Date: 20100309
Docket: IMM-4354-09
Citation: 2010 FC 270
Ottawa, Ontario, March 9,
2010
PRESENT: The Honourable Mr. Justice Martineau
BETWEEN:
OLIVER
THEOPHILUS FRANK
Applicant
and
THE MINISTER OF CITIZENSHIP
AND IMMIGRATION
Respondent
REASONS FOR JUDGMENT AND JUDGMENT
[1]
The
applicant challenges the legality of a decision rendered by an immigration
officer (the officer) on August 17, 2009, refusing the applicant’s application
for permanent resident status based on humanitarian and compassionate grounds
under subsection 25(1) of the Immigration and Refugee Protection Act,
S.C. 2001, c.27 (the Act).
[2]
The
basis of the officer’s refusal is that the applicant did not establish that he
would suffer unusual, undeserved or disproportionate hardship if he were
required to apply for permanent resident status outside of Canada.
[3]
For
the reasons that follow, the present application must fail.
[4]
First,
it is useful to set out a number of relevant facts.
[5]
The
applicant was born January 13, 1967, and is a citizen of St. Vincent
and the Grenadines. He first arrived in Canada on August
28, 1991. After overstaying his visitor’s visa, the applicant left Canada on May 8,
1994, only to return again with a visitor’s visa on August 7, 1994. The
applicant’s second visa was extended until May 21, 1995, but he never departed
from Canada.
[6]
The
applicant is one of seven children in his family; he has three sisters and
three brothers. His father abandoned them when he was young, and the applicant claims
that his older sister, Wenda, was his primary caregiver since his mother had to
work long hours to support her children. The applicant came to Canada to reunite
with his three sisters who had already arrived in Canada a few
years before.
[7]
Since
his first arrival nineteen years ago, the applicant has lived with his sister
Wenda. Along with his mother, the applicant’s three brothers continue to reside
in St. Vincent. Since his second arrival in Canada, the
applicant has been employed as a mechanic, and on October 7, 1996, the
applicant had a son with whom he claims to have a close relationship.
[8]
On
April 22, 2008, the applicant was arrested by the Montreal Police (Service de
police de la Ville de Montréal), but he was later acquitted of the charge laid
against him. As a result of the arrest, however, the Canadian Border Services
Agency (CBSA) issued a report, pursuant to subsection 44(1) of the Act,
declaring that the applicant was inadmissible under subsection 41(a), since he
failed to leave Canada before the expiry of his authorized stay, as required by
subsection 29(2).
[9]
On
May 26, 2008, the applicant submitted his application for permanent resident
status based on humanitarian and compassionate grounds (H&C application).
His application contained, inter alia, his “story”, his son’s birth
certificate, a couple of bills addressed to his sister Wenda, and letters of
support from his friends and family.
[10]
On
April 15, 2009, Citizenship and Immigration Canada (CIC) sent the applicant a
letter asking him to update the personal information contained in his H&C
application.
[11]
On
June 30, 2009, CIC sent the applicant another letter requesting the following
documents: any legal documentation concerning the applicant’s arrest on April
22, 2008; proof of custody or any other legal documentation that demonstrates
the arrangement between the applicant and his son; his son’s school transcripts
for the previous two years; and, any other documentation that demonstrates how
the applicant takes care of his son.
[12]
On
July 28, 2009, the applicant submitted additional documentation, which included
letters from his sister Wenda and two friends attesting to his close
relationship with his son, a letter from his son’s basketball coach attesting
to the fact that the applicant is in regular attendance at his son’s basketball
games and practices, and a document indicating that he was acquitted from the
criminal charge laid on April 22, 2008.
[13]
In
an application based on H&C grounds, the onus is always on the applicants
to provide the documentation upon which the determination will be based (Zambrano v.
Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration), 2008 FC 481 at paragraph
39; Melchor v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration), 2004 FC
1327 at paragraph 13; Arumugam v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship and
Immigration), 2001 FCT 985 at paragraph 16).
[14]
Subsection
25(1) of the Act provides an exemption to the requirement of having to apply
for a visa from outside of Canada “if the Minister is of the opinion that [such an
exemption] is justified by humanitarian and compassionate considerations
relating to [the applicant], taking into account the best interests of a child
directly affected, or by public policy considerations.”
[15]
The
jurisprudence is clear that the standard of review applicable to decisions on
an H&C application is reasonableness. Because of the highly discretionary
nature of such decisions, so long as the decision is justifiable, transparent
and intelligible within the decision making process, the Court should not
intervene (Dunsmuir v. New Brunswick, 2008 SCC 9 at paragraph 47; Canlas
v. Canada (Minister of Public
Safety and Emergency Preparedness), 2009 FC 303 at paragraph 11).
[16]
As
long as the decision falls within a range of possible, acceptable outcomes which
are defensible in respect of the facts and law, the Court will not intervene
with the immigration officer’s decision (Dunsmuir, above, at
paragraph 47). Moreover, in reviewing the legality of a decision
dismissing an H&C application, the Court should be careful not to consider factors
that it feels relevant only to outweigh or diminish a number of other relevant
considerations that have been taken into account by the officer.
[17]
The
role of the Court is not one of policy making. Thus, the starting point of the
Court’s analysis is the reasoning of the agent. The issue is whether the
officer’s decision, considered as a whole, can sustain a somewhat probing
examination by the Court.
[18]
In
the case at bar, none of the facts invoked by the applicant, including the
close family relationship he developed with his sister Wenda and the best
interests of his Canadian son, were found by the officer to justify that he be
granted an exemption from the requirement to obtain a permanent resident visa
prior to coming to Canada (see subsection 11(1) of the Act).
[19]
While
it is abundantly clear in reading the H&C application that the primary
focus from the applicant’s perspective is his son, at the hearing before this
Court the sole ground of attack raised was the relative importance the agent
should have given to the strong ties that the applicant has developed with his
sister Wenda.
[20]
In
this application, the applicant heavily relies on the Operational Manual IP-5
Immigrant Applications in Canada made on Humanitarian and Compassionate Grounds
(Operational
Manual IP-5)
and the recent decision of this Court in John v. Canada (Minister
of Citizenship and Immigration), 2010 FC 85 at paragraph 7 (John), to argue that the
officer should have explicitly considered the applicant’s de facto family
situation since it was clearly raised by the facts as presented to the officer.
[21]
While
it has been established on numerous occasions that the operational manuals are
not law and are not binding, they are valuable guidelines to the immigration
officers in carrying out their duties (John, above, at paragraph 7).
[22]
With
regard to the applicant’s de facto family situation, the respondent
notes that the officer was not required to address the issue since the
applicant failed to specifically raise it in his H&C application (Sandhu
v. Canada (Minister of
Citizenship and Immigration), 2006 FC 1032 at paragraph 20 (Sandhu)).
[23]
Furthermore,
the respondent submits that the officer considered the relationship between the
applicant and his family in Canada and the relevant evidence on the matter, as well as the
existence of remaining family members in his country, namely his mother and his
brothers. The officer concluded that the applicant would not be isolated in St.
Vincent if he were to apply for Canadian permanent residence status from there.
Hence, the officer gave little weight to the fact that the applicant had family
in Canada.
[24]
With
reference to family support, the applicant describes his relationship with his
family, as one that “provide[s] [him] with a stable and vital support system”.
Additionally, it was the applicant’s sister who helped him find a permanent job
and despite the fact that he has worked for the last fourteen years, the
applicant’s sisters are ready to offer their financial support to the applicant
should he be allowed to stay in Canada.
[25]
With
regard to his life in St.
Vincent,
the applicant notes that he and his brothers had difficulty finding jobs and
that now, he only has an “aging mother and … brothers [who] live difficultly”.
[26]
Where
a de facto family relationship is said to exist, an important
consideration in determining the merits of the H&C application is, to what extent the applicant would have difficulty in meeting financial or
emotional needs without the support and assistance of the family unit in Canada.
[27]
According
to section 6.4 of the Operational Manual IP-5, a de facto family member
is one who does not meet the definition of family class member under the Act,
but who is in a situation of dependence, which makes them a de facto member
of a nuclear family in Canada. Among the examples provided is the
example of a son, daughter, brother or sister who does not have a family of
their own. Similarly, elderly relatives or persons who have resided with the
family for a long time may be considered de facto family members.
[28]
Among the factors to be considered in the de
facto family relationship are: the stability of the relationship,
the length of the relationship, the ability and willingness of the family in
Canada to provide support and any family outside of Canada who are able and willing to provide support
(see section 12.6 of the Operational Manual IP-5).
[29]
What is clear from the foregoing is that de facto
family member status is limited to vulnerable persons who do not meet the definition
of family members in the Act and who are reliant on the support, both financial
and emotional, that they receive from persons living in Canada. Therefore, de facto family
member status is not normally given to independent and functional adults who
happen to have a close emotional bond with a relative residing in Canada, as is the case in the
present application.
[30]
I do
not believe John, above, created an obligation for all immigration
officers to explicitly consider the issue of de facto family members in
every case. It is clear in the present application that the officer considered
the applicant’s relationship with his family in Canada, and without evidence that the officer
failed to consider any other relevant criteria in determining the H&C application,
the Court should not intervene.
[31]
In
the Court’s view, the impugned decision is reasonable in the circumstances.
[32]
In
the impugned decision, the agent indicates that she has specifically considered
the following grounds and particular facts invoked by the applicant:
•
“Besides for finding me a permanent job, my family in Canada has provided me
with a stable and vital support system, that has breathed new hope into me and
makes all of my hard work worth it. Here, I have had the privilege to watch my nieces
grow, and have been able to share in all of their joys and achievements. I was
there for their sweet sixteens, their graduations, confirmations, proms and
even their first dates.”
•
“I have been able to repay, although in only a small way, the sister that has
taken care of me and been like a mother to me, helping her through her periods
& sickness, trying to thank for not having given up on me and my brothers.
We now share in each others ups and downs, and have been reunited.”
•
“Lastly and most importantly, my life, a piece of me, and a big reason why I
feel so attached to this county, my eleven year old son R-Kelly. Whereas I grew
up without a father, I vowed to be different. But more than empty promises, I
have tried to put my words into action, sticking to my son through his
hospitalization, attending his activities, going through the gook and bad
periods in school with him. It took me six years for me to teach him how to
ride a bike as R-KeIly was very afraid of falling. Two years ago, during his
mom’s divorce, it was recommended that he live with me for six months... We
came out of the experience with a stronger bond a better relationship... I want
to make sure that no matter what happens, he has his mother and his father
there to turn to and back him up.”
•
“My everything is here in Canada. I have nothing left in St.Vincent,
where my aging mother and my brothers live difficultly and where if there is a
future. It is bleak and hopeless.”
[33]
In
dismissing the application, the officer considered a number of relevant
factors, namely, the applicant’s family ties in Canada and St. Vincent, the extent
to which the applicant had established himself in Canada, and the best
interests of the child, before concluding that the applicant would not suffer
unusual, undeserved or disproportionate hardship if he were required to apply
for permanent resident status outside of Canada.
[34]
With
regard to the applicant’s family ties, the officer notes that the applicant
came to Canada to reunite
with his sister Wenda, who was his primary caregiver as a child, who was
already living in Canada. The officer notes that the applicant submitted
letters of support from his sisters and a niece, but ultimately the officer
gives little weight to the applicant’s family ties in Canada because the
officer notes that he still has his brothers and a mother that live in St. Vincent. Therefore,
the applicant would not be alone if he were required to return.
[35]
The
officer then gives negative weight to the applicant’s establishment in Canada.
[36]
In
coming to this decision, the officer emphasizes that while the applicant has
been working in Canada for fourteen years, he has been doing so
without a valid work permit. The officer also notes that when the applicant was
deemed inadmissible by CBSA in April 2008, he was released from custody subject
to conditions, which included, inter alia, that the applicant would
refrain from working without a valid work permit.
[37]
In
light of a letter submitted by the applicant’s employer on May 29, 2008, which
provided that the applicant had been working for him for the past fourteen
years, the officer inferred that the applicant continued to work illegally even
after he was explicitly requested not to. Furthermore, the officer notes that
the applicant did not submit any evidence demonstrating his capacity to support
himself, since the only documentation submitted were bills that were addressed
to his sister.
[38]
All
the findings and assumptions above are reasonable and supported by the evidence
on record.
[39]
With
respect to the officer’s decision regarding the separation of the applicant
from his son, there is nothing on record that would permit me to conclude that
the decision is unreasonable. The officer acknowledges that the applicant
claims to have taken care of his son from the time he was born.
[40]
Indeed,
the applicant was specifically asked to provide documentation that would permit
the officer to conclude that the applicant plays an integral role in the
child’s life, either financially or emotionally. The only documentation
submitted, however, were letters from the applicant’s sister and friends that
attest to the fact that the applicant spends time with his son, and a letter
from his son’s basketball coach, confirming that the applicant regularly
attends his son’s basketball games.
[41]
The
applicant recognizes that his family ties in Canada and St. Vincent, the extent
of his establishment in Canada and the best interests
of his child were relevant factors to be considered by the agent. At the
hearing, applicant’s counsel confirmed to this Court that no reviewable error
had been made in this regard by the agent.
[42]
The
arguments made by the respondent to sustain the legality of the impugned
decision are persuasive. The conclusion that the applicant did not
establish that he would suffer unusual, undeserved or disproportionate hardship
if he were required to apply for permanent resident status outside of Canada,
is overall reasonable and supported by the evidence on record. The particular weight to
be given to the de facto family situation of the applicant was just one
of the various relevant considerations that the agent had to consider. It
proved not to be determinative of the exercise of the ministerial discretion
under section 25 of the Act.
[43]
More
particularly, based on the reasons for the decision, it is clear that the
officer was well aware that the applicant lived with his sister Wenda, and that
the lease, the telephone bill and the hydro bill were under the name of the
latter. The officer did not call into question the applicant’s emotional
attachment to his sisters but noted that the applicant would not be isolated in
St. Vincent since his own mother
and his three brothers lived there.
[44]
In
the case at bar, there has been no allegation or evidence whatsoever that the
applicant has to count on his sisters or family in Canada in the sense that he is
ill or unable to work. Indeed, the evidence establishes that the applicant has
had a permanent job as a mechanic for more than ten years. Thus, it is not
unreasonable to infer that the applicant could perhaps find work in his own
country.
[45]
Thus,
the Court agrees with the submissions made by the respondent that the
applicant’s situation does not show the level of dependency required to qualify
as a de facto family member. In the absence of proper documentation
showing that the family significantly supported the applicant, the whole case
for an exemption on H&C grounds cannot simply be based on broad allegations
made by the applicant that he is dependant on his family in Canada.
[46]
For
the foregoing reasons the judicial review must fail. Neither party has
submitted a question of general importance, therefore none shall be certified.
JUDGMENT
THIS COURT ORDERS that the application for judicial review be dismissed. No
question is certified.
“Luc
Martineau”
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