any
record or a copy of any record required under subsection (1) or (2).
The primary issue in this
case is whether s. 56(3) of FOIPP requires a public body to produce
to the Commissioner records over which solicitor-client privilege is claimed,
to review the validity of the claim. This appeal therefore deals with the
obligation of the University to disclose solicitor-client privileged documents
to the Commissioner for review. This appeal does not raise the issue of whether
the Commissioner may order the disclosure of solicitor-client privileged
documents to the applicant.
D.
Solicitor-Client Privilege
[34]
It is indisputable that solicitor-client
privilege is fundamental to the proper functioning of our legal system and a
cornerstone of access to justice (Blood Tribe, at para. 9). Lawyers
have the unique role of providing advice to clients within a complex legal
system (McClure, at para. 2). Without the assurance of
confidentiality, people cannot be expected to speak honestly and candidly with
their lawyers, which compromises the quality of the legal advice they receive
(see Smith v. Jones, [1999] 1 S.C.R. 455, at para. 46). It is
therefore in the public interest to protect solicitor-client privilege. For
this reason, “privilege is jealously guarded and should only be set aside in
the most unusual circumstances” (Pritchard, at para. 17).
[35]
Further, solicitor-client privilege belongs to
the client, not to the lawyer (Canada (Attorney General) v. Chambre des
notaires du Québec, 2016 SCC 20, [2016] 1 S.C.R. 336, at para. 48; Blood
Tribe, at para. 9). Seen through the eyes of the client,
compelled disclosure to an administrative officer alone constitutes an
infringement of the privilege (Blood Tribe, at para. 21).
Therefore, compelled disclosure to the Commissioner for the purpose of
verifying solicitor-client privilege is itself an infringement of the
privilege, regardless of whether or not the Commissioner may disclose the
information onward to the applicant.
[36]
In this regard, it is noteworthy that the
Commissioner is not an impartial adjudicator of the same nature as a court. FOIPP
empowers the Commissioner to exercise both adjudicative and investigatory
functions. Unlike a court, the Commissioner can become adverse in interest to a
public body. The Commissioner may take a public body to court and become a
party in litigation against a public body that refuses to disclose information.
These features of the Commissioner’s powers further indicate that disclosure to
the Commissioner is itself an infringement of solicitor-client privilege.
E.
Application
[37]
The key issue in this case is whether s. 56(3)
of FOIPP, which requires a public body to produce to the Commissioner
records “[d]espite . . . any privilege of the law of evidence”, allows the
Commissioner to review documents that the University claims are protected by
solicitor-client privilege. I conclude that “any privilege of the law of
evidence” is not sufficiently clear and precise to set aside or permit an
infringement of solicitor-client privilege.
(1)
Solicitor-Client Privilege Is Not Merely a Rule
of Evidence
[38]
First, it is well established that
solicitor-client privilege has evolved from a rule of evidence to a rule of
substance (Blood Tribe, at para. 10; Thompson, at
para. 17; Chambre des notaires, at para. 28). Further, as
indicated above, some even suggest that the Court has granted it a quasi-constitutional
status.
[39]
Formerly, solicitor-client privilege as a rule
of evidence meant that a client and his or her lawyer were not required to
tender confidential communications into evidence in a judicial proceeding (Descôteaux
v. Mierzwinski, [1982] 1 S.C.R. 860, at p. 876, citing R. Cross, Cross
on Evidence (5th ed. 1979), at p. 282). As R. D. Manes and M. P.
Silver state in Solicitor-Client Privilege in Canadian Law (1993), at
p. 2:
The origin
of the law of privilege goes back to Tudor times in England, and originated as
a respect for the oath and honour of a lawyer who was duty-bound to guard the
client’s secrets. At first, the duty was restricted to an exemption only
from testimonial compulsion, that is, the right of the lawyer or client to
refuse to testify in court regarding confidential communications. [Emphasis
added; footnote omitted.]
In its early days,
solicitor-client privilege was restricted in operation to an exemption from
testimonial compulsion (Solosky v. The Queen, [1980] 1 S.C.R. 821, at
p. 834).
[40]
As early as Solosky, however, this Court
recognized that solicitor-client privilege had been placed “on a new plane”,
and extended beyond the courtroom context (p. 836). Two years later, in Descôteaux,
this Court elaborated on solicitor-client privilege as a substantive rule and
formulated it as follows:
1.
The confidentiality of communications between
solicitor and client may be raised in any circumstances where such
communications are likely to be disclosed without the client’s consent.
2.
Unless the law provides otherwise, when and to
the extent that the legitimate exercise of a right would interfere with another
person’s right to have his communications with his lawyer kept confidential,
the resulting conflict should be resolved in favour of protecting the
confidentiality.
3.
When the law gives someone the authority to do
something which, in the circumstances of the case, might interfere with that
confidentiality, the decision to do so and the choice of means of exercising
that authority should be determined with a view to not interfering with it
except to the extent absolutely necessary in order to achieve the ends sought
by the enabling legislation.
4.
Acts providing otherwise in situations under
paragraph 2 and enabling legislation referred to in paragraph 3 must be
interpreted restrictively. [p. 875]
Thus, the substantive
rule expanded the circumstances in which solicitor-client privilege applies,
and also introduced protections governing when the privilege can be abrogated,
set aside or infringed.
[41]
Following Descôteaux, this Court has
found solicitor-client privilege to apply in circumstances outside the
courtroom, including search and seizure of documents in a lawyer’s office (Lavallee;
Maranda v. Richer, 2003 SCC 67, [2003] 3 S.C.R. 193; Canada (Attorney
General) v. Federation of Law Societies of Canada, 2015 SCC 7, [2015] 1
S.C.R. 401) and disclosure of documents in the context of access to information
legislation (Blood Tribe; Goodis v. Ontario (Ministry of Correctional
Services), 2006 SCC 31, [2006] 2 S.C.R. 32; Criminal Lawyers’
Association). In its modern form, solicitor-client privilege is not merely
a rule of evidence; it is “a rule of evidence, an important civil and legal right
and a principle of fundamental justice in Canadian law” (Lavallee, at
para. 49).
[42]
I find that the present case engages
solicitor-client privilege in its substantive, rather than evidentiary,
context. This case is not occupied with the tendering of privileged materials
as evidence in a judicial proceeding. Rather, it deals with disclosure of
documents pursuant to a statutorily established access to information regime,
separate from a legal proceeding. While it is true that the person who applied
for the information was initially seeking the information for use as evidence
in separate litigation against the University, her lawsuit has since ended. In
addition, the Privacy Commissioner is not seeking to review the
solicitor-client privileged information as evidence in order to decide a legal
dispute. The disclosure of the information in this context is therefore not
related to the “evidentiary privilege”. Rather, disclosure in this case is more
akin to the review of mail being delivered to prison inmates, which this Court
addressed in Solosky. In that case, as it was described in Descôteaux,
the Court “applied a standard that has nothing to do with the rule of evidence
. . . since there was never any question of testimony before a tribunal or
court” (p. 875). Equally, the absence of such a question here highlights
the engagement of solicitor-client privilege in its substantive, rather than
evidentiary, role.
[43]
This Court has repeatedly affirmed that, as a
substantive rule, solicitor-client privilege must remain as close to absolute
as possible and should not be interfered with unless absolutely necessary (Chambre
des notaires, at para. 28, citing Lavallee, at
paras. 36-37, McClure, at para. 35, R. v. Brown, 2002
SCC 32, [2002] 2 S.C.R. 185, at para. 27, and Goodis, at
para. 15). Within the evidentiary context of criminal proceedings, for
example, the substantive nature of solicitor-client privilege has been
interpreted as meaning the privilege only yields in “certain clearly defined
circumstances, and does not involve a balancing of interests on a case-by-case
basis” (McClure, at para. 35). These limited categories, which will
only be satisfied in rare circumstances, include the accused’s right to make
full answer and defence (McClure; Brown) and where public safety is
at stake (Smith).
[44]
Given that this Court has consistently and
repeatedly described solicitor-client privilege as a substantive rule rather
than merely an evidentiary rule, I am of the view that the expression
“privilege of the law of evidence” does not adequately identify the broader
substantive interests protected by solicitor-client privilege. This expression
is therefore not sufficiently clear, explicit and unequivocal to evince
legislative intent to set aside solicitor-client privilege. In contrast, some
categories of privilege, such as spousal communication privilege, religious
communication privilege and the privilege over settlement discussions, only
operate in the evidentiary context of a court proceeding. Such privileges
clearly fall squarely within the scope of “privilege of the law of evidence”.
[45]
In this regard, it is noteworthy that s. 56(3)
of FOIPP was first enacted in its present form in 1994, in the Freedom
of Information and Protection of Privacy Act, S.A. 1994, c. F-18.5,
s. 54(3). At that time, the elevation of solicitor-client privilege from a
privilege of the law of evidence into a substantive privilege had been well
established in the jurisprudence for over a decade.
(2)
Blood Tribe Does
Not Stand for the Proposition That Solicitor-Client Privilege Is a “Privilege
of the Law of Evidence”
[46]
The Commissioner argues that, according to Blood
Tribe, the phrase “any privilege of the law of evidence” is sufficiently
clear and precise to abrogate solicitor-client privilege. In Blood Tribe,
the provision at issue was s. 12 of the Personal Information Protection
and Electronic Documents Act, S.C. 2000, c. 5 (“PIPEDA ”), which
permitted the Privacy Commissioner of Canada to compel the production of any
record “in the same manner and to the same extent as a superior court of
record” (now s. 12.1 ; see S.C. 2010, c. 23, s. 83 ). This Court
concluded that s. 12 of PIPEDA amounted to a general production
provision and was not sufficiently express to abrogate solicitor-client
privilege (para. 21).
[47]
In Blood Tribe, the Privacy
Commissioner of Canada argued that her investigatory powers under PIPEDA should
be interpreted consistently with her powers under the Privacy Act,
R.S.C. 1985, c. P-21 , which allowed her to examine information
notwithstanding “any privilege under the law of evidence” (s. 34(2) ).
Justice Binnie, writing for the Court, rejected this argument. He observed that
the Privacy Commissioner of Canada’s powers under PIPEDA and the Privacy
Act were not the same since, unlike the general production provision in PIPEDA,
s. 34(2) of the Privacy Act contained “explicit language granting
access to confidences” (para. 28).
[48]
In this appeal, the Commissioner now argues that
s. 34(2) of the Privacy Act , which Justice Binnie observed
contained “explicit language granting access to confidences”, is very similar
to the provision presently at issue. Section 34(2) of the Privacy Act reads
as follows:
(2)
Notwithstanding any other Act of Parliament or any privilege under the law
of evidence, the Privacy Commissioner may, during the investigation of any
complaint under this Act, examine any information recorded in any form under
the control of a government institution, other than a confidence of the Queen’s
Privy Council for Canada to which subsection 70(1) applies, and no information
that the Commissioner may examine under this subsection may be withheld from
the Commissioner on any grounds.
[49]
I do not accept the Commissioner’s argument that
Blood Tribe supports her interpretation, for two reasons. First, this
Court specifically acknowledged in Blood Tribe that the scope of s. 34(2)
of the Privacy Act was not at issue, and that “[t]he proper
interpretation of s. 34(2) must await a case in which it is squarely
raised” (para. 29). In Blood Tribe, this Court turned to s. 34(2)
merely to demonstrate that the powers of the Privacy Commissioner of Canada
were not the same under PIPEDA and the Privacy Act in response to
an argument raised by the Privacy Commissioner (paras. 28-29). The Court
in Blood Tribe did not lay out definitive criteria with respect to the
words contained in s. 34(2) of the Privacy Act .
[50]
Second, while the terms “privilege under the law
of evidence” or “privilege of the law of evidence” contain explicit language
granting access to some confidences, as Justice Binnie acknowledged, I am of
the view that they do not clearly set aside or permit to infringe
solicitor-client privilege. As I have discussed, solicitor-client privilege is
not merely a rule of evidence, having been elevated to a rule of substance.
Further, a contextual interpretation of s. 56(3) within the scheme of FOIPP
supports the conclusion that the legislature did not intend to set aside
solicitor-client privilege.
(3)
The Statutory Scheme Supports a Finding That
Solicitor-Client Privilege Is Not Set Aside
[51]
In addition to the lack of clear, explicit and
unequivocal language in the provision, a reading of s. 56(3) in the
context of the statute as a whole supports the conclusion that the legislature
did not intend to set aside solicitor-client privilege.
[52]
First, s. 27(1) of FOIPP
unequivocally establishes that a public body may refuse to disclose
solicitor-client privileged documents:
27(1) The head of a public body may refuse to disclose to an applicant
(a) information that is subject to any type of legal privilege,
including solicitor-client privilege or parliamentary privilege,
Section 27(1) recognizes
and protects a public body’s right to solicitor-client privilege, using the
term “solicitor-client privilege”. This indicates that the legislature had
turned its mind to the specific issue of solicitor-client privilege and was
alive to its significance. If the legislature had intended s. 56(3) to
compel a public body to produce to the Commissioner documents over which
solicitor-client privilege is asserted, it could have used clear, explicit and
unequivocal language, as it did in s. 27(1) of the same statute where it
granted public bodies a right to assert solicitor-client privilege over
information. When setting out the Commissioner’s production powers, the
legislation did not use equally precise language that would set aside the
privilege for the Commissioner, or permit her to infringe it.
[53]
In addition, the use of the term “privilege of
the law of evidence” in s. 56(3) in contrast to “legal privilege” in s. 27(1)
is significant, since legislatures are presumed to use expressions consistently
within a statute (R. Sullivan, Sullivan on the Construction of Statutes (6th
ed. 2014), at §8.36). Therefore, where different terms are used in a single
piece of legislation, they must be understood to have different meanings;
otherwise the legislature would have employed only one term or the other (Agraira
v. Canada (Public Safety and Emergency Preparedness), 2013 SCC 36, [2013] 2
S.C.R. 559, at para. 81; R. v. Barnier, [1980] 1 S.C.R. 1124, at pp. 1135-36).
If the legislature intended to allow the Commissioner to compel the production
of documents over which solicitor-client privilege is asserted under
s. 56(3), it could have done so using the words it used in s. 27(1)
rather than the phrase “privilege of the law of evidence”.
[54]
Second, this interpretation is a coherent one.
In the context of FOIPP, the term “legal privilege” is a broader
category than “privilege of the law of evidence”. As Professor Sullivan states,
“[t]he purpose of a list of examples following the word ‘including’ is normally
to emphasize the broad range of general language and to ensure that it is not
inappropriately read down so as to exclude something that is meant to be
included” (§4.39). In the case of s. 27(1), the general language of the
phrase “any type of legal privilege” is followed by “including solicitor-client
privilege or parliamentary privilege” to ensure that those two sources of
privilege, among the most highly protected privileges, are included. This
provision clearly demonstrates the legislature’s intent to protect a broad
range of privileged documents from forced disclosure by a public body to an
applicant.
[55]
“[A]ny privilege of the law of evidence” is a
narrower category falling within the scope of “legal privilege”. Under s. 56(3),
a public body is required to produce to the Commissioner documents over which a
“privilege of the law of evidence” is claimed to assess the validity of the
privilege.
[56]
Read together, ss. 27(1) and 56(3) provide
that a public body can refuse to disclose documents subject to any “legal
privilege”. The Commissioner can obtain production of some privileged documents
for review, namely those over which a “privilege of the law of evidence” is
asserted, and can adjudicate claims of privilege in those cases.
[57]
Solicitor-client privilege is clearly a “legal
privilege” under s. 27(1), but not clearly a “privilege of the law of
evidence” under s. 56(3). As discussed, the expression “privilege of the
law of evidence” is not sufficiently precise to capture the broader substantive
importance of solicitor-client privilege. Therefore, the head of a public body
may refuse to disclose such information pursuant to s. 27(1), and the
Commissioner cannot compel its disclosure for review under s. 56(3). This
simply means that the Commissioner will not be able to review documents over
which solicitor-client privilege is claimed. This result is consistent with the
nature of solicitor-client privilege as a highly protected privilege.
[58]
Third, given its fundamental importance, one
would expect that if the legislature had intended to set aside solicitor-client
privilege, it would have legislated certain safeguards to ensure that solicitor-client
privileged documents are not disclosed in a manner that compromises the
substantive right. In addition, there is no provision in FOIPP addressing
whether disclosure of solicitor-client privileged documents to the Commissioner
constitutes a waiver of privilege with respect to any other person. The
absence from FOIPP of any guidance on when and to what extent
solicitor-client privilege may be set aside suggests that the legislature did
not intend to pierce the privilege.
[59]
Overall, this does not mean that an applicant
does not have recourse to other means to seek disclosure of documents over
which solicitor-client privilege is claimed. It is noteworthy that, in this
case, the applicant had the opportunity to do so through the courts in the
context of the action she brought against the University. In the course of that
action, however, she did not make such a request.
[60]
I agree with my colleague Justice Cromwell that
parallel legislation may assist in the interpretation of statutes. But words
and phrases cannot be extricated from their specific statutory context and
cross-applied automatically to other legislation. A closer look at British
Columbia’s Freedom of Information and Protection of Privacy Act, R.S.B.C.
1996, c. 165, s. 44(3), in comparison with the statute at hand,
demonstrates significant differences between the operational frameworks of the
Alberta and British Columbia statutes, including with respect to the powers of
the Commissioner:
The
Alberta Statute
Powers of Commissioner in
conducting investigations or inquiries
56(1) In conducting an investigation under section 53(1)(a) or
an inquiry under section 69 or 74.5 or in giving advice and recommendations
under section 54, the Commissioner has all the powers, privileges and
immunities of a commissioner under the Public Inquiries Act and the
powers given by subsection (2) of this section.
(2) The Commissioner may require any record to be produced
to the Commissioner and may examine any information in a record, including
personal information whether or not the record is subject to the provisions of
this Act.
(3) Despite any other enactment or any privilege of the law
of evidence, a public body must produce to the Commissioner within 10 days any
record or a copy of any record required under subsection (1) or (2).
The
British Columbia Statute
Powers of commissioner in
conducting investigations, audits or inquiries
44 (1) For the purposes of
conducting an investigation or an audit under section 42 or an inquiry under
section 56, the commissioner may make an order requiring a person to do
either or both of the following:
(a)
attend, in person or by electronic means, before the commissioner to answer
questions on oath or affirmation, or in any other manner;
(b)
produce for the commissioner a record in the custody or under the control of
the person, including a record containing personal information.
(2)
The commissioner may apply to the Supreme Court for an order
(a)
directing a person to comply with an order made under subsection (1), or
(b)
directing any directors and officers of a person to cause the person to
comply with an order made under subsection (1).
(2.1)
If a person discloses a record that is subject to solicitor client privilege
to the commissioner at the request of the commissioner, or under subsection
(1), the solicitor client privilege of the record is not affected by the
disclosure.
(3)
Despite any other enactment or any privilege of the law of evidence, a public
body must produce to the commissioner within 10 days any record or a copy of
any record required under subsection (1).
[61]
Unlike the legislation at hand, s. 44 of
the British Columbia Act does not give the Commissioner broad powers to compel
the production of records. Significantly, the British Columbia Commissioner
does not have all the “powers, privileges and immunities of a commissioner under the Public
Inquiries Act”. Instead, under s. 44(2) of the
British Columbia statute, much of that power resides in a court of inherent
jurisdiction — the traditional arbiter of solicitor-client privilege.
Consequently, it is difficult to conceive a reading of s. 44(3) of the
British Columbia Act that would ascribe to the British Columbia Commissioner
the type of power the appellant Commissioner here purports to have without
rendering s. 44(2) of the British Columbia statute nugatory.
[62]
Further, nowhere in the British Columbia statute
does the legislator reference “legal privilege” or the fact that
solicitor-client privilege is a legal privilege. The interpretative conflict
that is at the heart of this case therefore does not arise in the context of
the British Columbia Act.
[63]
The modern approach to statutory interpretation
requires legislative texts to be read in their entire context. And resort to
other texts from different jurisdictions may be helpful in determining what
that entire context is. But resort to parallel legislation does not trump other
principles of statutory interpretation. Certainly, it would not trump the
principle, explained at para. 53 above, that legislatures are presumed to
use expressions consistently within an enactment. Indeed, as Professor Sullivan
writes, “[o]bviously, the statutes of different jurisdictions cannot be
regarded as constituting a single enactment” (§13.42).
[64]
In my view, that resort must be made to an
anterior provision of the British Columbia Act, s. 44(2), to shed light on
the meaning of the phrase “privilege of the law evidence” appearing in
s. 44(3) of that Act, hurts, rather than helps, the argument that
this phrase is sufficiently clear, explicit and unequivocal to capture
solicitor-client privilege. Indeed, if it were so clear, explicit and unequivocal,
then s. 44(2.1) would be rendered largely meaningless. Moreover, that this
anterior provision vests much of the production power in a court — as opposed
to a commissioner with powers equivalent to those existing under the Public Inquiries Act — in a manner consistent with legislative respect for fundamental
values, also militates against the appellant Commissioner’s desired
interpretation in the case at hand. In fact, the very same contextual
considerations operate against the appellant Commissioner in the case before
us: an anterior provision, s. 27(1), explicitly permits a public body to
refuse to produce documents covered by solicitor-client privilege with
reference to the distinct concept of “legal privilege”, and the fact that the
Commissioner need never ask a court to compel production of privileged
documents would be inconsistent with the presumption of legislative respect for
fundamental values.
[65]
Therefore, assuming — without deciding — that,
even if the phrase “privilege of the law of evidence” would be understood to
include solicitor-client privilege once it is coloured by the relevant
contextual considerations arising from the framework of the British Columbia
Act, it cannot, so coloured, be imported into the Alberta statute with
equivalent effect.
[66]
I conclude this section in saying a word about
the strict construction approach adopted by the Court of Appeal. While its
approach bears some similarity with mine, I am not prepared, given the reasons
expressed above, to say that Blood Tribe ousts the modern approach to
statutory interpretation.
(4)
Even if There Was Clear and Unambiguous Legislative
Intent, This Was Not an Appropriate Case in Which to Order Disclosure
[67]
Lastly, even if the language of s. 56(3)
did clearly evince legislative intent to set aside solicitor-client privilege,
I would find that this was not an appropriate case in which to order production
to the Commissioner.
[68]
The Commissioner argues she has an adjudicative
function akin to that of a superior court, to determine whether a public body
has validly claimed solicitor-client privilege. As this Court found in Blood
Tribe, however, even courts will decline to review solicitor-client
documents to ensure the privilege is properly asserted unless there is evidence
or argument establishing the necessity of doing so to fairly decide the issue
(para. 17, citing Ansell Canada Inc. v. Ions World Corp. (1998), 28
C.P.C. (4th) 60 (Ont. Ct. (Gen. Div.)), at para. 20).
[69]
The delegate found that because the University
failed to present evidence of its claim of solicitor-client privilege as
required by the Protocol, it was necessary for the delegate to review the
records. However, the Protocol is not law, and was not enacted by the
legislature. Rather, it is a guide established by the Commissioner to assist
adjudicators and public bodies.
[70]
At the time of the Commissioner’s request for
disclosure, the prevailing authority in Alberta in civil litigation allowed a
party to bundle and identify solicitor-client privileged documents by document
numbers, as the University had done (see Dorchak v. Krupka, 1997 ABCA
89, 196 A.R. 81). No evidence or argument was made to suggest that
solicitor-client privilege had been falsely claimed by the University. In these
circumstances, the delegate erred in concluding that the claim needed to be
reviewed to fairly decide the issue.
VII.
Conclusion
[71]
Subject to constitutional limitations,
legislatures can pierce solicitor-client privilege by statute. However, the
language of the provision must be explicit and evince a clear and unambiguous
legislative intent to do so. In the present case, there is no such language.
For the above reasons, I would dismiss the appeal and award costs to the Board
of Governors of the University of Calgary throughout.
The following are the reasons delivered by
Cromwell J. —
I.
Introduction
[72]
I agree with my colleague Justice Côté
that the appeal must be dismissed. But I do not agree that, under Alberta’s Freedom of Information and Protection of Privacy Act,
R.S.A. 2000, c. F-25 (“FOIPP”), the Information and Privacy Commissioner
lacks the authority to compel production for review of records over which
solicitor-client privilege is asserted. The Commissioner has the authority to
order a public body to produce for review any record required by the
Commissioner “[d]espite . . . any privilege of the law of evidence”: s. 56(3).
This, in my view, is an explicit legislative grant of power which should be
respected, not evaded.
[73]
Whatever other principles and presumptions of
statutory interpretation are engaged, statutory interpretation must be anchored
in the words chosen by the legislature read in their full context. In my
respectful view, to hold as my colleague Justice Côté would that
solicitor-client privilege is a “legal privilege” but not a “privilege of the
law of evidence” in FOIPP is not justified by the text or context of the
legislation or by the principle of interpretation that the legislature must use
clear language to authorize any abrogation of solicitor-client privilege.
Rather, the words of the enactment, read in context, evince a clear intention
to permit the Commissioner, subject to judicial review, to order production for
inspection of records over which solicitor-client privilege is claimed. To
hold otherwise abandons the modern approach to statutory interpretation
repeatedly endorsed by the Court and, under the guise of “restrictive”
interpretation, undermines legislative policy choices which, absent
constitutional constraint, legislatures are entitled to make.
II.
Issues
[74]
There are three questions for decision:
1.
What is the
appropriate standard of review?
2.
Does FOIPP abrogate
solicitor-client privilege?
3.
Did the Commissioner’s
delegate make a reviewable error in ordering production?
III.
Analysis
A.
What Is the Appropriate Standard of Review?
[75]
For the purposes of my reasons, I will assume
without deciding that the correctness standard of review applies to the
question of whether the Commissioner may order production of a record over
which solicitor-client privilege is claimed in order to determine whether the
claim of privilege is well founded.
B.
Does FOIPP Abrogate Solicitor-Client Privilege?
(1)
Introduction
[76]
In Canada (Privacy Commissioner) v. Blood
Tribe Department of Health, 2008 SCC 44, [2008] 2 S.C.R. 574, this Court
held that “legislative language that may (if broadly construed) allow
incursions on solicitor-client privilege must be interpreted restrictively”:
para. 11. Solicitor-client privilege cannot be “abrogated by inference” and
“[o]pen-textured language governing production of documents will be read not
to include solicitor-client documents”: para. 11 (emphasis in original);
see also Canada (National Revenue) v. Thompson, 2016 SCC 21, [2016] 1
S.C.R. 381, at paras. 23-25.
[77]
While this, of course, is an important holding, we must note that what
was in issue in Blood Tribe has virtually nothing in common with this
appeal. The contention in Blood Tribe was that the Privacy Commissioner,
by virtue of general language authorizing the production of records, had
routine access to privileged material even when privilege was properly claimed:
paras. 16-17. That is the context in which the Court held that broad language
must be read restrictively and that open-textured production powers should not
be read as permitting production of privileged material. The Court expressly
accepted the submission of the Attorney General of Canada that the ordinary and
grammatical meaning of the words, taken in their full and proper context, did not
support the Privacy Commissioner’s position in that case: para. 26. Moreover,
the Court noted that, in contrast to the Privacy Commissioner’s powers under
the federal Personal Information Protection and Electronic
Documents Act, S.C. 2000, c. 5 (“PIPEDA ”),
which were in issue in Blood Tribe, the Privacy Act, R.S.C. 1985,
c. P-21 , used “explicit language granting access to confidences”: para. 28. The
Privacy Act language was, in relevant respects, identical to the
language in the Alberta statute before us in this case: the Privacy Act
authorized the Privacy Commissioner to examine any information
“[n]otwithstanding . . . any privilege under the law of evidence” s. 34(2) ).
[78]
When applying presumptions of legislative
intent, we do not abandon the modern approach to statutory interpretation to
which the Court has been for so long and so consistently committed.
Consequently, determining whether the legislature has expressed with sufficient
clarity the intent to rebut a presumption of legislative intent requires the
application of the modern approach to statutory interpretation. By focusing the
analysis on the modern approach to statutory interpretation to determine if the
legislature intended to displace a presumption, one broadens the inquiry from a
focus on the plain meaning of the text to one that considers the entire context
in which the words of the statute find themselves. General language in relation
to production, as required by Blood Tribe, will be read restrictively to
exclude abrogation by inference. But the “modern” approach is used to determine
whether the statutory text, read in its full context, evinces with the required
clarity the intention to abrogate privilege.
[79]
In my opinion, the legislature expressly
provided for the abrogation of solicitor-client privilege in s. 56(3) of FOIPP
by authorizing the Commissioner to order production of records over which
solicitor-client privilege is asserted in order to determine whether the claim
is well founded. This is apparent on the grammatical and ordinary meaning of
the words “any privilege of the law of evidence”. This interpretation is also
supported by the contextual factors that are to be considered in statutory
interpretation pursuant to Rizzo & Rizzo Shoes Ltd. (Re), [1998] 1
S.C.R. 27. This conclusion is, in my respectful view, fully consistent with Blood
Tribe: this interpretation does not abrogate privilege by inference, but
with unmistakable clarity by virtue of express legislative direction.
(2)
Grammatical and Ordinary Meaning of “Any
Privilege of the Law of Evidence”
[80]
Section 56(3) reads:
(3) Despite any other
enactment or any privilege of the law of evidence, a public body must produce to the Commissioner
within 10 days any record or a copy of any record required under subsection (1)
or (2).
[81]
The respondent argues that “any privilege of the
law of evidence” does not include solicitor-client privilege because
solicitor-client privilege is not simply an evidential privilege, but also a
substantive rule of law. While I, of course, agree that solicitor-client
privilege has become a substantive — indeed, a constitutional — principle, it
is also an evidentiary privilege captured by the statutory words in this
context. Moreover, as I explain, what is at issue here is the evidentiary
component of solicitor-client privilege.
[82]
This Court has found that solicitor-client
privilege is both an evidentiary privilege and a substantive principle.
In Lavallee, Rackel & Heintz v. Canada (Attorney General), 2002 SCC
61, [2002] 3 S.C.R. 209, Arbour J. explained that “[s]olicitor-client
privilege is a rule of evidence”: para. 49. Similarly, in Foster Wheeler
Power Co. v. Société intermunicipale de gestion et d’élimination des déchets
(SIGED) inc., 2004 SCC 18, [2004] 1 S.C.R. 456, the Court observed that the
case law “establishes the fundamental importance of solicitor-client privilege as
an evidentiary rule, a civil right of supreme importance and a principle of
fundamental justice”: para. 34 (emphasis added). In Descôteaux v.
Mierzwinski, [1982] 1 S.C.R. 860, Lamer J. described solicitor-client
privilege as a “rule of evidence”, which “had also since given rise to a
substantive rule”: pp. 872 and 875. Solicitor-client privilege is thus both a
rule of evidence and a substantive rule.
[83]
Other appeal courts have arrived at this
conclusion with respect to similar language in other statutes.
[84]
For example, in Newfoundland and Labrador
(Attorney General) v. Information and Privacy Commissioner (Nfld. and Lab.),
2011 NLCA 69, 314 Nfld. & P.E.I.R. 305, the Newfoundland and Labrador Court
of Appeal concluded that the words “a privilege under the law of
evidence” in s. 52 of the Access to Information and Protection of Privacy
Act, S.N.L. 2002, c. A-1.1, were “sufficiently clear to abrogate
solicitor-client privilege, as this is a privilege recognized under the law of
evidence”: para. 45. In Canada (Information Commissioner) v. Canada
(Minister of Environment) (2000), 187 D.L.R. (4th) 127, the Federal Court
of Appeal concluded that the language “any privilege under the law of evidence
. . . clearly gives the Court authority to interfere with solicitor-client
confidentiality”: para. 11 (emphasis deleted).
[85]
This interpretation of s. 56(3) of FOIPP
also finds support in doctrine. Professor A. M. Dodek, for example, describes
solicitor-client privilege as being “part of a family of evidentiary
privileges”: Solicitor-Client Privilege (2014), at p. 26. He observes
that
[i]t would
be absurd to assert that such language [any privilege under the law of
evidence] excludes solicitor-client privilege because it has become more than a
privilege under the law of evidence. Consistent with the modern approach to
statutory interpretation, “privilege under the law of evidence” should be given
a consistent approach throughout the statute book. Unless it indicates
otherwise, this phrase should be interpreted to include solicitor-client
privilege. [Footnotes omitted; p. 379.]
[86]
In The Law of Privilege in Canada (loose-leaf),
R. W. Hubbard, S. Magotiaux and S. M. Duncan note that “solicitor-client
privilege has now been extended to a substantive legal right”: p. 11-4.1
(emphasis added). The authors also note that “privileges such as
solicitor-client are more than evidentiary rules that preclude the
admissibility of evidence; they also bestow substantive rights”: pp. 1-3
(emphasis added). Similarly, in The Law of Evidence in Canada (4th ed.
2014), S. N. Lederman, A. W. Bryant and M. K. Fuerst explain that
“solicitor-client privilege was long considered to be a testimonial privilege
in that it could only be asserted at trial”: p. 952. However, subsequent
decisions “have extended the time when privilege may be claimed”, which
is “part of the trend towards a broader concept of solicitor-client privilege”:
pp. 952-53 (emphasis added).
[87]
Moreover — and contrary to the position adopted
by my colleague Justice Côté — it is the evidentiary privilege that is in issue
here. What is claimed by the respondent is immunity from forced production by
virtue of the Commissioner’s statutory powers. We are thus concerned with a
claim of protection from disclosure required by legal authority, a matter
falling squarely within the evidentiary privilege expressly referred to in the
statutory language: Dodek, at p. 16; Lavallee, at paras. 13-14.
[88]
The respondent points out that s. 27(1)(a) of
the statute specifically includes the words “solicitor-client privilege” and
that s. 56(3) does not purport to override that provision but implicitly
accepts it. While the words “solicitor-client privilege” are used elsewhere in
the statute, this does not detract from the interpretation of s. 56(3) that I
would adopt. Section 27(1)(a) provides:
27(1) The head of a public body may refuse to disclose to an applicant
(a) information that is subject to any type of legal privilege,
including solicitor-client privilege or parliamentary privilege,
[89]
Sections 27(1)(a) and 56(3) of the statute
perform different functions. Thus, while s. 27(1)(a) specifically refers to
solicitor-client privilege, this does not mean that s. 56(3) is to be
interpreted as precluding the Commissioner from ordering production of
documents subject to solicitor-client privilege. In any case, s. 27 expressly
includes solicitor-client privilege within the ambit of “any type of legal
privilege”.
[90]
Section 27(1)(a) falls under the marginal note
“Privileged information” and under the division of the statute entitled
“Exceptions to Disclosure”. Section 27(1) sets out a number of grounds upon
which a public body can refuse to order disclosure. However, it does not
provide that the Commissioner is prevented from reviewing a public body’s claim
that one of these grounds for exception to disclosure properly applies. Rather,
s. 27(1) provides explicit guidance to public bodies on what grounds they can
assert to resist disclosure.
[91]
Section 56, on the other hand, falls under the
marginal note “Powers of Commissioner in conducting investigations or
inquiries” and under the part of the statute entitled “Office and Powers of
Information and Privacy Commissioner”. Section 56 provides what the
Commissioner can and cannot do in the context of conducting an inquiry. There
is nothing in this provision, or under s. 27(1), that can be read as saying
that the Commissioner is prevented from ordering the production of documents
subject to a claim of solicitor-client privilege in the context of answering
all questions of law and fact that arise in the course of an inquiry.
[92]
I cannot accept that we should read this statute
as saying that solicitor-client privilege is a type of legal privilege (as is
clear from s. 27) but that solicitor-client privilege is not a “privilege of
the law of evidence” (the language used in s. 56(3)). As all of the authorities
make clear, solicitor-client privilege is a “privilege of the law of evidence”
and all such privileges are “legal privileges”.
[93]
In summary, the grammatical and ordinary meaning
of “any privilege of the law of evidence” includes solicitor-client privilege.
The legislature has, as required by Blood Tribe, used appropriate
language to clearly show its intention: solicitor-client privilege is abrogated
for the purposes of permitting the Commissioner to inspect documents over which
privilege is claimed in order to allow the validity of the claim to be
assessed.
[94]
This conclusion is also supported by a number of
contextual factors that I will now review.
(3)
Contextual Factors
(a)
The Statutory Context Under FOIPP
[95]
As we shall see, the statutory scheme under FOIPP
provides a detailed, self-contained process for the disclosure of information
to an applicant. This statutory scheme vests the Commissioner with expansive,
robust and streamlined review powers to decide whether a public body is
required to disclose records. Absent the power to review a claim of solicitor-client
privilege, the Commissioner would not be able to fulfill this statutory
mandate. Importantly, the Commissioner’s decisions are subject to judicial
review.
[96]
FOIPP’s aim is to
provide a broad right of access to information and it sets up the Commissioner,
subject to judicial review, as the authority who decides whether access will be
granted.
[97]
This broad right of access to information is
subject to defined limitations in FOIPP. Relevant to this appeal, for
example, s. 27(1)(a) provides that the head of a public body can refuse to
disclose to an applicant “information that is subject to any type of legal
privilege, including solicitor-client privilege or parliamentary privilege”.
[98]
FOIPP also sets
out the powers of the Commissioner in conducting investigations or inquiries.
Section 56(1) provides that the Commissioner has “all the powers, privileges
and immunities of a commissioner under the Public Inquiries Act”, R.S.A.
2000, c. P-39, and the powers under s. 56(2). Section 56(2) provides that the
Commissioner can require “any record to be produced . . . whether or not the
record is subject to the provisions of this Act”. Section 56(3), as noted
above, further provides that a public body “must produce to the Commissioner”
any document required under s. 56(1) and (2) “[d]espite any other enactment or
any privilege of the law of evidence”.
[99]
FOIPP protects
privileged information. Section 58 specifies that “[a]nything said, any
information supplied or any record produced by a person during an investigation
or inquiry by the Commissioner is privileged in the same manner as if the
investigation or inquiry were a proceeding in a court”. Further, s. 59(1)
states that the Commissioner and her delegates “must not disclose any
information obtained in performing their duties, powers and functions under
this Act” except in limited instances.
[100]
FOIPP also
describes the process for reviews and complaints. Section 65(1) provides that a
person who requests access from a public body can ask the Commissioner to
review “any decision, act or failure to act of the head that relates to the
request”. Section 69(1) provides that, unless the Commissioner refuses to
conduct an inquiry under s. 70, “the Commissioner must conduct an inquiry and
may decide all questions of fact and law arising in the course of the inquiry”.
Under s. 72(1), the Commissioner, on finishing an inquiry, “must dispose of the
issues by making an order under this section”. Section 72(2)(a) provides that
the Commissioner can “require the head to give the applicant access to all or
part of the record, if the Commissioner determines that the head is not
authorized or required to refuse access”. Finally, s. 73 provides that the
Commissioner’s decision is final, although the decision is subject to judicial
review.
[101]
The respondent raises a contextual argument
based on s. 59(4) of FOIPP which provided, at the relevant time:
(4) The Commissioner may disclose to the Minister of Justice and
Attorney General information relating to the commission of an offence against
an enactment of Alberta or Canada if the Commissioner considers there is
evidence of an offence.
[102]
The respondent submits that if s. 56(3) empowers
the Commissioner to order production of material over which solicitor-client
privilege is asserted, then it would follow that s. 59(4) would allow the
Commissioner to share that privileged information with the Minister of Justice
and Attorney General, if the Commissioner thought that it contained evidence of
an offence.
[103]
This submission must be rejected: it contradicts
rather than supports the respondent’s position on s. 56(3). The respondent
maintains that the statutory language of s. 56(3) is not clear enough to
abrogate privilege because it refers only to any privilege of the law of the
evidence. But then the respondent claims that s. 59(4), which makes no mention
of privilege at all, means that the Commissioner may share privileged
information if it discloses evidence of an offence. That interpretation is
contrary to the basic and unchallenged principle that clear language is needed
to abrogate privilege. There is nothing in the general language of s. 59(4) or
the surrounding statutory context that supports an interpretation allowing the
abrogation of solicitor-client privilege through disclosure by the Commissioner
to the Minister of Justice or the Attorney General. Section 59(4) contributes
nothing to the proper interpretation of s. 56(3).
[104]
The statutory scheme, therefore, unambiguously
supports the view that the legislature intended the Commissioner to have the
powers required to decide whether or not records should be produced by a public
body — including ruling on claims of privilege — subject to judicial review of
the exercise of those powers.
(b)
The Statutory Scheme at Issue in Blood Tribe
[105]
I have already briefly mentioned how FOIPP is
markedly different, in relation to the review of claims of solicitor-client
privilege, from the legislation that was the subject of the Court’s decision in
Blood Tribe. It will be worthwhile to expand on this point.
[106]
In Blood Tribe, this Court noted a number
of concerns with the statutory scheme established under PIPEDA in
concluding that the statute did not abrogate solicitor-client privilege,
namely:
•
A court’s power to review disputed claims of
privilege derived “from its power to adjudicate disputed claims over legal
rights”, which the Privacy Commissioner did not have: para. 22.
•
The Privacy Commissioner could become “adverse
in interest to the party whose documents she wants to access”, which is not
true of a court. The Privacy Commissioner could take a resisting party to
court, and could also decide to share compelled information with prosecutorial
authorities: para. 23.
•
The language granting the power was expressed in
general language and it was the “generality of the language . . . which does
not advert to issues raised by solicitor-client privilege” that shows the
importance of the principle against abrogation of privilege by inference: para.
26 (emphasis deleted).
[107]
The statutory scheme at issue in this appeal
does not give rise to these concerns.
[108]
First, FOIPP gives the
Commissioner adjudicative powers. Section 69(1) of the legislation provides
that the Commissioner “must conduct an inquiry and may decide all questions of
fact and law arising in the course of the inquiry”. If the Commissioner is
deprived of the power to order production of documents to review a claim of
solicitor-client privilege, the Commissioner is clearly not able to “decide all
questions of fact and law”. The legislative history of the statute, discussed
below, also supports a finding that the legislature vested the Commissioner
with adjudicative powers.
[109]
As Professor Dodek observes, in light of Blood
Tribe, conferring adjudicative powers on the Privacy Commissioner is a key
factor in finding that a statute allows for the abrogation of solicitor-client
privilege: p. 368. As he notes, “Blood Tribe itself suggests that
privacy or information commissioners performing adjudicative functions are
empowered to access allegedly privileged documents in order to adjudicate
privilege claims”: p. 377. Professor Dodek further maintains that “an
adjudicative body must be taken to have the power to determine privilege claims
as part of its adjudicative functions”: p. 369. He uses as an example the Federal
Court, which is a statutory court yet has no express power to abrogate
solicitor-client privilege. He suggests that the power to adjudicate privilege
claims “is part of the power of adjudication”: p. 369.
[110]
Second, the Commissioner does not become adverse
in interest to a party in the sense described in Blood Tribe. Under s.
15 of PIPEDA , the Privacy Commissioner may appear before the Federal
Court on behalf of the complainant. There is no similar provision under the
statute at issue here. While the Commissioner can be named as a party in the
judicial review, the Commissioner is not appearing on behalf of the
complainant in such a context.
[111]
Third, the language used in s. 56(3) is not
“[o]pen-textured language governing production of documents” as was the provision
in issue in Blood Tribe: para. 11. On the contrary, s. 56(3) expressly
provides that the power to order production applies notwithstanding any
privilege of the law of evidence. Further, accepting that solicitor-client
privilege is both a legal privilege and a substantive principle, the use
of the words “solicitor-client privilege” under s. 27(1) does not mean that the
language “any privilege of the law of evidence” excludes solicitor-client
privilege. On the contrary, the statutory language states that solicitor-client
privilege is included in the general term “any type of legal privilege”.
[112]
In conclusion, the statutory context here
demonstrates that the legislature intended for the abrogation of
solicitor-client privilege. None of the factors listed in Blood Tribe as
weighing against a finding that the statute abrogated solicitor-client
privilege is in play here.
(c)
Legislative History of FOIPP
[113]
While the legislative history reveals very
little as to the specific intention of the legislature with regards to the
issue of whether the Commissioner can order the production of documents subject
to solicitor-client privilege under s. 56(3), the debates leading up to the
enactment of the first version of the legislation show that the legislature
intended the Commissioner to have robust adjudicative powers[1] and that this adjudicative process was to be streamlined to ensure
accessibility and reduce delay.[2] This further supports an interpretation of s. 56(3) as abrogating
solicitor-client privilege.
(d)
Parallel Legislation
[114]
Legislation in other jurisdictions dealing with
similar subject matters — sometimes referred to as parallel legislation — can
be a helpful part of the legislative context: see, e.g., R. Sullivan, Sullivan
on the Construction of Statutes (6th ed. 2014), at §§13.41 to 13.51; Canada
(Canadian Human Rights Commission) v. Canada (Attorney General), 2011 SCC
53, [2011] 3 S.C.R. 471, at paras. 57-60. For example, it is generally
desirable to have a consistent interpretation of similar language used in statutes
in different Canadian jurisdictions dealing with the same subject matter: see,
e.g., Merck Frosst Canada Ltd. v. Canada (Health), 2012 SCC 3, [2012] 1
S.C.R. 23, at para. 195. In this case, the parallel British Columbia
legislation sheds some light on the interpretative issue at hand.
[115]
The British Columbia statute provides, in terms
nearly identical to s. 56(3) of the Alberta legislation, that “[d]espite . . .
any privilege of the law of evidence, a public body must produce to the
commissioner within 10 days any record or a copy of any record required under
subsection (1)”: Freedom of Information and Protection of Privacy Act,
R.S.B.C. 1996, c. 165, s. 44(3). Section 44(1)(b) authorizes the Commissioner
to “make an order requiring a person to . . . produce for the commissioner a
record in the custody or under the control of the person”. Section 44(2)(a)
permits the Commissioner to apply to the Supreme Court of British Columbia for
an order “directing a person to comply with an order made under subsection
(1)”. Note that the power of the court under s. 44(2)(a) is limited to
“directing a person to comply with an order made under subsection (1)”, that is
an order of the Commissioner. Thus, it is the Commissioner’s order that
the court is permitted to enforce under s. 44(2).
[116]
The statute was amended in 2003 to provide, at
s. 44(2.1), that, where a record subject to solicitor-client privilege is
produced to the Commissioner at the Commissioner’s request or “under subsection
(1)”, the solicitor-client privilege of the record is not affected by the
disclosure: Freedom of Information and Protection of Privacy Amendment Act,
2003, S.B.C. 2003, c. 5, s. 15; and see Public Inquiry Act, S.B.C.
2007, c. 9, s. 76, amending s. 44 of the Freedom of Information and Protection
of Privacy Act, but not in relevant respects. An order under s. 44(1) is,
as noted, an order of the Commissioner to produce a record. In other words, the
amendment provides that production of a record subject to solicitor-client
privilege as ordered by the Commissioner does not constitute a waiver of the
privilege.
[117]
The premise of the amendment — and this is the
important point — is that records subject to solicitor-client privilege fall
within the Commissioner’s powers under s. 44(1) and (3) to order production
notwithstanding “any privilege of the law of evidence”. Otherwise, the
amendment dealing with waiver of solicitor-client privilege would be
meaningless in relation to records ordered produced by the Commissioner under
s. 44(1). The amendment (s. 44(2.1)) refers specifically to solicitor-client
privileged records that a person “discloses . . . at the request of the
commissioner, or under subsection (1)”. The legislature must have
assumed that s. 44(1) permits the Commissioner to require production of
solicitor-client privileged records. Otherwise, there could be no record
subject to solicitor-client privilege disclosed to the Commissioner under s.
44(1) to which the amendment could refer.
[118]
This amendment thus makes it clear that the
British Columbia legislature, in requiring records to be produced to the
Commissioner notwithstanding “any privilege of the law of evidence” in s.
44(3), assumed that phrase to refer to records subject to solicitor-client
privilege. This seems to me to answer Justice Côté’s contention that the
expression “privilege of the law of evidence” is not sufficiently “clear,
explicit and unequivocal” to refer to solicitor-client privilege: para. 44.
[119]
The appellant’s position is that the expression
“any privilege of the law of evidence” excludes solicitor-client privilege in FOIPP.
But the fact that the same expression in the parallel British Columbia
legislation clearly includes solicitor-client privilege adds credence to
the view that the phrase includes solicitor-client privilege in both
statutes. And we should reflect carefully on the implications of holding, as
Justice Côté would, that identical words in two pieces of legislation dealing
with the same subject matter both do and do not refer to solicitor-client
privilege, depending on drafting nuances that reveal no difference in
substance.
(4)
Conclusion
[120]
The grammatical and ordinary meaning of the
language of s. 56(3) of the legislation, the statutory context and the
legislative history all support the conclusion that the legislature expressed a
clear intention to allow the Commissioner and his or her delegates to order the
production of documents subject to solicitor-client privilege in the course of
an inquiry in order to assess the claim of privilege.
C.
Did the Commissioner’s Delegate Make a
Reviewable Error in Ordering Production?
[121]
Having found that s. 56(3) of FOIPP
allows the Commissioner to abrogate solicitor-client privilege, we must decide
whether the Commissioner’s delegate made a reviewable error by ordering
production of the documents subject to a claim of solicitor-client privilege in
the circumstances. This Court’s jurisprudence imposes a requirement that
solicitor-client privilege should only be abrogated when it is absolutely
necessary to do so in order to achieve the ends sought by the enabling
legislation. As Binnie J. noted in Blood Tribe, “[e]ven courts will
decline to review solicitor-client documents to adjudicate the existence of
privilege unless evidence or argument establishes the necessity of doing so to
fairly decide the issue”: para. 17.
[122]
The University submitted a sworn affidavit by
the Commissioner in August 2010. In the affidavit, the Commissioner swore that
University Legal Services and external legal counsel advised various University
officials about the applicant’s employment history with the University. She
swore that she was advised by the University’s General Counsel and believed
that solicitor-client privilege had been asserted over the communications given
and received by the University lawyers in respect of this matter. Attached as
an exhibit to the affidavit was a chart identifying the page numbers over which
solicitor-client privilege was being asserted. Nothing other than page numbers
described these documents.
[123]
The following day, the respondent filed written
submissions with the Commissioner. The University submitted that it was claiming
solicitor-client privilege over records involving the University’s General
Counsel and the University’s external legal counsel. The University reproduced
the chart of page numbers subject to solicitor-client privilege, submitting
that they were communications involving legal counsel which were being withheld
on the basis of solicitor-client privilege.
[124]
The Commissioner’s delegate sent the respondent
a letter requesting further information and evidence on the privilege issue in
September 2010. The delegate asked the respondent to complete the record form
for each record or to provide information requested in the record form in
another format. In response, the University’s Provost and Vice-President
(Academic) filed a letter with the Commissioner. In the letter, he explained
that the applicant had started a multi-million dollar lawsuit against the
University, which was being vigorously defended. He noted that the
“communication between the University of Calgary and its legal advisors” was
the “subject matter of solicitor-client privilege as recognized in the common
law for centuries, by the Supreme Court of Canada in the Blood Indian Tribe
decision . . . and also in Section 27 of the FOIP Act”. He also affirmed that
the University would not waive privilege on the records identified by the
Commissioner in her affidavit.
[125]
The University’s external counsel also filed a
letter with the Commissioner. In the letter, he stated that the “University
must defend itself against the multiple legal matters commenced by [the
applicant] and in so doing, must rely on solicitor-client privilege to ensure
that communications involving the University General Counsel and its external
counsel, for the purposes of giving advice and understanding the issues, remain
confidential”.
[126]
The Commissioner’s delegate required the
University to produce the records over which solicitor-client privilege was
claimed. The delegate explained that production was required because the
University had failed to provide adequate evidence of a claim of solicitor-client
privilege.
[127]
The appellant conceded in the hearing before
this Court that the University’s claim of privilege complied with the
requirements of Alberta civil litigation practice at the time, which was
governed by Dorchak v. Krupka, 1997 ABCA 89, 196 A.R. 81. While I
understand that these requirements have since evolved in light of the
subsequent decision by the Alberta Court of Appeal in Canadian Natural
Resources Ltd. v. ShawCor Ltd., 2014 ABCA 289, 580 A.R. 265, it was, in my
view, a reviewable error for the Commissioner’s delegate to impose a more
onerous standard on the University in relation to its assertion of privilege
than that applicable in civil litigation before the courts. This conclusion is
reinforced by the fact that the evidence filed with the Commissioner met the
three-part test set out in Solosky v. The Queen, [1980] 1 S.C.R. 821.
The evidence — in particular the letter by the University’s external legal
counsel — clearly asserts that the documents are communications between solicitor
(the University’s external legal counsel) and client (the University’s General
Counsel, on behalf of the University); which entails the seeking or giving of
legal advice; and which is intended to be confidential by the parties.
IV.
Disposition
[128]
The express language and the full context of s.
56(3) of FOIPP demonstrate that the legislature intended to abrogate
solicitor-client privilege to the extent of permitting the Commissioner to
order production of records over which solicitor-client privilege is asserted
when necessary to adjudicate the validity of that claim. However, the
Commissioner made a reviewable error by ordering production in the face of the
evidence submitted in relation to the claim of privilege.
[129]
I would dismiss the appeal with costs to the
University throughout.
The following are the reasons delivered by
[130]
Abella J. — Most legal
decisions made by tribunals touch on important legal questions, such as
limitation periods in McLean v. British Columbia
(Securities Commission), [2013] 3 S.C.R. 895, or estoppel in Nor-Man Regional Health Authority Inc. v. Manitoba Association of
Health Care Professionals, [2011] 3 S.C.R. 616. They have been found nonetheless to fall
within the reasonableness test created in Dunsmuir for adjudicators
applying their expertise in interpreting their own specialized mandates. We
have not, before this case, excavated
the legal concept from its
statutory context in order to give it the singular stature Dunsmuir says
attracts correctness.
[131]
This Court has decided six cases in recent years
involving disclosure decisions by Information and Privacy Commissioners. In two
of them — Alberta (Information and Privacy Commissioner) v. United Food and
Commercial Workers, Local 401, [2013] 3 S.C.R. 733, and Canada (Privacy
Commissioner) v. Blood Tribe Department of Health, [2008] 2 S.C.R. 574 —
there was no reference to the standard of review. In the four remaining — Ontario (Community Safety and
Correctional Services) v. Ontario (Information and Privacy Commissioner),
[2014] 1 S.C.R. 674; John Doe v. Ontario (Finance), [2014] 2 S.C.R. 3; Alberta
(Information and Privacy Commissioner) v. Alberta Teachers’ Association,
[2011] 3 S.C.R. 654; and Ontario (Public Safety and Security) v. Criminal
Lawyers’ Association, [2010] 1 S.C.R. 815 — the standard of review was held
to be reasonableness. In the 2010 case of Ontario
(Public Safety and Security) v. Criminal Lawyers’ Association, a
Commissioner’s decision was reviewed on the reasonableness standard, even
though the issue involved the disclosure of documents covered by
solicitor-client privilege.
[132]
In each case, a Commissioner was interpreting
his or her home statute. Under Dunsmuir v. New Brunswick, [2008] 1
S.C.R. 190, and its progeny, that means the standard of review is
reasonableness unless the question raised falls into one of the categories to which the
correctness standard applies, such as questions of
central importance to the legal system as a whole which are outside the
tribunal’s expertise.
[133]
Despite this clear
lineage, we now find ourselves being asked to depart from what has been the
accepted path for Information and Privacy Commissioners applying their
specialized expertise in interpreting their own statutes, including when
solicitor-client privilege is at issue, and asked to follow a new route for no
discernible reason.
[134]
Solicitor-client privilege is neither more nor
less important now than it was when we decided all of the previous cases under
a reasonableness standard. That standard applied because, as here, the issue,
while important, was well within the statutory mandate the Commissioner works
with on a daily basis. It falls, in other words, within her expertise.
[135]
The Commissioner’s mandate is to monitor the Freedom
of Information and Protection of Privacy Act, R.S.A. 2000, c. F-25, and
ensure that its purposes are achieved. The Act gives individuals access
to certain types of information held by public bodies, subject to specific
exceptions. One of those exceptions is solicitor-client privilege, as set out
in s. 27(1)(a) of the Act which states:
27(1) The head of a public body may refuse to disclose to an applicant
(a) information that is subject to any type of legal privilege, including
solicitor-client privilege or parliamentary privilege,
It seems to me to be
logically questionable to conclude that even though the legislature has given
the Commissioner the express mandate to consider the application of
solicitor-client privilege, it is nonetheless deemed to be outside her
expertise. Such an approach inexplicably eliminates the conjunctive “and” from
the Dunsmuir test that requires that the issue be both of central
importance to the legal system and outside the expertise of the
adjudicator. It also has the disruptive potential for rendering meaningless the
presumption of deference to home statute expertise.
[136]
Moreover, she is not being asked to explain the
content of solicitor-client privilege for the whole legal system, she is being
asked to apply it in the context of one provision — s. 56(3) — of the Freedom
of Information and Protection of Privacy Act, her enabling legislation.
This is classic “reasonableness review” territory.
[137]
In my view, however, the Commissioner’s decision to
order disclosure was unreasonable because it did not sufficiently take into
account how solicitor-client privilege works or why (see Pritchard v.
Ontario (Human Rights Commission), [2004] 1 S.C.R. 809; Canada (National
Revenue) v. Thompson, [2016] 1 S.C.R. 381; and Blood Tribe). As
noted by Justices Côté and Cromwell, even if s. 56(3) had allowed the
Commissioner to order production of documents protected by solicitor-client
privilege, the University of Calgary had provided sufficient justification for
solicitor-client privilege, particularly in light of the laws and practices
applicable in the civil litigation context in Alberta. The Commissioner should
have exercised her discretion in a manner that interfered with solicitor-client
privilege only to the extent absolutely necessary to achieve the ends sought by
the Freedom of Information and Protection of Privacy Act.
[138]
The importance and
breadth of this privilege should have framed the Commissioner’s interpretation
of s. 56(3) to preclude disclosure. Because it did not, I agree that the
decision should be set aside.
Appeal
dismissed with costs.
Solicitors
for the appellant: Jensen Shawa Solomon Duguid Hawkes, Calgary.
Solicitors
for the respondent: DLA Piper (Canada), Calgary.
Solicitors
for the intervener the Law Society of Alberta: de Villars Jones, Edmonton.
Solicitors
for the intervener the British Columbia Freedom of Information and Privacy
Association: McCarthy Tétrault, Vancouver.
Solicitor
for the intervener the Information and Privacy Commissioner of Ontario: Information
and Privacy Commissioner of Ontario, Toronto.
Solicitors
for the intervener the Information and Privacy Commissioner for British
Columbia: Miller Thomson, Calgary.
Solicitors
for the intervener the Information and Privacy Commissioner for the Province of
Newfoundland and Labrador: Lewis, Sinnott, Shortall, St. John’s.
Solicitors
for the intervener the Advocates’ Society: Peacock Linder Halt & Mack,
Calgary.
Solicitors
for the intervener the Federation of Law Societies of Canada: Osler,
Hoskin & Harcourt, Toronto.
Solicitors
for the intervener the Canadian Bar Association: Dunphy Best Blocksom,
Calgary; McLennan Ross, Calgary.
Solicitors
for the interveners the Information Commissioner of Canada, the Privacy
Commissioner of Canada, the Manitoba Ombudsman, the Northwest Territories
Information and Privacy Commissioner, the Nova Scotia Information and Privacy
Commissioner [Review Officer], the Nunavut Information and Privacy Commissioner,
the Saskatchewan Information and Privacy Commissioner and the Yukon Ombudsman
and Information and Privacy Commissioner: Goldblatt Partners, Toronto;
Office of the Privacy Commissioner of Canada, Gatineau; Office of the
Information Commissioner of Canada, Gatineau.
Solicitors for the
intervener the Criminal Lawyers’ Association: Stockwoods, Toronto.