Date: 20091008
Docket: IMM-4914-09
Citation: 2009 FC 1022
BETWEEN:
THE MINISTER OF PUBLIC SAFETY
AND EMERGENCY PREPAREDNESS
Applicant
and
SAUL CASTILLO
Respondent
REASONS FOR
ORDER
Lemieux J.
Introduction
[1]
On
October 6, 2009,
at the urgent request of the Minister of Public Safety
and Emergency Preparedness
(the Minister), I granted, until October 9, 2009, the date of the
respondent’s next detention review, a stay of the oral decision dated October
5, 2009, delivered by a member of the Immigration Division (the panel) of
the Immigration and Refugee Board (the IRB) ordering the
conditional release of Saul Castillo, who had been arrested on October 2,
2009, further to an arrest warrant issued by the Chief of Operations of the
Canada Border Services Agency (the Agency). I am of the opinion that there are
reasonable grounds to believe that Mr. Castillo is inadmissible on grounds of
serious criminality and that he is a danger to public safety and a flight risk
before his inadmissibility hearing is held.
[2]
The following
conditions were imposed by the panel:
(1)
$5,000.00 bond
deposited by his friend, Luis Oltega;
(2)
Must
reside at all times with his former spouse, Yolande Vasquez, who has custody of
their two children;
(3)
Must
advise the Agency of any address change;
(4)
Must
attend all meetings called by the Agency;
(5)
Must report
to the Agency offices every two weeks; and,
(6)
Must not
associate with any person whom Mr. Castillo knows to have a criminal
record.
Statutory and regulatory framework
[3]
Section 58
of the Immigration and Refugee Protection Act (IRPA) states the principal conditions
of the release of a detainee under this Act. I cite it in the Annex to these
reasons.
[4]
Regulatory
factors can be found in sections 244 to 248 of the Immigration
and Refugee Protection Regulations (IRPR), which I cite in the Annex.
Panel’s decision
[5]
As
mentioned, the panel rendered its oral decision after the hearing of October 5,
2009. The panel had to review the detention of Mr. Castillo under section 57 of
the IRPA, which provides that the Immigration Division must review the reasons for
his continued detention within forty-eight hours after the detention begins.
[6]
The panel reviewed
documents filed by the Minister’s representative; the representative also questioned
Mr. Castillo and his guarantor, Mr. Oltega. Then, the panel heard each party’s
submissions.
[7]
First, the
panel listed the following essential facts, which I summarize:
·
Mr.
Castillo became a permanent resident of Canada in 1988 in the spousal category
after coming here in 1987 in order to claim refugee protection, which
was not granted to him because he did not appear at the hearing;
·
On
February 22, 2006,
he was convicted of (a) conspiracy to export cannabis and (b) conspiracy
to import cocaine. He was sentenced to six months’ imprisonment with nine
months in pre-trial detention;
·
On
March 13, 2006,
he was convicted of conspiracy to import cannabis resin;
he was sentenced to thirteen
months’ imprisonment with twenty-three months in pre-trial detention;
·
It was
submitted in evidence that the 2006 convictions were part of a police
investigation called Projet Bœuf, which looked into a drug network involving
certain gangs and resulted in twelve co‑accused being charged, including
Mr. Castillo;
·
The respondent
finished his sentence in September 2007 and the following month he was
arrested by the Montréal police. In the vehicle he was driving, the police
seized two hundred and fifty tablets of speed, two packets of crack, and marijuana.
However, the police did not pursue these charges;
·
On
January 13, 2008,
Mr. Castillo was arrested by the Montréal police for impaired driving. The
police discovered a firearm in the vehicle. He was charged with possession of a
firearm and of violating an order to not possess a firearm. He was granted
conditional release. The police also found close to $8,000.00 in cash in the
vehicle. When Mr. Castillo was arrested in October 2009, his criminal
trial for the two offences related to the firearm were pending; and,
·
In July
2008, a
report under section 44 of the IRPA was prepared further to the 2006
convictions. He was called to a hearing but did not appear following the notices
to appear of March 10 and April 28, 2009, which resulted in an arrest warrant
being issued on October 2, 2009.
(a) Danger to the public
[8]
With the
facts summarized, the panel continued its analysis of whether Mr. Castillo represents
a danger to the public. The member focused her analysis on the respondent’s
involvement “in the drug trade . . . in selling drugs, and . . . what I
place most weight on is the convictions . . . two convictions for
conspiracy, exporting, importing, and importing again, and you have had two
relatively lengthy sentences.”
[9]
The panel
added the following:
What concerns me, and I cannot ignore
this, because
I asked you the question, you spent the entire year in prison in 2006, and a
large part of 2007. Apparently, you got out of prison in about September
2007, and you were arrested again in October 2007 with drugs in your vehicle.
Listen, sir, I understand that no action
was taken regarding the events of October 2007. However, and without intending to
moralize, it is obvious to me that you did not learn much from your time in
prison and the convictions entered against you. This is quite serious, when
we are talking about drug trafficking, importing drugs, and complicity in all
that. Regardless of whether your role was a minor one or a major one, it is
quite serious and I do not really need, with all due respect for Mr. Ferdoussi,
to have the police here to explain to me whether or not drug trafficking is
dangerous to the public; it is my opinion that drug trafficking is dangerous
to the Canadian public. [Emphasis added.]
[10]
However, in
its reasons, the panel disregarded Mr. Castillo’s involvement in organized
crime. The member was of the opinion that she did not have sufficient
information.
[11]
The panel
expressed its finding as follows:
However, on the question of danger to the
public, as I explained a moment ago, I am of the opinion that your background,
the fact that you have been appearing at the courthouse since 1988, in criminal
court, on charges. I cannot place a great deal of weight on charges on which no
action was taken. However, as I explained, sir, I cannot simply ignore the
fact that you have been here for 20 years and for 20 years you have been
appearing in criminal court at one time or another. That is in fact a matter of
concern.
So yes, there is a danger to the public.
As I explained, in terms of the fact that you are involved in drug trafficking.
I understand that perhaps there has been no direct violence, based on the facts
presented to me, but I am of the opinion, strongly of the opinion, that
violence is not the only thing that causes a danger to the public. It is also
the fact that you are involved, as I said, in a very dangerous trade, if I may
use that word.
[Emphasis added.]
(b) Flight risk
[12]
The panel
expressed the following considerations:
·
He is
faced with a removal measure with seemingly no right to appeal; and,
·
He has
family here and “it will in fact be somewhat difficult for you to do that”
(leave Canada).
[13]
Notwithstanding
that Mr. Castillo still had remedies, the panel believed that “yes, there is
also a flight risk in your case”. The panel balanced this finding with the fact
“that the main reason you are before me today is the entire question of your
address”, which the panel said “operates in your favour.” The member considered
why the respondent did not appear at the hearing. On the one hand, he had not
received the notice to appear because he had moved without notifying
Citizenship and Immigration Canada and, on the other hand, he had had contact
through his counsel with the Agency regarding a possible hearing on his
inadmissibility. The member expressed herself as follows:
At this stage, it is the entire question, if I release you today, of
whether you are going to appear for the immigration proceeding, and of
course for removal, if that is ultimately what has to be done, what has to
be enforced.
To decide that, sir, as I have explained,
I have assessed all the information I have before me, but also considered
whether there is an alternative that might offset the flight risk and the
danger that I believe is in fact present to some degree. I am taking into consideration
that you are telling me today that even if you have to leave Canada you are
going to comply with this and do what is necessary afterward to come back to Canada eventually, if that door is
open to you.
Listen, sir, as I have explained, there
are no guarantees in all this. You may perhaps come back some day, but, as I
explained, there is no guarantee of that.
(c) The guarantor
[14]
According
to the member, the guarantor has been the respondent’s friend for a few years
and wanted to deposit five thousand dollars as a guarantee that Mr. Castillo would
comply with the conditions of his release. The panel also mentioned the fact
that his spouse (former spouse) appeared at the hearing, but did not testify; Mr.
Castillo had lived with her for the last year and she too undertook that he
would comply with the conditions of his release.
[15]
Without
minimizing the fact that the panel believed that Mr. Castillo is “someone
who has exhibited disrespect for Canadian law on several occasions” and has a “serious
. . . record, in my view”, the panel had to determine whether there was a “relatively
reasonable alternative to detention at this stage”.
[16]
Taking
into consideration the fact that Mr. Castillo was currently again a permanent
resident and his immigration assessment “apart from the last two notices, with
which you unfortunately did not comply because of an address problem . . .
[given] . . . to the courthouse . . . you have understood that the change of
address also has to be given to the Agency”, the member believed and found the
following:
I think in the circumstances I could make
an offer of release, with the alternative that has been presented today. Of
course, with certain more stringent conditions that could offset the risks you
present.
So listen, sir, first, the condition to
be complied with is of course that the sum of $5,000 must be deposited by your
friend Mr. Ramirez Oltega. I consider the sum of $5,000 to be reasonable in
the circumstances. Mr. Ramirez Oltega testified under oath that he in fact has
a very high salary, that it is his money that he has saved in the last year,
and that he understands that if you fail to comply with even one of the
conditions he will lose the money. So in the circumstances I order that the sum
of $5,000 be deposited. [Emphasis added.]
Analysis and conclusions
[17]
In order for
the stay requested by the Minister to be granted he must, as clearly indicated
in the case law, establish each of the following elements: (1) one or more
serious questions; (2) irreparable harm if the stay is not granted and (3) the fact
that the balance of inconvenience favours the applicant. For the reasons I expressed
orally on October 6, 2009, I am of the opinion that the Minister has met his
burden.
[18]
In RJR-MacDonald
Inc. v. Canada (Attorney General), [1994]
1 S.C.R. 311, the Supreme Court of Canada explained that “serious question” signifies
that the error attributed to the panel is not frivolous or vexatious, meaning
that the question raised has no merit. According to Justice Sopinka and Justice
Cory, a prolonged examination of the merits at this stage is neither necessary
nor desirable.
[19]
The
Minister’s counsel maintains that the member admitted that the respondent was both
a danger to the public and a flight risk, but nevertheless ordered his conditional
release. Mr. Castillo’s counsel claims that the panel did not make such
findings because the member was of the opinion that the respondent represented
“a [certain] danger to the public.”
[20]
I agree
with the Minister on this point. In reading the member’s words in context and
in assessing them as a whole, I believe that the panel found that Mr. Castillo was
a danger to the public and represented a flight risk. During the hearing, Mr.
Castillo’s representative acknowledged that there was some uncertainty on this
point.
[21]
In my
opinion, if he was right, there is a serious question by reason of the fact the
panel did not provide adequate explanations of its reasons. The recent Supreme
Court of Canada case law is very clear on this point. See Dunsmuir v. New Brunswick,
2008 SCC 9, at paragraph 47; Canada (Citizenship and Immigration) v. Khosa,
2009 SCC 12, at paragraph 63; and Her Majesty the Queen v. H.S.B., 2008 SCC
52, at paragraph 2.
[22]
Therefore,
I believe that the Minister’s counsel raised the following serious questions in
this case:
(1) Did the panel respect the instructions
in Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration)
v. Singh,
2001 FCT 954, recently confirmed in Ministre de la Sécurité publique et de
la protection civile et al v. Jose Guiovanny Torres Vargas et al, 2009 CF
1005?
(2) Did the panel properly assess
the requirement in paragraph 47(2)(b) of the IRPR that the guarantor
must be able to ensure that Mr. Castillo will comply with the conditions imposed
on his release? The panel did not analyze this ability for the guarantor or the
respondent’s former spouse.
(3)
Are his
release conditions reasonable under the circumstances?
[23]
In the
case at bar, the existence of irreparable harm was demonstrated by the very fact
that if the stay were not granted, Mr. Castillo would be released, even though
the panel considered him a danger to the public and did not analyze the ability
of his guarantor (or former spouse) to control his actions. The Minister has a
duty to protect Canadian society. One of the IRPA’s purposes is to maintain the
security of Canadians (see paragraph 3(1)(h) of the IRPA).
[24]
Since it
was demonstrated that there is one or more serious questions and that irreparable
harm would result if the stay were not granted, it logically follows that the
balance of inconvenience favours the Minister. I would add another factor,
public interest, which adds significant weight to this balance.
[25]
For these
reasons, the stay was granted.
“François Lemieux”
______________________________
Judge
Ottawa,
Ontario
October 8,
2009
Certified
true translation
Janine
Anderson, Translator
ANNEX A
|
Immigration
and Refugee Protection Act, 2001, c. 27
Release
— Immigration Division
58.
(1) The Immigration Division shall order the release of a permanent resident
or a foreign national unless it is satisfied, taking into account prescribed
factors, that
(a)
they are a danger to the public;
(b)
they are unlikely to appear for examination, an admissibility hearing,
removal from Canada, or at a proceeding that
could lead to the making of a removal order by the Minister under subsection
44(2);
(c)
the Minister is taking necessary steps to inquire into a reasonable suspicion
that they are inadmissible on grounds of security or for violating human or
international rights; or
(d)
the Minister is of the opinion that the identity of the foreign national has
not been, but may be, established and they have not reasonably cooperated
with the Minister by providing relevant information for the purpose of
establishing their identity or the Minister is making reasonable efforts to
establish their identity.
Detention
— Immigration Division
(2)
The Immigration Division may order the detention of a permanent resident or a
foreign national if it is satisfied that the permanent resident or the
foreign national is the subject of an examination or an admissibility hearing
or is subject to a removal order and that the permanent resident or the
foreign national is a danger to the public or is unlikely to appear for
examination, an admissibility hearing or removal from Canada.
Conditions
(3)
If the Immigration Division orders the release of a permanent resident or a
foreign national, it may impose any conditions that it considers necessary,
including the payment of a deposit or the posting of a guarantee for
compliance with the conditions.
|
|
Loi
sur l'immigration et la protection des réfugiés, 2001, ch. 27
Mise
en liberté par la Section de l’immigration
58. (1) La section prononce la mise en liberté du
résident permanent ou de l’étranger, sauf sur preuve, compte tenu des
critères réglementaires, de tel des faits suivants :
a) le
résident permanent ou l’étranger constitue un danger pour la sécurité
publique;
b) le
résident permanent ou l’étranger se soustraira vraisemblablement au contrôle,
à l’enquête ou au renvoi, ou à la procédure pouvant mener à la prise par le
ministre d’une mesure de renvoi en vertu du paragraphe 44(2);
c) le
ministre prend les mesures voulues pour enquêter sur les motifs raisonnables
de soupçonner que le résident permanent ou l’étranger est interdit de
territoire pour raison de sécurité ou pour atteinte aux droits humains ou
internationaux;
d)
dans le cas où le ministre estime que l’identité de l’étranger n’a pas été
prouvée mais peut l’être, soit l’étranger n’a pas raisonnablement coopéré en
fournissant au ministre des renseignements utiles à cette fin, soit ce
dernier fait des efforts valables pour établir l’identité de l’étranger.
Mise
en détention par la Section de l’immigration
(2) La
section peut ordonner la mise en détention du résident permanent ou de
l’étranger sur preuve qu’il fait l’objet d’un contrôle, d’une enquête ou
d’une mesure de renvoi et soit qu’il constitue un danger pour la sécurité
publique, soit qu’il se soustraira vraisemblablement au contrôle, à l’enquête
ou au renvoi.
Conditions
(3)
Lorsqu’elle ordonne la mise en liberté d’un résident permanent ou d’un
étranger, la section peut imposer les conditions qu’elle estime nécessaires,
notamment la remise d’une garantie d’exécution.
|
|
Immigration
and Refugee Protection Regulations, SOR/2002-227
Factors
to be considered
244.
For the purposes of Division 6 of Part 1 of the Act, the factors set out in
this Part shall be taken into consideration when assessing whether a person
(a)
is unlikely to appear for examination, an admissibility hearing, removal from
Canada, or at a proceeding that could lead to the making of a removal order
by the Minister under subsection 44(2) of the Act;
(b)
is a danger to the public; or
(c)
is a foreign national whose identity has not been established.
Flight
risk
245.
For the purposes of paragraph 244(a), the factors are the following:
(a)
being a fugitive from justice in a foreign jurisdiction in relation to an
offence that, if committed in Canada,
would constitute an offence under an Act of Parliament;
(b)
voluntary compliance with any previous departure order;
(c)
voluntary compliance with any previously required appearance at an
immigration or criminal proceeding;
(d)
previous compliance with any conditions imposed in respect of entry, release
or a stay of removal;
(e)
any previous avoidance of examination or escape from custody, or any previous
attempt to do so;
(f)
involvement with a people smuggling or trafficking in persons operation that
would likely lead the person to not appear for a measure referred to in
paragraph 244(a) or to be vulnerable to being influenced or coerced by an
organization involved in such an operation to not appear for such a measure;
and
(g)
the existence of strong ties to a community in Canada.
Danger
to the public
246.
For the purposes of paragraph 244(b), the factors are the following:
(a)
the fact that the person constitutes, in the opinion of the Minister, a
danger to the public in Canada or a danger to the security of Canada under
paragraph 101(2)(b), subparagraph 113(d)(i) or (ii) or paragraph 115(2)(a) or
(b) of the Act;
(b)
association with a criminal organization within the meaning of subsection
121(2) of the Act;
(c)
engagement in people smuggling or trafficking in persons;
(d)
conviction in Canada under an Act of Parliament
for
(i)
a sexual offence, or
(ii)
an offence involving violence or weapons;
(e)
conviction for an offence in Canada under any of the following
provisions of the Controlled Drugs and Substances Act, namely,
(i)
section 5 (trafficking),
(ii)
section 6 (importing and exporting), and
(iii)
section 7 (production);
(f)
conviction outside Canada, or the existence of
pending charges outside Canada, for an offence that, if committed in Canada, would constitute an
offence under an Act of Parliament for
(i)
a sexual offence, or
(ii)
an offence involving violence or weapons; and
(g)
conviction outside Canada, or the existence of
pending charges outside Canada, for an offence that, if committed in Canada, would constitute an
offence under any of the following provisions of the Controlled Drugs and
Substances Act, namely,
(i)
section 5 (trafficking),
(ii)
section 6 (importing and exporting), and
(iii)
section 7 (production).
Identity
not established
247.
(1) For the purposes of paragraph 244(c), the factors are the following:
(a)
the foreign national's cooperation in providing evidence of their identity,
or assisting the Department in obtaining evidence of their identity, in
providing the date and place of their birth as well as the names of their
mother and father or providing detailed information on the itinerary they
followed in travelling to Canada or in completing an application for a travel
document;
(b)
in the case of a foreign national who makes a claim for refugee protection,
the possibility of obtaining identity documents or information without
divulging personal information to government officials of their country of
nationality or, if there is no country of nationality, their country of
former habitual residence;
(c)
the destruction of identity or travel documents, or the use of fraudulent
documents in order to mislead the Department, and the circumstances under
which the foreign national acted;
(d)
the provision of contradictory information with respect to identity at the
time of an application to the Department; and
(e)
the existence of documents that contradict information provided by the
foreign national with respect to their identity.
Non-application
to minors
(2)
Consideration of the factors set out in paragraph (1)(a) shall not have an
adverse impact with respect to minor children referred to in section 249.
SOR/2004-167,
s. 65(E).
Other
factors
248.
If it is determined that there are grounds for detention, the following
factors shall be considered before a decision is made on detention or
release:
(a)
the reason for detention;
(b)
the length of time in detention;
(c)
whether there are any elements that can assist in determining the length of time
that detention is likely to continue and, if so, that length of time;
(d)
any unexplained delays or unexplained lack of diligence caused by the
Department or the person concerned; and
(e)
the existence of alternatives to detention.
|
|
Règlement
sur l’immigration et la protection des réfugiés, DORS/2002-227
Critères
244.
Pour l’application de la section 6 de la partie 1 de la Loi, les critères
prévus à la présente partie doivent être pris en compte lors de
l’appréciation :
a) du
risque que l’intéressé se soustraie vraisemblablement au contrôle, à
l’enquête, au renvoi ou à une procédure pouvant mener à la prise, par le
ministre, d’une mesure de renvoi en vertu du paragraphe 44(2) de la Loi;
b) du
danger que constitue l’intéressé pour la sécurité publique;
c) de
la question de savoir si l’intéressé est un étranger dont l’identité n’a pas
été prouvée.
Risque
de fuite
245.
Pour l’application de l’alinéa 244a), les critères sont les suivants :
a) la
qualité de fugitif à l’égard de la justice d’un pays étranger quant à une
infraction qui, si elle était commise au Canada, constituerait une infraction
à une loi fédérale;
b) le
fait de s’être conformé librement à une mesure d’interdiction de séjour;
c) le
fait de s’être conformé librement à l’obligation de comparaître lors d’une
instance en immigration ou d’une instance criminelle;
d) le
fait de s’être conformé aux conditions imposées à l’égard de son entrée, de
sa mise en liberté ou du sursis à son renvoi;
e) le
fait de s’être dérobé au contrôle ou de s’être évadé d’un lieu de détention,
ou toute tentative à cet égard;
f)
l’implication dans des opérations de passage de clandestins ou de trafic de
personnes qui mènerait vraisemblablement l’intéressé à se soustraire aux
mesures visées à l’alinéa 244a) ou le rendrait susceptible d’être incité ou
forcé de s’y soustraire par une organisation se livrant à de telles
opérations;
g)
l’appartenance réelle à une collectivité au Canada.
Danger
pour le public
246.
Pour l’application de l’alinéa 244b), les critères sont les suivants :a)
le fait que l’intéressé constitue, de l’avis du ministre aux termes de
l’alinéa 101(2)b), des sous-alinéas 113d)(i) ou (ii) ou des alinéas 115(2)a)
ou b) de la Loi, un danger pour le public au Canada ou pour la sécurité du Canada;
b)
l’association à une organisation criminelle au sens du paragraphe 121(2) de
la Loi;
c) le
fait de s’être livré au passage de clandestins ou le trafic de personnes;
d) la
déclaration de culpabilité au Canada, en vertu d’une loi fédérale, quant à
l’une des infractions suivantes :
(i)
infraction d’ordre sexuel,
(ii)
infraction commise avec violence ou des armes;
e) la
déclaration de culpabilité au Canada quant à une infraction visée à l’une des
dispositions suivantes de la Loi réglementant certaines drogues et autres
substances:
(i)
article 5 (trafic),
(ii)
article 6 (importation et exportation),
(iii)
article 7 (production);
f) la
déclaration de culpabilité ou la mise en accusation à l’étranger, quant à
l’une des infractions suivantes qui, si elle était commise au Canada,
constituerait une infraction à une loi fédérale :
(i)
infraction d’ordre sexuel,
(ii)
infraction commise avec violence ou des armes;
g) la
déclaration de culpabilité ou la mise en accusation à l’étranger de l’une des
infractions suivantes qui, si elle était commise au Canada, constituerait une
infraction à l’une des dispositions suivantes de la Loi réglementant
certaines drogues et autres substances:
(i)
article 5 (trafic),
(ii)
article 6 (importation et exportation),
(iii) article
7 (production).
Preuve
de l’identité de l’étranger
247.
(1) Pour l’application de l’alinéa 244c), les critères sont les
suivants :
a) la
collaboration de l’intéressé, à savoir s’il a justifié de son identité, s’il
a aidé le ministère à obtenir cette justification, s’il a communiqué des
renseignements détaillés sur son itinéraire, sur ses date et lieu de
naissance et sur le nom de ses parents ou s’il a rempli une demande de titres
de voyage;
b)
dans le cas du demandeur d’asile, la possibilité d’obtenir des renseignements
sur son identité sans avoir à divulguer de renseignements personnels aux
représentants du gouvernement du pays dont il a la nationalité ou, s’il n’a
pas de nationalité, du pays de sa résidence habituelle;
c) la
destruction, par l’étranger, de ses pièces d’identité ou de ses titres de
voyage, ou l’utilisation de documents frauduleux afin de tromper le
ministère, et les circonstances dans lesquelles il s’est livré à ces
agissements;
d) la
communication, par l’étranger, de renseignements contradictoires quant à son
identité pendant le traitement d’une demande le concernant par le ministère;
e)
l’existence de documents contredisant les renseignements fournis par
l’étranger quant à son identité.
Non-application
aux mineurs
(2) La
prise en considération du critère prévu à l’alinéa (1)a) ne peut avoir
d’incidence défavorable à l’égard des mineurs visés à l’article 249.
DORS/2004-167,
art. 65(A).
Autres
critères
248.
S’il est constaté qu’il existe des motifs de détention, les critères ci-après
doivent être pris en compte avant qu’une décision ne soit prise quant à la
détention ou la mise en liberté :
a) le
motif de la détention;
b) la
durée de la détention;
c)
l’existence d’éléments permettant l’évaluation de la durée probable de la
détention et, dans l’affirmative, cette période de temps;
d) les
retards inexpliqués ou le manque inexpliqué de diligence de la part du
ministère ou de l’intéressé;
e)
l’existence de solutions de rechange à la détention.
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