Somodi v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration), 2008 FC 1356

 

 

Date: 20081205

Docket: IMM-3145-07

Citation: 2008 FC 1356

Ottawa, Ontario, December 05, 2008

PRESENT:     The Honourable Mr. Justice Mandamin

 

 

BETWEEN:

ZSOLT SOMODI

Applicant

 

and

 

MINISTER OF CITIZENSHIP

AND IMMIGRATION

 

Respondent

 

 

REASONS FOR JUDGMENT AND JUDGMENT

 

 

[1]          Mr. Zsolt Somodi (the Applicant) applied on August 3, 2007 for leave to commence an application of judicial review of the decision dated July 12, 2007 of an immigration officer (the Officer) at the Canadian Embassy in Bucharest, Romania (the Embassy) refusing his application for permanent resident status as a member of the family class.  This application for judicial review was made pursuant to section 72(1) of the Immigration and Refugee Protection Act, S.C. 2001. c.27 (IRPA).

 

[2]          The Minister applied, on September 28, 2007, for an order to dismiss the Applicant’s application for leave and judicial review on the basis that the Applicant was precluded from launching an application for judicial review by subsection 72(2)(a) of IRPA which provides that no application for judicial review can be made until any right of appeal that may be provided by IRPA is exhausted.

 

[3]          On December 3, 2007, Justice Hughes adjourned the motion to be considered at the same time as the application for leave.  On May 1, 2008, Justice O’Keefe granted leave and dismissed the Minister’s motion to strike the application for judicial review.

 

[4]          The issues as identified by the Applicant in his Application Record are many and varied:

1.                  Whether the Visa Officer’s decision is a nullity, for failure to give adequate reasons, as required by Baker and Johnson?

2.                  Whether the Officer refused and/or failed to exercise jurisdiction in not addressing or granting the Applicant an exemption, pursuant to s. 25 of IRPA, for an interview?

3.                  Whether the officer made his decision in disregard of the evidence and total circumstances of the case?

4.                  Whether the Applicant’s right to counsel was not only belittled but completely ignored and abrogated contrary to the Supreme Court of Canada in Burlingham?

5.                  Whether, in all the circumstances, the Officer made an unreasonable decision contrary to Baker?

6.                  Whether, in all the circumstances, the Applicant was denied a fair hearing (consideration)?

 

[5]          The Respondent submits the issue is:

1.                  Should the Applicant’s application for judicial review be dismissed on the basis that it is statutorily barred under section 72(2)(a) of IRPA?

 

[6]          I consider the issues in this application to be:

1.                  Is the Applicant’s application for judicial review statutorily barred by section 72(2) (a) of IRPA?

2.                  If the application is not statutorily barred by section 72(2)(a),

a.       did the Officer fail to exercise his jurisdiction in not granting the Applicant’s request for an exemption from a personal interview; and

b.      did the Officer fail to have regard to the totality of the evidence; in particular the letter containing the prior immigration officer’s apparent acceptance of the validity of the Applicant’s marriage.

 

BACKGROUND

[7]          The Applicant is a citizen of Romania.  He applied for Convention Refugee status but his claim was denied by the Refugee Protection Board. 

 

[8]          The Applicant made an in-Canada application for permanent residence on humanitarian and compassionate grounds that were assessed under the then new policy on spouses and common law spouses as well as.  This application for permanent residence was denied on December 8, 2005, on several grounds:

i.                     the Applicant would not be considered under the new program for spouses and common law spouses because he entered Canada using a fraudulent passport that was not surrendered on entry;

ii.                   the Applicant did not meet Regulation 124(a) which requires he demonstrate that he was “the spouse or common-law partner of a sponsor and that you cohabit with that sponsor in Canada”; and

iii.                  in respect of the application on humanitarian and compassionate grounds, the Applicant was not granted the necessary Minister’s exemption to have his application processed from within Canada.

 

[9]          The Applicant was not precluded from making an out-of-Canada application for permanent residence as a member of the family class.  The effect of the Regulations meant that the application would be processed through the Embassy in Romania.  His first counsel submitted the Applicant’s out-of-Canada application for permanent residence and requested that the Applicant be permitted to join his family in Canada.

 

[10]      The Officer at the Embassy requested that the Applicant attend for an interview.  The timeline of events is as follows:

-              April 3, 2006: the Applicant’s first counsel acted on behalf of the Applicant and submitted the application for permanent residence as a sponsored member of the family class.

 

-              March 22, 2007: the Embassy asked the Applicant through the Applicant’s first counsel to attend at the Embassy for an interview on April 23, 2007.  The Applicant does not appear nor does he provide any notice or explanation for the non-appearance.

 

-              Sometime between March 22, 2007, and May 2, 2007: the Applicant changes his legal representative.

 

-              May 2, 2007: the Embassy informs the Applicant through his first counsel that he is re-scheduled for an interview on June 4, 2007, at the Embassy. 

 

-              May 3, 2007: the first counsel informs the Applicant via email that he is required to inform the Embassy of a change in counsel.

 

-              May 8, 2007: the Applicant’s second counsel informs the Embassy that the first counsel is no longer acting.  In this notification, second counsel informs the Embassy that the Applicant fears returning to Romania for the interview but that the Applicant’s spouse and the second counsel are able to attend the June 4, 2007 interview on the Applicant’s behalf.

 

-              May 17, 2007: the Embassy sends a letter to the Applicant, via the first counsel indicating that the Applicant is required to attend in person for his June 4, 2007, interview.  On the same day, the first counsel emails the sponsor informing her that he was again contacted by the Embassy.

 

-              June 4, 2007: the Applicant does not attend the interview at the Embassy.

 

 

 

[11]      On July 12, 2007, the Officer at the Embassy informed the Applicant by way of the first counsel of his decision to deny the application for permanent residence as a member of the family class.  The Officer advises that he is unable to determine whether the Applicant is admissible to Canada because the Applicant did not present himself for the interview and give the Officer a chance to examine him.

[12]      The Applicant applied on August 3, 2007 for leave to commence an application for judicial review of the Officer’s decision to deny his out-of-Canada application for permanent residence.

 

[13]      The Applicant’s spouse, as sponsor, also filed an appeal of the Officer’s decision with the Immigration Appeal Division of the Immigration and Refugee Board (the IAD) on August 3, 2007.

 

STANDARD OF REVIEW

[14]      The preliminary issue, the effect of subsection 72(2)(a) of IRPA in the Applicant’s request for judicial review, necessarily engages the principles of statutory interpretation, and as such, questions of law are reviewed on a standard of correctness.  Dunsmuir v. New Brunswick, 2008 SCC 9, at para. 55.

 

[15]      The Officer’s decision not to grant the Applicant’s request for an exemption for a personal interview turns on the exercise of the Officer’s responsibilities and discretion.  The question of granting an exception does not lead to a specific result: it gives rise to a number of possible outcomes ranging from requiring a physical presence at the examination to granting an exception as contemplated by section 25 of IRPA.  As a discretionary decision, the Officer’s decision should be assessed on a standard of reasonableness with deference to the Officer’s knowledge and expertise in considering such matters.  Dunsmuir at para. 47, 53.

 

[16]      The standard of review for the Officer’s decision based on the information available is also to be assessed on a standard of reasonableness.  Decisions of immigration officers made in the exercise of their duties are reviewed on a standard of reasonableness: Gumbura v. Canada (Minister of Public Safety and Emergency Preparedness), 2008 FC 833.

 

ANALYSIS

[17]      A foreign national must apply for a visa and be examined by an immigration officer pursuant to section 11(1) of IRPA:

 

[18]      A Canadian citizen or permanent resident may sponsor a foreign national who is a member of the family class pursuant to section 13(1) of IRPA:

 

 

[19]      A sponsor may appeal to the Immigration Appeal Division against a decision not to issue the foreign national a permanent resident visa pursuant to s.63(1) of IRPA:

 

[20]      An applicant may apply for judicial review of a decision made under IRPA pursuant to section 72(1):

 

[21]      An application for judicial review under section 72(1) is governed by section 72(2) and in particular section 72(2)(a) which reads:

 

[22]      The Applicant submits that section 72(2)(a) does not ban him from applying for judicial review because the statutory right of appeal is that of the sponsor not the applicant.  He contends the wording of section 63(1) is clear: the right to appeal is that of the sponsor. Nothing in sections 116 – 122 of the Regulations support a conclusion that a sponsor and the foreign national form one entity for the purposes of a sponsorship application in the family class.  He submits a sponsor’s right of appeal cannot be a bar on an applicant’s statutory right to judicial review since sponsor and applicant are separate persons.

 

[23]      The Respondent submits that section 72(2)(a) specifically precludes individuals from seeking judicial review until all appeal rights under IRPA have been exhausted.

 

[24]      In Grewal v. Canada (M.E.I.), [1993] F.C.J. No. 363, Justice Noёl stated:

It is good law that where a statutory appeal lies judicial review will not proceed.  However the right of appeal conferred by section 77 belongs to the sponsor, in this instance the Appellant’s wife, and not to the Applicant.  There is no authority which would allow me to conclude that a right of appeal belonging to one individual operates as a bar to a right of judicial review belonging to another individual.

 

 

[25]      Grewal was decided under the former Immigration Act, R.S.C., 1985, c. I-2, which did not include a statutory equivalent to section 72(2)(a) of IRPA.  In Sidhu v. Canada (M.C.I.), 2002 FCT 260, Justice Dawson dismissed an application for judicial review of an officer’s decision to deny permanent residence status on the basis that the former act provided for a right of appeal and therefore an alternative remedy existed.  After a careful review of the scheme set out in the Immigration Act, she concluded that it established a complete procedure governing landing, including a right of appeal where landing is denied.  She stated:

31     It is a settled principle of law that remedies such as those sought on this application for judicial review ought not to be granted if the Court is satisfied that an adequate, alternative remedy is available to the applicant. See, for example, Anderson v. Canada (Armed Forces), [1997] 1 F.C. 273 (F.C.A.). The point is often expressed in terms that applicants ought to exhaust all statutory remedies before seeking judicial review, and reflects the discretionary and extraordinary nature of judicial review.

32     In my view, in the present case the legislative provisions governing landing provide an adequate, alternative remedy to judicial review of the decision of the senior immigration officer.

33     In so concluding I have had regard to the following factors. The tenor of the Adjudication Division Rules, SOR/93-47 and the Immigration Appeal Division Rules, SOR/93-46 encourages the parties to proceed expeditiously. There is no suggestion that the process is costly, or in any event more costly than judicial review. An adjudicator has jurisdiction to grant landing, which is a remedy superior to that available on an application for judicial review, where the matter may well simply be remitted for redetermination. The final decision of the Appeal Division may be the subject of an application for leave and for judicial review.

34     Declining, in the face of an adequate alternative remedy, to exercise the court's discretion at this juncture preserves the integrity of the process established by Parliament, reflects a proper and measured concern for the economic use of judicial resources, and ensures that if questions of law are ultimately to be decided by this Court on an application for judicial review the Court will have the benefit of reasons from the Appeal Division.

 

[26]      These cases were decided on the basis of the prior Immigration Act regime.  They do not stand for the proposition that the Applicant has a right to judicial review when the sponsor’s right to appeal under s. 72(2)(a) has not yet been exhausted.

 

[27]      In Li v. Canada (M.C.I.), 2006 FC 1109, Justice Shore heard an application for judicial review of a visa officer’s decision that an applicant was excluded as a member of a family class for permanent residency and that there were insufficient humanitarian and compassionate grounds to grant the application for permanent resident status. Justice Shore considered whether he had jurisdiction to review the merits of the visa officer’s decision relating to whether the applicant was properly excluded as a member of the family class.  He concluded that he did not because of section 72(2)(a) and proceeded solely on the judicial review of the humanitarian and compassionate determination.

 

[28]      Justice Shore applied s.72(2)(a) but did not conduct any analysis of the basis for s.72(2)(a) or its impact on the application for judicial review.  He stated:

20    Mr. Li’s father, as the sponsor, had the right to appeal to the Immigration Appeal Division the refusal of Mr. Li’s application for permanent residence.  Mr. Li’s father has not exhausted his appeal rights pursuant to subsection 63(1) of IRPA.

 

21    Section 72 of IRPA deals with applications for judicial review.  Subsection 72(1) states that not application can be made until any right of appeal provided by the Act is exhausted:

 

 

22    Accordingly, only the negative decision on the application for H&C considerations pursuant to subsection 25(1) of IRPA can be challenged on judicial review at this time.”

 

[29]           More recently, in Ramautar v. Canada (M.C.I.), 2007 FC 1003, Justice Pinard heard an application for judicial review wherein the Immigration and Refugee Board decided the applicant was inadmissible to Canada for reasons of serious criminality.  The applicant was entitled to appeal to the Immigration Appeal Division under section 63(3) of IRPA. Justice Pinard held that the language of section 72(2)(a) is clear, an application for judicial review is barred until all rights of appeal are exhausted. He applied the reasoning of Justice Dawson in Sidhu. He stated at paragraph 6: “The applicant has an alternative remedy available to him, and must take advantage of this remedy, before judicial review of the Board's decision is available…”.

 

[30]           IRPA and the Regulations provide a process for reuniting family members where one is a Canadian citizen or permanent resident (the “Canadian family member” or the “Canadian family sponsor”)  and the other is a foreign national:

1.                  a foreign national may apply for permanent residence as a member of the family class; (s. 12 IRPA)

2.                  the foreign national is a member of a family class if he is the spouse or family member of a Canadian family member; (s. 117 of the Regulations)

3.                  the Canadian family member may sponsor the foreign national who is making the application for permanent residence as a member of the family class; (s. 120 of the Regulations)

4.                  the application for permanent residence cannot proceed to decision if the Canadian family member withdraws the sponsorship application; (s. 119 of the Regulations)

5.                  the Canadian family member may appeal a decision not to issue the foreign national a permanent resident visa to the Immigration Appeal Division. (s. 63 IRPA)

 

[31]           The effect of the provisions is to place the Canadian family sponsor in charge of the family class immigration applications.  An applicant cannot proceed unless the Canadian family member sponsors the application.  The application cannot continue if the Canadian family member withdraws the sponsorship.  Under s. 72(2)(a) if there is a right to appeal, that appeal must be made by the Canadian family member who is the sponsor.  In this legislative scheme the Canadian family sponsor has the authority to effectively decide to initiate, continue or discontinue the family class application.  The Canadian family sponsor also has the sole authority to appeal any decision concerning the family class application

 

[32]           Section 63(1) states that a sponsor may appeal “against a decision not to issue the foreign national a permanent resident visa”.  The wording of this provision does not limit the Canadian family member’s appeal to sponsorship issues.  It also includes the right of a Canadian sponsor member to appeal on issues that relate to the Applicant’s application for a permanent resident visa as a member of a family class.

 

[33]           Similarly, section 72(2)(a) limiting an applicant’s access to judicial review refers to “any right of appeal” which would include the right of appeal of the Canadian family sponsor.

 

[34]           Thus, while it is true that the right to appeal only lies with the Canadian family sponsor and not an Applicant, I conclude that any challenge to an Immigration Officer’s decision must proceed by an appeal by the sponsor who is the Canadian citizen or permanent resident.

 

[35]           I turn to the question of the adequacy of a Canadian family sponsor’s appeal to the IAD as an alternative remedy.  The IAD must decide on appeals in accordance with section 67 of IRPA which specifies:

 

[36]           It is clear the wording of section 63(1) the IAD has ample scope to consider the issues that arise in this matter.

 

[37]           Moreover, jurisprudence has consistently held that an appeal to the IAD is an appeal de novo.  The IAD may consider all of the evidence that is adduced before it.  Mendoza v. Canada (Minister of Public Safety and Emergency Preparedness), 2007 FC 934; Singh v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration), 2005 FC 1673; Kahlon v. Canada (Minister of Employment and Immigration), (1989) 97 N.R. 349 (FCA).  The IAD is not confined to the immediate issues arising on the Officer’s determination.  The IAD may hear all the evidence relating to the application for permanent residence status as a member of the family class in the appeal.

 

[38]           In Canadian Pacific Ltd. v. Matsqui Indian Band, [1995] S.C.R. 3, Chief Justice Lamer stated at paragraph 37:

On the basis of the above, I conclude that a variety of factors should be considered by courts in determining whether they should enter into judicial review, or alternatively should require an applicant to proceed through a statutory appeal procedure. These factors include: the convenience of the alternative remedy, the nature of the error, and the nature of the appellate body (i.e., its investigatory, decision-making and remedial capacities). I do not believe that the category of factors should be closed, as it is for courts in particular circumstances to isolate and balance the factors which are relevant. (underlining added)

 

 

[39]           The appeal to the IAD is convenient in that it is readily available to the Canadian family member and is a process available to examine the issues de novo.  The issues the Applicant wishes to raise go beyond the Officer’s decision to deny permanent residence due to a failure to attend for an examination. The IAD appeal is capable of considering the range of issues arising from the refusal to grant a permanent resident visa given its statutory mandate and its ability to hear the matter de novo.  Finally, the IAD has the capacity to grant the remedy sought if appropriate as opposed to the more limited remedies available on judicial review.

 

[40]           I find that an applicant has an alternative remedy available to him through an appeal by the Canadian family sponsor.  I would apply the same reasoning as Justice Dawson did in Sidhu para. 31-34, to the situation where an applicant for a permanent resident visa as a member of a family class must proceed by way of a section 72(2)(a) appeal by the applicant’s sponsor.

 

[41]           The wording of section 72(2)(a) does not prohibit outright an application for judicial review.  Rather it defers any judicial review “until any right of appeal that may be provided by this Act is exhausted”.  Since the right of appeal is broad in scope, I consider the prohibition to apply to any application for judicial review on the same matter until the appeal process is completed.  Any application for judicial review would necessarily proceed in the context of the aftermath of an IAD appeal decision.

 

CONCLUSION

[42]           The Applicant has an adequate alternate remedy through his sponsor’s right of appeal to the IAD.  I conclude that the Applicant is barred from proceeding with any application for judicial review by section 72(2)(a) of IRPA until his sponsor’s right to appeal is exhausted.

 

[43]           Deciding as I have to dismiss the application for judicial review on the grounds that it is statutorily barred by section 72(2)(a) of IRPA, I need not address the remaining questions relating to the Officer’s decision. 

 

[44]           The Applicant proposes the following questions be certified:

1.                  Does section 72 of the IRPA bar an application for judicial review by the Applicant of a spousal application, while the sponsor exercises a right of appeal pursuant to section 63 of IRPA?

 

2.                  (a)  On a spousal application do sections 11 and 16 of IRPA require a personal physical interview, at a visa office abroad in general? And

 

(b)  If yes to 2(a), do sections 11 and 16 require such an interview of an Applicant who is a refugee claimant whose claim has not been finally determined?

 

[45]           The first question, the effect of section 72(2)(a) of  IRPA on an applicant where the sponsor holds the right of appeal, has not been considered by the Federal Court of Appeal.  In the case at hand, the Respondent’s initial motion to dismiss the application for judicial review was rejected by the Court which ordered the application to proceed to judicial review.  At the judicial review, the Respondent renewed its submissions for dismissal on section 72(2)(a) grounds and I have given effect to those submissions.

 

[46]           Since, this question has not been decided on by a higher court and the Immigration scheme would benefit from some clarity on the issue, I consider it appropriate to certify the question as one of general importance.

 

[47]           The second question proposed by the Applicant, concerning a personal physical interview, engages a question where an immigration officer has a degree of discretion.  I do not consider this question or the subsequent question to be appropriate for certification.

JUDGMENT

THIS COURT ORDERS AND ADJUDGES that:

1.                  The application for judicial review is dismissed.

2.                  A question on the effect of section 72(2)(a) is certified:

Does section 72 of the IRPA bar an application for judicial review by the Applicant of a spousal application, while the sponsor exercises a right of appeal pursuant to section 63 of IRPA?

 

3.                  I make no order for costs.

 

 

 

“Leonard S. Mandamin”

FEDERAL COURT

 

SOLICITORS OF RECORD

 

 

 

DOCKET:                                          IMM-3145-07

                                                           

 

STYLE OF CAUSE:                          ZSOLT SOMODI. v. MCI     

 

PLACE OF HEARING:                    TORONTO

 

 

DATE OF HEARING:                      July 22, 2008

 

 

REASONS FOR ORDER:               MANDMIN, J.

AND ORDER

 

DATED:                                             DECEMBER 05, 2008

 

 

APPEARANCES:

 

ROCCO GALATI                               FOR APPLICANT

 

GORDON LEE                                   FOR RESPONDENT

 

 

SOLICITORS OF RECORD:

 

ROCCO GALATI                               FOR APPLICANT

TORONTO, ONTARIO

 

JOHN H. SIMS, QC                           FOR RESPONDENT

TORONTO, ONTARIO