Docket: IMM-2168-11
Citation: 2011 FC 1349
Ottawa,
Ontario, November 23, 2011
PRESENT: The Honourable Mr. Justice Martineau
BETWEEN:
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MARIA ESTHER VILLAVICENCIO
LOPEZ, MAURICIO AGUILAR VILLAVICENCIO, MARY JOSE AGUILAR VILLAVICENCIO
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Applicants
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and
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THE MINISTER OF CITIZENSHIP AND
IMMIGRATION
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Respondent
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REASONS FOR JUDGMENT AND
JUDGMENT
[1]
The
principal applicant, Ms. Villavicencio Lopez, and her two minor children, Mary
Jose and Maurice, are Mexican citizens. They challenge the legality of a
decision rendered by the Refugee Protection Division of the Immigration and
Refugee Board (the Board), dated March 17, 2011, concluding that the applicants
are neither Convention refugees nor persons in need of protection pursuant to
sections 96 or 97 of the Immigration and Refugee Protection Act, SC
2001, c 27.
BACKGROUND
[2]
Ms.
Villavicencio Lopez alleges having been a victim of conjugal violence at the
hands of her former spouse. She claims that her husband started to develop a
drinking problem shortly after their son was born in 1999, and became abusive
and violent to a point that she decided to leave him and move back in with her
parents when she was pregnant with her second child. The applicant contends
that even by that time, her husband continued to harass and threaten her. When
their daughter was born in 2001, the applicant moved back in with her husband
and decided to give him a second chance.
[3]
The
applicant states that when her daughter was two or three months, her husband
threatened to disappear with the child. She says she constantly feared that her
husband would abduct the children so that she would never see them again and
that he would kill her. She even consulted the DIF (the Mexican State System
for the Comprehensive Development of the Family) to seek help in September
2000. She was offered counselling and received legal advice that she had the
possibility to denounce her husband’s abusive behaviour.
[4]
In
2002, the applicant decided to leave her husband for good. Having nowhere else
to go, she moved back in again with her parents. The applicant claims that after
the separation she continued to answer her husband’s calls and met regularly
with him because she feared that he would become more violent or decide to
abduct the children.
[5]
The
applicant alleges that in March 2008 she contacted her husband to ask him to
sign passport applications for the children because their uncle wanted to take
them to Disneyland in the USA. She alleges that, accompanied with her lawyer,
she met with her husband in a public place and managed to convince him to sign
the passport applications, but the harassment intensified again when she later
asked him to sign the visa applications and cede his paternal authority over
the children, which he refused to do.
[6]
On
June 15, 2008, her husband showed up at her door and physically assaulted her
when she refused to let him see the children. Following this incident, on July
13, 2008, the applicant filed a complaint against her husband before fleeing to
Canada with her
children on July 19, 2008.
[7]
The
Board found that Ms. Villavicencio Lopez’s story was not credible primarily
because of the disparity between her initial declarations in her interview
with the immigration authorities and her original Personal Information Form
(PIF) on one hand, and her amended PIF on the other. The Board decided that the
applicant also failed to rebut the presumption of state protection in the
circumstances.
ISSUES
[8]
Based
on the submissions of the parties, the following issues are raised with regard
to the impugned decision:
1. Was the
Board’s conclusion regarding the principal applicant’s credibility
unreasonable?
2. Did the Board
err by failing to consider and apply the Chairperson’s Guidelines on Women
Fearing Gender-Related Persecution and on Child Refugee Claimants?
3. Did the Board
err by failing to determine whether the principal applicant was a victim of
conjugal violence?
4. Was the
Board’s conclusion regarding state protection unreasonable?
ANALYSIS OF THE DECISION
UNDER REVIEW
Was the
Board’s conclusion regarding the principal applicant’s credibility
unreasonable?
[9]
The
applicant has left no stone unturned. She takes issue with all of the Board’s
credibility findings.
[10]
First,
the Board was not convinced that the conflicts between the applicant and her
former spouse were truly ongoing ever since she left him in 2002, as she
alleged in her amended PIF dated January 28, 2011 and testified before the
Board. In fact, the applicant made no mention of the problems she had with her
husband over those years neither in her refugee claim interview on November 5,
2008, nor in her original PIF dated December 1, 2008. She only indicated the
incident that occurred on June 15, 2008 as the triggering point of the problems
that brought her to leave her country.
[11]
Before
the Board, the applicant argued that the problems with her husband were ongoing
although the situation had escalated by June 15, 2008, after the incidents that
took place with regard to passport and visa applications. The Board rejected
this argument considering that had the applicant’s problems with her husband
been of the duration that she alleges, it would likely have been indicated
either in the Point of Entry (POE) notes or in her original PIF.
[12]
The
applicant takes issue with the Board’s reliance on the POE notes and the
original PIF. She contends that her amended PIF presents no contradictions but
only brings additional information to what she declared before. She notably
takes issue with the Board’s reading of the POE notes that her former spouse
had “suddenly appeared at her door after many years on June 15, 2008” and asked
to see the children. It was after a dispute, she claims, and not after many
years that her husband reappeared.
[13]
The
applicant relies on Zhong v Canada (Minister of
Citizenship and Immigration), 2009 FC 632, to argue that translation
problems might have resulted in a misunderstanding of the applicant’s
statements during the interview. Although the decision does not indicate the
facts, Zhong is clearly highly fact-specific and cannot be applied to
the present case. As the Court mentioned, in that case, advanced notice had
been provided to the Board of a “sharp conflict between the statements in the
record of proceedings and the applicant’s statements in the PIF” and no
independent means, such as a recording, was available to verify what was said
by the applicant or the interpreter, so that in this particular fact situation,
it was unfair for the Board to rely on an unverifiable version of the story to
make a negative credibility finding.
[14]
Upon
careful review of the original and the amended PIF as well as the POE notes,
the Court is not satisfied that the Board’s negative credibility finding was
unreasonable in this case. It goes without saying that questions of
credibility, just like questions as to whether an applicant has rebutted the
presumption of state protection, are questions of mixed fact and law, to be
reviewed on a standard of reasonableness. In reviewing the Board’s decision
against the standard of reasonableness, the Court considers “the existence of
justification, transparency and intelligibility within the decision-making
process” and “whether the decision falls within a range of possible, acceptable
outcomes which are defensible in respect of the facts and law” (Dunsmuir,
2008 SCC 9 at para 47). In this case, given the uncontested fact that neither
the applicant’s interview with the immigration authorities (which took place
over three months after she arrived in Canada) nor her first PIF (which was
completed a month later) point out any incidents prior to that of June 15,
2008, it cannot be said that the Board drew an unreasonable conclusion when
deciding that the applicant was not credible. Moreover, contrary to what the
applicant suggests, the DIF letter does not help her to demonstrate that the
Board made an error of law in concluding that her conjugal problems were not of
the duration that she alleged. The DIF letter dates back to September 2000 when
the applicant still lived with her husband.
[15]
The
Board also remained within the boundaries of reasonableness when it rejected
the applicant’s argument putting the blame on her former counsel and claiming
that she did not understand the content of the original PIF, given the fact
that the document was translated to the applicant and signed by her. In the
Court’s view, the Board’s overall conclusion that the applicant knew and had
made plans to go to Canada at least since April 2008, and that the
children’s father was aware of her plans, is reasonable and supported by the
evidence of this case.
[16]
The
applicant contends that the Board unreasonably concluded that she had the time
to reflect on the events and collect her thoughts before completing her first
PIF. She claims that this conclusion is made without regard for the applicant’s
designation as a vulnerable person on February 8, 2010, as well as the
psychological evaluation prepared on January 13, 2011 which indicates that she
suffers from Post Traumatic Stress Disorder and has difficulty remembering
certain events. Accordingly, procedural accommodations outlined in paragraph
4.2 of the Guideline on procedures with respect to vulnerable persons
appearing before the Immigration Refugee Board have been duly followed. The
Court notes that the impugned decision mentions and explains the content of
both of the above noted documents and nothing indicates that they have not been
considered by the Board when assessing the credibility issues in question in
this case. In fact, as I read the transcripts of the hearing, the
applicant did not demonstrate any memory problems in her testimony and never
mentioned that she had difficulty remembering any events.
[17]
Second,
the applicant takes issue with the Board’s implausibility findings, namely that
it is “not credible that for more than six years the principal claimant would
continue to meet her former spouse, as much as 24 times per year, in order to
simply appease him so that he would not try to abduct the children”.
[18]
Citing
Valtchev
v Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration), [2001]
FCJ 1131 at paras 6-7 [Valtchev], the applicant
suggests that the Board’s findings of plausibility cannot be said to be the only standard of plausibility and that it is not
implausible for a woman who is victim of conjugal violence to acquiesce
to her former spouse’s requests to keep her children and herself safe. It
should be reminded that the Board’s plausibility findings are entitled to the
same degree of deference as its credibility findings. Thus, the Board is not
restrained in its plausibility determinations as long as it
justifies them with specific and clear reference to the evidence and that the
inferences that it draws are not “so unreasonable as to warrant our
intervention” (Aguebor v Canada (Minister of Employment
and Immigration) [1993]
FCJ 732 at para 4). In
this case, the Board’s reasons demonstrate that it engaged with the applicant’s
evidence and explanations for her actions
and reasonably found them to be “outside the realm of what could reasonably be
expected” (Valtchev, above at para 7). It is also worth noting that in this case, the decision was not
rendered solely based on a lack of plausibility, as in Valtchev, but
also on major inconsistencies and contractions in the evidence (see
Valtchev, above at para 15).
[19]
Third, the applicant submits that the Board
unreasonably drew a negative inference from her reluctance to denounce her
husband by stating that she had “looked into matters when her relationship with
her former spouse was dissolving but that in the following years nothing had
been done”. The applicant alleges that the evidence indicates that she received
legal information and not “legal support [to] initiate
legal proceedings against her husband” as the Board mentioned. However, as I
read the Board’s decision, the negative inference on this point results rather from
the applicant’s inability at the hearing to provide more information with
regard to her allegation that she was reluctant to report her husband’s abusive
conduct because of the contacts he had in the judiciary and police force. The
Board notes that the applicant was not able to provide any information about
who those individuals might be. It is thus the inconsistency in the applicant’s
testimonial evidence which undermined her credibility and the conclusion is not
unreasonable.
[20]
Fourth,
the applicant’s credibility was also undermined by her 11 year old son’s
testimony who mentioned to the Board that the purpose of obtaining passports
for him and his sister was that they were going to Canada, and that he did not
remember they had any plans to travel to Disneyland. The applicant had
testified, however, that it was only a few days before their trip to Canada that the
children were told they would not be going to Disneyland. The Board found that
had the child believed from April 2008 (when the children obtained their
passports) to July 2008, that he was going to Disneyland, he would
have recalled it.
[21]
The
applicant alleges that the Board erred in its assessment of the evidence by
giving weigh to the child’s testimony which contained other imprecisions such
as the fact that he lived with her grandparents, her mother and her sister when
they were in Mexico. It is true
that the child might have been somewhat hesitant in answering the Board’s
questions in the beginning of his testimony. However, his testimony
seems spontaneous and truthful to the Court. He did remember that they had all
gone together to have their pictures taken for the passports and that they went
to the circus later that day. It can reasonably be expected that he would also
be able to remember it if he had been told about any plans to go to Disneyland
in that period of time.
Did the Board err by failing to consider
and apply the Chairperson’s Guidelines on Women Fearing Gender-Related Persecution
and on Child Refugee Claimants?
[22]
The
applicant further takes issue with the Board’s conclusion that her allegations
of harassment by her former husband were incompatible with her meeting with him
on a regular basis and asserts that, despite its acknowledgement of the
requirements of the Guidelines, the Board failed to demonstrate a degree of “knowledge,
understanding and sensitivity” in judging the applicant’s statements and
conducts in accordance with the Guidelines on Women Fearing Gender-Related
Persecution. It is well known, says the applicant, that victims of domestic
violence can remain with their violent spouses despite years of abuse as a
result of psychological frailties.
[23]
In
my view, the Board’s credibility findings in the present case do not display a
lack of the sensitivity or the contextualization called for
by the Guidelines. The jurisprudence recognizes that where the Board finds
actual inconsistencies or contradictions in the applicant’s evidence which put
into question the veracity of the allegations, the mere fact that the applicant
was not considered credible is insufficient to show that the Board was insensitive to her situation (Vargas v Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration), 2008 FC 1347 at para 15; SI v Canada
(Minister of Citizenship and Immigration), 2004 FC 1662 at paras 3-4).
[24]
The applicant alleges that the
Board also failed to observe the Guidelines on Child Refugee Claimants when
hearing the applicant’s son’s testimony, as it did not “determine if the child
understood the nature of the oath or affirmation to tell the truth”. Yet, nothing
in the child’s testimony makes the Court doubt that he did not understand the
nature of the proceedings at the hearing and it
cannot reasonably be argued that just because his testimony did not
favour the applicant’s claim, he did not understand
the meaning and the importance of an affirmation under oath.
Did the Board err by failing to
determine whether the principal applicant was a victim of conjugal violence?
[25]
The
applicant asserts that even if the Board did not believe that her problems with
her former spouse were ongoing since she left him, the Board failed to assess
in its reasons whether she was a victim of conjugal violence as to warrant the
granting of refugee protection.
[26]
However,
the Board’s lengthy and clearly articulated reasons with regard to the
credibility of the applicant’s allegation of conjugal violence (particularly
after she left her husband in 2002) plainly disposed of this issue, which is
the principal ground of the applicant’s refugee claim. The Board also turned
its mind to this allegation when examining why she failed to seek legal
recourse against her husband. The final determination of the issue is also
clear and unequivocal that the applicant “has not established, on a balance of
probabilities, that, should she return to Mexico, she would
face a serious possibility of being persecuted by her former spouse”.
Was the
Board’s conclusion regarding state protection unreasonable?
[27]
The
impugned decision correctly states the jurisprudence on state protection,
including the presumption that a state is capable of protecting its citizens,
that the onus is on the applicant to rebut that presumption with clear and
convincing evidence, and that the applicant has a duty to take all reasonable
steps to seek protection unless it is objectively not reasonable not to do so.
In reviewing the evidence, the Board notably considered that insufficient steps
were taken by the applicant to seek protection by the State of Puebla in Mexico. In fact,
the applicant never filed a report against her former spouse although in
September 2000 she had been advised by the DIF that she had the possibility to
do so. The Board stated that in making a complaint to the police only a few
days before she left the country, the applicant did not even allow the State
enough time to look into her complaint and concluded that State protection is
not unavailable for the applicant in Mexico.
[28]
The
applicant submits that the Board’s conclusion of availability of state
protection is made without proper regard for the evidence that suggests that
protection might not be reasonably forthcoming in a case such as that of the
applicant, but fails to point out any specific evidence that has been ignored
by the Board. She argues that contrary to the Board’s findings on this point,
according to the jurisprudence efforts made by a state to assure protection to
its citizens should not be determinative of the availability of state
protection at the operational level (Gjoka v Canada (Minister of
Citizenship and Immigration), 2010 FC 426) and that
the existence of alternate institutions other that the police force do not
constitute avenues of protection per se (Zepeda
v Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration), 2008 FC 491).
[29]
The
Court finds that the Board applied the correct legal principles and extensively
reviewed the evidence that was made available to it, including the Hellman
Report that was submitted by the applicant. Contrary to what the applicant
contends the Board did not consider this evidence unauthoritative or
non-credible but insufficient to counter other documentary evidence. Even if
efforts, laws and alternate institutions to support victims of conjugal abuse
are not sufficient, they can still militate in favour of the presumption of
state protection on a balance of probabilities. It is worth noting that in its
reasons the Board noted some inconsistencies among sources but concluded that,
in the circumstances of this case and in view of the laws of the State of Puebla where the
applicant lived, the applicant did not demonstrate that she could not
reasonably expect protection. In submitting that the Board erred in deciding in
one sense rather that the other, the applicant is asking the Court to reassess
this evidence. The Board’s conclusion is not unreasonable in the circumstances
considering that the Board did not skip over the evidence but was principally
concerned with the fact that the applicant actually never made a genuine
attempt to seek state protection in Mexico, if not a few days before leaving
the country.
[30]
The
present application for judicial review should therefore be dismissed. No
question of general importance has been proposed for certification by counsel.
JUDGMENT
THIS COURT ADJUDGES that the application for
judicial review is dismissed. No question is certified.
“Luc
Martineau”
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