Date: 20101209
Docket: T-1597-09
Citation: 2010
FC 1261
Ottawa, Ontario, December 9,
2010
PRESENT: The Honourable Mr. Justice Shore
BETWEEN:
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TRE MAIALI FASHION GROUP INC.
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Applicant
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and
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The president
of the Canada
border
services agency
AND
THE MINISTER OF NATIONAL REVENUE
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Respondents
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REASONS FOR JUDGMENT AND
JUDGMENT
I. Introduction
[1]
In
regard to the Customs Act, R.S.C. 1985, c. 1 (2nd
Supp.), it
is not the Letter of Credit that is excluded outright, at all, it is the nature
of the provisions, in the Letter of Credit, itself.
[2]
Every
case must be related directly to pertinent legislation and interpreted in light
of relevant jurisprudence (Highland Produce Ltd. v. Egg Farmers
of Canada, 2010 FC 401, [2010] F.C.J. No. 475 (QL)), if such relevant
jurisprudence exists. In an affidavit, the deficiencies of a Letter of Credit
as a security is specified:
(a)
inadequate wording to protect the total amount owing, including interest;
(b) reference
to an “agreement” between the CBSA and the customer (the Applicant), when no
such agreement has been entered into or proposed by the Applicant;
(c) being
time-limited, with an expiry date of March 31, 2010; and
(d) no right
to call-in the credit in the event that TD Canada Trust declines to issue a new
letter upon its expiry.
II. Judicial Procedure
[3]
This
is an application for judicial review from a decision of the Canada Border
Services Agency (CBSA), Regional Recourse Division, dated September 1, 2009,
pursuant to subsection 60(1) (section 59) of the Customs Act, in which
the Respondents found that the Applicant did not provide satisfactory security
to the Minister in respect of the amount and interest owed to the Respondents,
and for the issuance of a writ of mandamus pursuant to subsection
18.1(1) of the Federal Courts Act, R.S.C., 1985, c. F-7, and Rule 300
and following of the Federal Courts Rules, SOR/98-106.
III. Background
[4]
The
Applicant, Tre Maiali Fashion Group Inc., imported certain items of clothing
from various suppliers allegedly from the United States of
America.
[5]
The
Respondents conducted an origin audit of the importation of goods under the
trademarks Affliction, LLC, Sinful, Xtreme, Couture and Archaic for the period
of January 1, 2007 to December 31, 2007.
[6]
The
purpose of the verification was to determine whether the imported clothing into
Canada satisfied the requirements of the North American Free Trade Agreement
(NAFTA) and the NAFTA Rules of Origin Regulations, and if they were entitled to
the United States tariff (UST)/Mexico Tariff (MT) rate (NAFTA preferential
tariff treatment) when imported into Canada.
[7]
On
February 27, 2009, the CBSA, Trade Compliance Division (Greater Toronto Area
Region), based on information provided by the Applicant’s exporters and
suppliers, in accordance with subsection 59(1) of the Customs Act,
issued and gave notice of 16 re-determination decisions regarding the origin of
the goods stating that they were not entitled to NAFTA tariff preferential
treatment.
[8]
Accordingly,
the NAFTA certificates of origin were no longer valid.
[9]
The
CBSA also required the Applicant to pay or secure the payment of the
outstanding customs duties. According to the Detailed Adjustment Statements
(DAS), on February 27, 2009, this represented a total of $322, 880.
[10]
In
order to challenge the 16 decisions and to request the re-determination of the
origin of the goods, on May 26, 2009, the Applicant instructed its customs
broker, Milgram and Company, to file with the CBSA Recourse Division (GTA
Region), 16 “B2 Adjustment Requests” for further re-determination.
[11]
The
Applicant’s customs broker sent a Letter of Credit, dated March 31, 2009,
issued on behalf of the Applicant’s bank, the Toronto-Dominion (TD) Bank, for
the sum of $322, 880.
[12]
On
June 4, 2009, Mr. Peter Wolanski, Manager, Regional Programs, Regional Recourse
Division, CBSA, spoke by telephone with the Applicant’s customs broker and with
the Applicant’s president, Mr. Chris Magnone, to advise them that the Letter of
Credit of March 31, 2009 was not considered an acceptable security. Mr.
Wolanski agreed to allow the Applicant until June 18, 2009 to provide
satisfactory security.
[13]
On
June 23, 2009, Mr. Wolanski spoke to Mr. Magnone by telephone.
[14]
On
June 25, 2009, Ms. Valerie Fudge, Recourse Officer (GTA – Toronto), CBSA, sent
the Applicant’s customs broker a letter explaining what would be required as a
satisfactory security. Ms. Fudge also extended the Applicant’s delay to July
25, 2009 by which the Applicant was to provide the secured sum.
[15]
On
July 3, 2009, the Applicant’s counsel, Mr. Michael Kaylor, sent a letter to Ms.
Fudge, stating that the Letter of Credit is an acceptable security.
[16]
On
July 13, 2009, Mr. Wolanski spoke by telephone with the Applicant’s legal
counsel to advise that Letters of Credit are not an acceptable security.
[17]
On
July 14, 2009, Mr. Wolanski spoke by telephone with the Applicant’s legal
counsel advising that the required bond could not have an expiry date.
[18]
On
August 12, 2009, Ms. Fudge sent a letter to the Applicant’s legal counsel
advising him that the Letter of Credit was not an acceptable security; the
deadline to pay or post security had been extended to August 31, 2009 to
provide such security.
[19]
On
August 17, 2009, the Applicant contacted Mr. Wolanski by telephone and
discussed the bond format that was required.
[20]
On
August 18, 2009, Mr. Christopher Parke, Counsel, Department of Justice Canada, sent an
e-mail to the Applicant’s legal counsel to explain that time-limited security
would not suffice.
[21]
On
August 19, 2009, Ms. Fudge received a letter from the Applicant’s legal counsel
asking for a further re-determination of the decisions and advising that the
Applicant would request of the Court the issuance of a writ of mandamus.
[22]
August
21, 2009, Ms. Marlene Koehler, Manager, Policy Section of the Recourse
Directorate, CBSA, and Applicant’s legal counsel spoke by telephone about the
deficiencies of the Letter of Credit.
[23]
On
August 24, 2009, Mr. Wolanski sent a letter to the Applicant’s legal counsel.
[24]
On
August 31, 2009, Mr. Wolanski received a letter from the Applicant, stating
that the Applicant would not be able to provide the required bond.
[25]
On
September 1, 2009, Mr. Wolanski sent a letter to the Applicant confirming that,
because it had not received payment for the duties owing or satisfactory
security, he had no choice but to reject the Applicant’s requests for further
re-determination of the origin of the imported goods.
[26]
The
Notice of Application to the Federal Court was filed on September 24, 2009.
IV. Position of the Parties
[27]
The
Applicant submits that the Respondents’ refusal to accept the Letter of Credit
is illegal and that the Respondents fettered their discretionary authority and
acted in an arbitrary, capricious and illegal manner. The Applicant specifies
that he is deprived of his right of appeal in the 16 re-determination decisions
in regard to the origin of the goods.
[28]
The
Respondents submit that the Letter of Credit is not a satisfactory security,
and that the Minister was justified in demanding a security that respects the
requirements of the Security for Debts Due to Her Majesty Regulations,
SORS/87-505 (Security Regulations). As such, the amount due by the Applicant,
as of November 16, 2009, was $332,880, plus $15,975 in interest, and the
Applicant cannot request re-determination of the CBSA decision unless the
Applicant meets the legal requirements.
V. Issues
[29]
(1)
Did the CBSA Manager have the authority to reject the Letter of Credit as an
unsatisfactory security?
(2)
Is the
Letter of Credit proposed by the Applicant considered to be sufficient to the
Minister in accordance with the requirements of subsection 60(1) of the Customs
Act?
VI. Decision under Review
[30]
The
Respondents rejected the Applicant’s request for further re-determination of
origin under subsection 60(1) of the Customs Act on the basis that the
Applicant had not provided payment of the outstanding duties and interest nor had
the Applicant provided security satisfactory to the Minister. The Letter of
Credit was not considered security satisfactory to the Minister.
VII. Applicable Legislation
[31]
Under
sections 59 and 60 of the Customs Act:
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Re-determination or further
re-determination
59. (1) An officer, or any officer
within a class of officers, designated by the President for the purposes of
this section may
(a) in the case of a
determination under section 57.01 or 58, re-determine the origin, tariff
classification, value for duty or marking determination of any imported goods
at any time within
(i) four years after the date of the
determination, on the basis of an audit or examination under section 42, a
verification under section 42.01 or a verification of origin under section
42.1, or
(ii) four years after the date of the
determination, if the Minister considers it advisable to make the
re-determination; and
(b) further re-determine the
origin, tariff classification or value for duty of imported goods, within
four years after the date of the determination or, if the Minister deems it
advisable, within such further time as may be prescribed, on the basis of an
audit or examination under section 42, a verification under section 42.01 or
a verification of origin under section 42.1 that is conducted after the
granting of a refund under paragraphs 74(1)(c.1), (c.11), (e),
(f) or (g) that is treated by subsection 74(1.1) as a
re-determination under paragraph (a) or the making of a correction
under section 32.2 that is treated by subsection 32.2(3) as a
re-determination under paragraph (a).
Notice requirement
(2) An officer who makes a
determination under subsection 57.01(1) or 58(1) or a re-determination or
further re-determination under subsection (1) shall without delay give notice
of the determination, re-determination or further re-determination, including
the rationale on which it is made, to the prescribed persons.
Payment or refund
(3) Every prescribed person
who is given notice of a determination, re-determination or further
re-determination under subsection (2) shall, in accordance with that decision,
(a) pay any amount owing, or
additional amount owing, as the case may be, as duties in respect of the
goods or, if a request is made under section 60, pay that amount or give
security satisfactory to the Minister in respect of that amount and any interest
owing or that may become owing on that amount; or
(b) be given a refund of any
duties, or a refund of any duties and interest paid (other than interest that
was paid because duties were not paid when required by subsection 32(5) or
section 33), in excess of the duties owing in respect of the goods.
Amounts payable immediately
(4) Any amount owing by or to a
person under subsection (3) or 66(3) in respect of goods, other than an
amount in respect of which security is given, is payable immediately, whether
or not a request is made under section 60.
Exception for par. (3)(a)
(5) For the purposes of
paragraph (3)(a), the amount owing as duties in respect of goods under
subsection (3) as a result of a determination made under subsection 58(1)
does not include any amount owing as duties in respect of the goods under
section 32 or 33.
Review of re-determination or further
re-determination
(6) A re-determination or
further re-determination made under this section is not subject to be
restrained, prohibited, removed, set aside or otherwise dealt with except to
the extent and in the manner provided by subsection 59(1) and sections 60 and
61.
Re-determination and Further
Re-determination by President
Request for re-determination or further
re-determination
60. (1) A person to whom notice is
given under subsection 59(2) in respect of goods may, within ninety days
after the notice is given, request a re-determination or further
re-determination of origin, tariff classification, value for duty or marking.
The request may be made only after all amounts owing as duties and
interest in respect of the goods are paid or security satisfactory to the
Minister is given in respect of the total amount owing.
Request for review
(2) A person may request a review
of an advance ruling made under section 43.1 within ninety days after it is
given to the person.
How request to be made
(3) A request under this
section must be made to the President in the prescribed form and manner, with
the prescribed information.
President’s duty on receipt of request
(4) On receipt of a request
under this section, the President shall, without delay,
(a) re-determine or further
re-determine the origin, tariff classification or value for duty;
(b) affirm, revise or reverse
the advance ruling; or
(c) re-determine or further
re-determine the marking determination.
Notice requirement
(5) The President shall without
delay give notice of a decision made under subsection (4), including the
rationale on which the decision is made, to the person who made the request. (Emphasis
added).
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Révision et réexamen
59. (1) L’agent chargé par le
président, individuellement ou au titre de son appartenance à une catégorie
d’agents, de l’application du présent article peut :
a) dans le cas d’une décision prévue à
l’article 57.01 ou d’une détermination prévue à l’article 58, réviser
l’origine, le classement tarifaire ou la valeur en douane des marchandises
importées, ou procéder à la révision de la décision sur la conformité des marques
de ces marchandises, dans les délais suivants :
(i) dans les quatre années suivant la
date de la détermination, d’après les résultats de la vérification ou de
l’examen visé à l’article 42, de la vérification prévue à l’article 42.01 ou
de la vérification de l’origine prévue à l’article 42.1,
(ii) dans les quatre années suivant la
date de la détermination, si le ministre l’estime indiqué;
b) réexaminer l’origine, le classement
tarifaire ou la valeur en douane dans les quatre années suivant la date de la
détermination ou, si le ministre l’estime indiqué, dans le délai
réglementaire d’après les résultats de la vérification ou de l’examen visé à
l’article 42, de la vérification prévue à l’article 42.01 ou de la
vérification de l’origine prévue à l’article 42.1 effectuée à la suite soit
d’un remboursement accordé en application des alinéas 74(1) c.1), c.11),
e), f) ou g) qui est assimilé, conformément au
paragraphe 74(1.1), à une révision au titre de l’alinéa a), soit d’une
correction effectuée en application de l’article 32.2 qui est assimilée,
conformément au paragraphe 32.2(3), à une révision au titre de l’alinéa a).
Avis de la détermination
(2) L’agent qui procède à la
décision ou à la détermination en vertu des paragraphes 57.01(1) ou 58(1)
respectivement ou à la révision ou au réexamen en vertu du paragraphe (1)
donne sans délai avis de ses conclusions, motifs à l’appui, aux personnes
visées par règlement.
Paiement ou remboursement
(3) Les personnes visées par
règlement qui ont été avisées de la décision, de la détermination, de la
révision ou du réexamen en application du paragraphe (2) doivent, en
conformité avec la décision, la détermination, la révision ou le réexamen,
selon le cas :
a) soit verser tous droits ou tout
complément de droits échus sur les marchandises ou, dans le cas où une
demande est présentée en application de l’article 60, soit verser ces droits
ou compléments de droits, soit donner la garantie, jugée satisfaisante par
le ministre, du versement de ceux-ci et des intérêts échus ou à échoir sur
ceux-ci;
b) soit recevoir le remboursement de
tout excédent de droits ou de tout excédent de droits et d’intérêts — sauf
les intérêts payés en raison du non-paiement de droits dans le délai prévu au
paragraphe 32(5) ou à l’article 33 — versé sur les marchandises.
Délai de paiement ou de remboursement
(4) Les sommes qu’une personne
doit ou qui lui sont dues en application des paragraphes (3) ou 66(3) sur les
marchandises, à l’exception des sommes pour lesquelles une garantie a été
donnée, sont à payer sans délai, même si une demande a été présentée en vertu
de l’article 60.
Limites
(5) Pour l’application de
l’alinéa (3)a), le montant de droits dû sur les marchandises en application
du paragraphe (3) à la suite de la détermination faite en vertu du paragraphe
58(1) ne comprend pas un montant dû sur celles-ci en application des articles
32 ou 33.
Intervention à l’égard d’une révision
ou d’un réexamen
(6) La révision ou le réexamen
fait en vertu du présent article ne sont susceptibles de restriction,
d’interdiction, d’annulation, de rejet ou de toute autre forme d’intervention
que dans la mesure et selon les modalités prévues au paragraphe 59(1) ou aux
articles 60 ou 61.
Révision ou réexamen par le président
Demande de révision ou de réexamen
60. (1) Toute personne avisée en
application du paragraphe 59(2) peut, dans les quatre-vingt-dix jours suivant
la notification de l’avis et après avoir versé tous droits et intérêts dus
sur des marchandises ou avoir donné la garantie, jugée satisfaisante par
le ministre, du versement du montant de ces droits et intérêts, demander la
révision ou le réexamen de l’origine, du classement tarifaire ou de la valeur
en douane, ou d’une décision sur la conformité des marques.
Demande de révision
(2) Toute personne qui a reçu
une décision anticipée prise en application de l’article 43.1 peut, dans les
quatre-vingt-dix jours suivant la notification de la décision anticipée, en
demander la révision.
Présentation de la demande
(3) La demande prévue au présent
article est présentée au président en la forme et selon les modalités
réglementaires et avec les renseignements réglementaires.
Intervention du président
(4) Sur réception de la demande
prévue au présent article, le président procède sans délai à l’une des
interventions suivantes :
a) la révision ou le réexamen de
l’origine, du classement tarifaire ou de la valeur en douane;
b) la confirmation, la modification ou
l’annulation de la décision anticipée;
c) la révision ou le réexamen de la
décision sur la conformité des marques.
Avis de la décision
(5) Le président donne avis au
demandeur, sans délai, de la décision qu’il a prise en application du
paragraphe (4), motifs à l’appui.
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[32]
Section
2 of the Customs Act specifies the limits of the Minister’s power of
delegation:
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Powers, duties and functions of
President
(3) Any power, duty or
function of the President under this Act may be exercised or performed by any
person, or by any officer within a class of officers, authorized by the
President to do so and, if so exercised or performed, is deemed to have been
exercised or performed by the President.
Delegation
(4) The Minister may
authorize an officer or a class of officers to exercise powers or perform
duties of the Minister, including any judicial or quasi-judicial powers or
duties of the Minister, under this Act.
Delegation by Minister
(5) The Minister may
authorize a person employed by the Canada Revenue Agency, or a class of those
persons, to exercise powers or perform duties of the Minister, including any
judicial or quasi-judicial powers or duties of the Minister, under this Act.
Delegation by Minister of National
Revenue
(6) The Minister of National
Revenue may authorize a person employed by the Canada Revenue Agency or the
Agency, or a class of those persons, to exercise powers or perform duties of
that Minister, including any judicial or quasi-judicial powers or duties of
that Minister, under this Act.
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Attributions du président
(3) Les attributions conférées au
président par la présente loi peuvent être exercées par toute personne qu’il
autorise à agir ainsi ou par tout agent appartenant à une catégorie d’agents
qu’il autorise à agir ainsi. Les attributions ainsi exercées sont réputées
l’avoir été par le président.
Délégation
(4) Le ministre peut autoriser un
agent ou une catégorie d’agents à exercer les pouvoirs et fonctions, y
compris les pouvoirs et fonctions judiciaires ou quasi judiciaires, qui lui
sont conférés en vertu de la présente loi.
Délégation par le ministre
(5) Le ministre peut autoriser
toute personne employée par l’Agence du revenu du Canada, nommément ou au
titre de son appartenance à une catégorie donnée, à exercer les pouvoirs et
fonctions, y compris les pouvoirs et fonctions judiciaires ou
quasi-judiciaires, qui lui sont conférés en vertu de la présente loi.
Délégation par le ministre du Revenu national
(6) Le ministre du Revenu national peut
autoriser toute personne employée par l’Agence du revenu du Canada ou par
l’Agence, nommément ou au titre de son appartenance à une catégorie donnée, à
exercer les pouvoirs et fonctions, y compris les pouvoirs et fonctions
judiciaires ou quasi-judiciaires, qui lui sont conférés en vertu de la présente
loi.
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[33]
Sections
3 and 4 of the Security Regulations specifies:
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AUTHORIZATION
3. Any appropriate Minister responsible
for the recovery or collection of any debt or obligation due or payable to
Her Majesty or claim by Her Majesty may accept any security that is deemed to
be a security pursuant to section 4 in respect of any such debt, obligation
or claim and may execute and deliver
(a) on payment of any such debt,
obligation or claim, any instrument that will effectively release or
discharge any security accepted in respect of the debt, obligation or claim;
or
(b) on payment of a portion of
any such debt, obligation or claim, any instrument that will effectively
release or discharge any security accepted in respect of the portion of the
debt, obligation or claim that has been paid.
SECURITY
4. For the purposes of these
Regulations, only a charge in favour of Her Majesty on the existing or future
personal or real property of a debtor or on the existing personal or real
property of a person who is the surety or guarantor of the debtor, shall be
deemed to be a security. (Emphasis added).
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AUTORISATION
3.
Le ministre compétent responsable du recouvrement ou de la perception d'une
dette ou d'une obligation due ou payable à Sa Majesté ou d'une réclamation de Sa Majesté est
autorisé à recevoir une garantie réputée constituer une garantie en vertu de
l'article 4, à l'égard de la dette, de l'obligation ou de la réclamation, et
à signer :
a) contre le règlement d'une telle
dette, obligation ou réclamation, tout document nécessaire pour donner
quittance et mainlevée de toute garantie reçue à l'égard de la dette, de
l'obligation ou de la réclamation;
b) contre le règlement d'une partie
d'une telle dette, obligation ou réclamation, tout document nécessaire pour
donner quittance et mainlevée de toute garantie reçue à l'égard de cette
partie de la dette, de l'obligation ou de la réclamation.
GARANTIE
4. Pour l'application du présent
règlement, est réputé constituer une garantie un droit en faveur de Sa
Majesté sur les biens immobiliers ou personnels actuels ou futurs d'un
débiteur ou sur les biens personnels actuels ou immobiliers d'une personne
qui est garant ou caution du débiteur.
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[34]
The
Regulations Respecting the Accounting for Imported Goods and the Payment of
Duties, SOR/86-1062, specify:
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Security for Release of Goods
11.
(1) The security required under paragraphs 7.2(b), 7.3(b),
9(a) and 10.5(2)(f) shall be in the form of
(a)
cash;
(b)
a certified cheque;
(c)
a transferable bond issued by the Government of Canada;
(d)
a bond issued by
(i)
a company that is registered and holds a certificate of registry to carry on
the fidelity or surety class of insurance business and that is approved by
the President of the Treasury Board as a company whose bonds may be accepted
by the Government of Canada,
(i)
a member of the Canadian Payments Association referred to in section 4 of the
Canadian Payments Association Act,
(iii)
a corporation that accepts deposits insured by the Canada Deposit Insurance
Corporation or the Régie de l’assurance-dépôts du Québec to the maximum
amounts permitted by the statutes under which those institutions were
established,
(iv)
a credit union as defined in subsection 137(6) of the Income Tax Act,
or
(v)
a corporation that accepts deposits from the public, if repayment of the
deposits is guaranteed by Her Majesty in right of a province; or
(e)
subject to subsection (3), where the goods are commercial goods on which the
duties payable are less than the amount that the Minister determines, a
remittance by credit card in respect of which the importer or owner of the
goods is the cardholder or authorized user, where the issuer of the credit
card has entered into an agreement with the Government of Canada establishing
the conditions of the acceptance and use of that credit card.
(2) Subject to subsection (3), the
security required under paragraphs 7.2(b) and 9(a) shall be
(a)
in an amount determined by the Minister; and
(b)
deposited with an officer at the customs office where the goods are to be
released.
(3) Where a person intends to request
the release of goods on a continuing basis, a general security of an amount
that is determined by the Minister shall be deposited with
(a)
the chief officer of customs, where the person intends to request the release
of goods from one customs office only;
(b)
each chief officer of customs, where the person intends to request the
release of goods from more than one customs office; or
(c)
the Commissioner, where the person intends to request the release of goods
from more than one customs office and does not deposit a general security
with each applicable chief officer of customs.
(4) The security required under
paragraphs 7.3(b) and 10.5(2)(f) shall be
(a)
in an amount determined by the Minister; and
(b)
deposited with the Commissioner.
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Garantie relative au dédouanement des
marchandises
11. (1) La garantie visée aux alinéas
7.2b), 7.3b), 9a) et 10.5(2)f) est :
a) soit un paiement en espèces;
b) soit un chèque visé;
c) soit une obligation transférable
émise par le gouvernement du Canada;
d) soit une caution émise, selon le cas
:
(i) par une compagnie enregistrée
détenant un certificat d’enregistrement lui permettant de faire des
opérations dans les catégories de l’assurance contre les abus de confiance ou
de l’assurance caution et qui est approuvée par le président du Conseil du
Trésor à titre de compagnie dont les cautions peuvent être acceptées par le
gouvernement du Canada,
(ii) par un membre de l’Association
canadienne des paiements aux termes de l’article 4 de la Loi sur
l’Association canadienne des paiements,
(iii) par une société qui accepte des
dépôts garantis par la Société d’assurance-dépôts du Canada ou par la Régie
de l’assurance-dépôts du Québec, jusqu’à concurrence du maximum permis par
leur législation respective,
(iv) par une caisse de crédit au sens
du paragraphe 137(6) de la Loi de l’impôt sur le revenu,
(v) par une société qui accepte du
public des dépôts dont le remboursement est garanti par Sa Majesté du chef
d’une province;
e) sous réserve du paragraphe (3), soit
un versement effectué au moyen d’une carte de crédit dont le détenteur ou
l’usager autorisé est l’importateur ou le propriétaire des marchandises et
dont l’émetteur a conclu avec le gouvernement du Canada une entente prévoyant
les conditions d’acceptation et d’utilisation de la carte, lorsqu’il s’agit
de marchandises commerciales pour lesquelles les droits exigibles s’élèvent à
un montant inférieur à celui que fixe le ministre.
(2) Sous réserve du paragraphe
(3), la garantie visée aux alinéas 7.2b) et 9a) doit être :
a) de tel montant que fixe le ministre;
b) remise à un agent du bureau de douane
où les marchandises doivent être dédouanées.
(3) Lorsqu’une personne entend
demander le dédouanement de marchandises de façon continue, une garantie
générale de tel montant que fixe le ministre doit être remise :
a) à l’agent en chef des douanes, si la
personne entend demander le dédouanement de marchandises à un seul bureau de
douane;
b) à chacun des agents en chef des
douanes, si la personne entend demander le dédouanement de marchandises à
plus d’un bureau de douane;
c) au commissaire, si la personne entend
demander le dédouanement de marchandises à plus d’un bureau de douane et ne
remet pas une garantie générale à chaque agent en chef des douanes en cause.
(4) La garantie visée aux
alinéas 7.3b) et 10.5(2)f) doit être :
a) de tel montant que détermine le
ministre;
b) remise au commissaire.
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[35]
The
Memorandum D1-7-1 (Posting Security for Transacting Bonded Operations, CBSA, Ottawa, October 7, 2008)
establishes and explains general policies and procedures relating to the
posting of security for participating in CBSA bonded transactions. The relevant
sections read as follows:
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Acceptance
of Security Deposits
4. Security can be posted in
one of, or a combination of, the following forms:
(a) cash
(b) a certified cheque or money
order
(c) a transferable bond issued
by the Government of Canada, or
(d) a bond issued by either of
the following:
(i) a company that is approved by the
Treasury Board as an entity whose bonds may be accepted by the Government of
Canada. Please refer to Treasury Board website, Appendix L.
(ii) a member of the Canadian Payments
Association (CPA) as referred to in section 4 of the Canadian Payments
Association Act. Please refer to the Canadian Payments Association
website.
(iii) a corporation that accepts
deposits insured by the Canada Deposits Insurance Corporation or the Régie de
l’assurance-dépôts du Québec to the maximum
permitted by the statutes under which those institutions were established.
(iv) a credit union as defined in
subsection 137(6)(b) of the Income Tax Act (CPA membership must be
through a central co-operative).
(v) a corporation that accepts deposits
from the public, if repayment of the deposits is guaranteed by Her Majesty in
right of a province.
5. Letters of credit will
not be accepted as security deposits for bonded revenue transactions. (Emphasis
added).
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Acceptation
des dépôts de garantie
4. Une garantie peut être déposée
par l’une des formes suivantes ou par une combinaison de ces formes :
a) le paiement en espèces,
b) un chèque certifié ou un mandat,
c) une obligation transférable émise par
le gouvernement du Canada,
d) un cautionnement émis, selon le cas :
(i) par une compagnie approuvée par le
Conseil du Trésor à titre d’entité dont les cautionnements peuvent être
acceptés par le gouvernement du Canada. Veuillez consulter le site internet
du Conseil du Trésor à l’annexe L.
(ii) par un membre de l’Association
canadienne des paiements (ACP) aux termes de l’article 4 de la Loi sur
l’Association canadienne des paiements. Veuillez consulter le site
internet de l’Association canadienne des paiements.
(iii) par une société qui accepte des
dépôts garantis par la Société d’assurance-dépôts du Canada ou par la Régie
de l’assurance-dépôts du Québec, jusqu’au maximum permis par leur législation
respective,
(iv) par une caisse de crédits au sens
de l’alinéa 137(6)b) de la Loi de l’impôt sur le revenu,
(l’adhésion à l’ACP doit être par une coopérative centrale),
(v) par une société qui accepte du
public des dépôts dont le remboursement est garanti par Sa Majesté du chef
d’une province.
5. Les lettres de crédit ne
seront pas acceptées à titre de dépôts de garantie pour les transactions en
douane.
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VIII. Standard of Review
[36]
The
Applicant requests that the Court force the Respondents to re-determine the
origin of the Applicant’s goods by a writ of mandamus:
i) order that
Applicant’s letter of credit dated March 31, 2009 be declared to be in
compliance with s. 59(3) and 60(1) of the Customs Act, and;
ii) order that the
Respondent’s refusal to re-determine the origin of the goods in issue by its
notification dated September 1, 2009 be set aside;
iii) order the
Respondent to re-determine the origin of the goods in issue pursuant to section
60 of the Customs Act.
(Notice of Application for the issuance
of a writ of mandamus at pp. 3-4).
[37]
In
MiningWatch Canada v. Canada (Fisheries
and Oceans), 2010 SCC 2, [2010] 1 S.C.R. 6, the Supreme Court of Canada declared:
[43] The remedy awarded
by the trial judge was pursuant to the discretion conferred upon him under s.
18.1(3) of the Federal Courts Act, R.S.C. 1985, c. F-7. Section
18.1(3) provides:
(3) On an application
for judicial review, the Federal Court may
(a) order a
federal board, commission or other tribunal to do any act or thing it has
unlawfully failed or refused to do or has unreasonably delayed in doing; or
(b) declare
invalid or unlawful, or quash, set aside or set aside and refer back for
determination in accordance with such directions as it considers to be
appropriate, prohibit or restrain, a decision, order, act or proceeding of a
federal board, commission or other tribunal.
The question here is whether
this Court may and should intervene with respect to remedy. The test for
appellate review of the exercise of judicial discretion is whether the judge at
first instance has given weight to all relevant considerations. See Reza
v. Canada, [1994] 2 S.C.R. 394, at p. 404, Friends of the Oldman River
Society, at pp. 76-77, and Harelkin v. University of Regina, [1979]
2 S.C.R. 561, at pp. 587-88. (Emphasis added).
[38]
The
exercise of quasi-judicial discretion, such as the CBSA’s Manager’s discretion
to determine what constitutes a security satisfactory to the Minister pursuant
to the specific Customs Act, is a question of law reviewable on a
correctness standard. Although it is quasi-judicial discretion, the discretion
must still demonstrate that it did take into account, thus, did weigh all
relevant considerations.
[39]
Both
parties originally had agreed on the application of the standard of correctness
in regard to legislation and thus more stringent on the Applicant and Respondents
confronted by the legislation. The standard of correctness may nevertheless be
coupled with a reasonableness component in respect of the decision as to the
consideration of the Letter of Credit in question.
IX. Analysis
[40]
To
understand the issues of the case, it is necessary to present the relevant
process as carried out in the Customs Act. The Applicant requested a
review of a section 59 Customs Act re-determination. The stages of this legislative
scheme have been duly considered by the Federal Court of Appeal, in Canada
v. Fritz Marketing Inc., 2009 FCA 62, [2009] 4
F.C.R. 314, which explains the particular statutory framework of the Customs
Act:
[6] Pursuant to subsection 32.2(2) of the Customs Act,
an importer who has reason to believe that its declaration of the value for
duty is incorrect must submit a correction within a specified time and pay any
resulting deficiency in the duties payable. Subsection 32(3) provides that, for
the purposes of the Customs Act, such a correction is treated as a
re-determination by the Agency under paragraph 59(1)(a) of the Customs
Act. The duty to make corrections expires after four years (subsection
32.2(4) of the Customs Act).
[7] Pursuant to paragraph 59(1)(a) of the Customs
Act, the Agency may make a re-determination of the value for duty of
imported goods, but it must do so within four years after the date of the
initial determination. Further re-determinations are permitted under paragraph
59(1)(b), subject in some cases to further time limits.
…
[9] An importer who receives a Detailed Adjustment
Statement may request the President of the Agency to make a further
determination pursuant to section 60. The request must be made within a
stipulated time limit, which may be extended by the President or, in certain
circumstances, by the Canadian International Trade Tribunal (“CITT”) (sections
60.1 and 60.2). Pursuant to section 61 of the Customs Act, the President
of the Agency has the authority to make a further re-determination, subject to
certain conditions that are not relevant to this appeal.
[10] Pursuant to section 67 of the Customs Act, an
appeal lies to the CITT from a decision of the President on a section 60
request, or a re-determination by the President under section 60 or section 61.
A further appeal lies to the Federal Court of Appeal pursuant to section 68 of
the Customs Act.
[41]
Thus,
subsection 60(1) of the Customs Act requires that a person filing a
request for re-determination first pay all amounts owing as duties and
interest, or provide security sufficient to cover the amount owed. In the present case, the
Applicant wished to request a further re-determination of the CBSA decision,
and, as such, was required to provide the necessary security.
(1) Did the CBSA Manager
have the authority to reject the Letter of Credit as an unsatisfactory security?
[42]
In
compliance with paragraph 59(3)(a) and subsection 60(1) of the Customs
Act, the Applicant was to provide the “amount owed or a security
satisfactory to the Minister”. Subsection 60(1) of the Customs Act
designates the Minister as the authority to determine what constitutes a
“satisfactory security”.
[43]
On
December 15, 2008, the President of the CBSA, Mr. Stephen Rigby, issued an Authorization
to Exercise the Powers or Perform the Duties and Functions of the Minister of
Public Safety and Emergency Preparedness under the Customs Act
(Authorization), pursuant to subsection 2(4) of the Customs Act and
subsection 12(1) and (2) of the Canada Border Services Agency Act, 2005,
c. 38. The Authorization delegated to Mr. Wolanski the authority to determine
what constitutes a “security satisfactory to the Minister”.
[44]
According
to the Applicant, the Respondents have fettered their discretion by refusing to
accept the Applicant’s Letter of Credit. The Court does not agree with their
argument; in his review of the Letter of Credit, the delegated Manager did
follow the overall intent of the Customs Act, and the Security
Regulations, adopted by the Governor-in-Council, as well as having given
consideration to the provisions of satisfactory security.
[45]
In
the following example, it is the designated authority who determines whether a
Letter of Credit is acceptable, as is clearly demonstrated in legislation such
as the Aeronautics Act, R.S.C. 1985, c. A-2. Therein is specified that which
constitutes a satisfactory security in subsection 4.4(6):
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(6) The Governor in Council may make
regulations requiring registered owners and operators of aircraft who have
failed to pay on time any charges imposed under this section to deposit each
year with the Minister security in the form of a bond or letter of credit
and in an amount satisfactory to the Minister to ensure full payment of the
charges to be imposed in the next following year in respect of the aircraft. (Emphasis
added).
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(6) Le gouverneur en conseil peut, par
règlement, exiger des propriétaires enregistrés et utilisateurs d’aéronefs
défaillants le dépôt chaque année auprès du ministre des sûretés, sous forme
de cautionnement ou de lettre de crédit ainsi que pour le montant, que
celui-ci juge satisfaisants, en vue d’assurer l’intégralité du paiement des
redevances qui frapperont leurs aéronefs l’année suivante.
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[46]
Also,
the above provision of the Aeronautics Act states that the security must
be in « the form of a … letter of credit ». The Fisheries Act,
R.S.C. 1985, c. F-14, has a similar provision in respect of a need to satisfy
the Minister, as to a form satisfactory to the Minister in provision 71(1).
[47]
In
compliance with the Authorization, Mr. Wolanski has been delegated the
authority to determine what constitutes “security satisfactory to the Minister”
as used and understood in subsection 60(1) of the Customs Act. On
September 1, 2009, he sent a letter rejecting the Applicant’s request:
You
were advised that subsection 60(1) of the Customs Act requires payment or
satisfactory security prior to making a request for re-determination or further
re-determination of origin under this section. You were also advised that we
will have no choice but to reject your requests for review if the outstanding
duties and interest were not paid or secured by August 31, 2009. Unfortunately
you have not provided payment nor have you provided security satisfactory to
the Minister.
[48]
Nothing
in the CBSA’s Manager’s decision indicates, as the Applicant alleges, that the
Respondents applied the Memoranda or Guidelines as if they were law. To support
its position, the Applicant submitted the following extract from Thamotharem
v. Canada (Citizenship
and Immigration), 2007 FCA 198, [2008] 1 F.C.R. 385:
[62] Nonetheless, while agencies may issue
guidelines or policy statements to structure the exercise of statutory
discretion in order to enhance consistency, administrative decision makers may
not apply them as if they were law. Thus, a decision made solely by reference
to the mandatory prescription of a guideline, despite a request to deviate from
it in the light of the particular facts, may be set aside, on the ground that
the decision maker’s exercise of discretion was unlawfully fettered: see, for
example, Maple Lodge Farms, at page 7. This level of compliance
may only be achieved through the exercise of a statutory power to make “hard”
law, through, for example, regulations or statutory rules made in accordance
with statutorily prescribed procedure.
[49]
The
decision of the CBSA reflects the intention of the Customs Act and of
the Security Regulations, which is to secure Her Majesty’s revenues. It must be
noted that the introductory provisions of the Customs Act are different
and target different objectives than those outlined in the Immigration Act,
R.S.C. 1985, c. I-2 (former). The CBSA’s Comptrollership Manual is consistent
with the Security Regulations. According to the Respondents, the security items
listed in the CBSA Comptrollership Manual, Finance Volume , Chapter 14:
Security Deposits, Section 1: Security Deposits for Revenue Transactions,
paragraph 3.2: Acceptance of Security Deposits (similar to those listed in
Memorandum D11-7-1) are even more extensive for a more significant
understanding of the requirements of the Security Regulations.
[50]
The
Respondents have not fettered their discretion to a policy, guideline or
Memorandum, but have only insisted that the Applicant provide adequate security
to cover the debt owed to CBSA, as required by the Security Regulations. The
evidence clearly demonstrates that the CBSA did not merely set aside the Letter
of Credit without due consideration, although the legislation, in and of
itself, does appear strict in its application. The CBSA Manager did not refuse
the Letter of Credit outright on the sole basis that it was a Letter of Credit;
he considered the Letter of Credit, itself, and determined that the Letter of
Credit, as submitted by the Applicant, was not “satisfactory to the Minister”.
It is recognized by the Court that the Letter of Credit was conditional,
as it was limited in time.
(2) Is the Letter of Credit proposed
by the Applicant considered to be sufficient to the Minister in accordance with
the requirements of subsection 60(1) of the Customs Act?
[51]
Dated
March 31, 2009, the Letter of Credit was issued on behalf of the TD Bank. It
established an “irrevocable Letter of Credit” in the Respondents’ favour in the
total amount of $322,880. The last paragraph of the Letter of Credit reads as
follows:
A written demand for payment and
certificate as described above must be presented at this branch on or before
the end of banking business on the 31st day of March 2010, at which time
this Letter of Credit will expire.
[52]
Every
case must be related directly to pertinent legislation and interpreted in light
of relevant jurisprudence (Highland, above), if such relevant
jurisprudence exists. In her affidavit, Ms. Koehler enumerates the deficiencies
of the Letter of Credit as a security as specified:
(a) inadequate wording to protect the
total amount owing, including interest;
(b) reference to an “agreement” between
the CBSA and the customer (the Applicant), when no such agreement has been
entered into or proposed by the Applicant;
(c) being time-limited, with an expiry
date of March 31, 2010; and
(d) no right to call-in the credit in the
event that TD Canada Trust declines to issue a new letter upon its expiry.
(Afffidavit of Marlene Koehler at p. 13).
[53]
It
is not the Letter of Credit that is excluded outright, at all, it is the nature
of the provisions, in themselves, that make the Letter of Credit unacceptable
(the Guidelines are merely Guidelines, not simply for form in itself, but
rather for the substance, therein, as to security that is available).
[54]
The
Court agrees with the Respondents as to the deficiencies of the Letter of
Credit provided by the Applicant. The Letter of Credit has secured only an
amount of $322,880, which does not include the interest owed to the Respondents
on that amount, and, as such, is not compliant with subsection 60(1) of the Customs
Act; however, the most serious flaw in the Letter of Credit is the fact
that it is not an equivalent to a continuous bond. The Letter of Credit is
limited in time, with an expiry date of March 31, 2010, without any indications
to the effect that the bank would renew the Letter upon its expiry.
[55]
After
an importer applies for further re-determination pursuant to section 60(1) of
the Customs Act, the importer will have the right to appeal the further
re-determination decision to the Canadian International Trade Tribunal (CITT), in
accordance with section 67 of the Customs Act. Section 68 grants the
right to appeal such decision before the Federal Court of Appeal and then,
possibly, before the Supreme Court of Canada. The potentially long process
requires continuous protection of the amount owed to the Minister, for the
Minister not to be subjected to long term financial risks during an appeal
process. (It is noted that the Letter of Credit had as its expiry date a short
period as projected in counter distinction to the lengthy time, it may take for
final resolution of the matter.)
[56]
The
payment in full or satisfactory security was due to the Respondents on May 26,
2009, which was the Applicant’s filing date. As analyzed in the evidence, the
CBSA Manager allowed three time extensions, until August 31, 2009. In order to
meet the objectives of section 60 of the Customs Act, the Manager had no
choice but to refuse the Letter of Credit as a security satisfactory to the
Minister.
[57]
Also,
in the examination of Mr. Magnone, the latter undertook to provide a copy of “a
written acceptance from the Montreal office of the Canadian
Border Service Agency, if such exists, of Applicant’s Letter of Credit”
(Applicant’s examination of November 6, 2009, List of Undertakings at p. 3 and pp.
7-8). To date, no proof of delivery of such has been provided to the CBSA (as
confirmed in the Affidavit of Marlene Koehler at p. 6).
X. Conclusion
[58]
Therefore,
the Letter of Credit, therein, is not an acceptable security for all the reasons
considered above.
[59]
Consequently,
the Minister was justified in demanding security that respects the requirements
of the legislative scheme. In conclusion, the application for judicial review
is dismissed; no writ of mandamus is to be issued and the Respondents
are granted costs.
JUDGMENT
THIS COURT’S JUDGMENT
is that
1.
the
application for judicial review be dismissed;
2.
no writ
of mandamus be issued;
3.
the
Respondents be granted costs
Obiter
In regard to
a restrictive piece of legislation (due to the separation of powers), it is not
for the Court, in and of itself, (other than in a situation of decisional
arbitrariness, illegality, procedural unfairness or capriciousness, to rule
otherwise), but rather for the mandated person, who has the authority and the
discretion under the law to assist, if possible, in reaching an amenable
decision; that is, only, if, in light of the available evidence, at the
discretion of the mandated authority, it appears possible to do so without
compromising the tenure of the legislative scheme.
In fact, it may
be in the interest of the authority, in question, in such cases to assist the
business operations climate in an overall symbiotic effect on both as one; however,
that would have to be, without negating the need for security that provides a valid
assurance of fulfilment of legislative and authorized discretionary requirements,
whereby the risk, itself, is weighed to minimize monetary loss which could
ensue. The standard of correctness in respect of interpretation of a restrictive
legislative scheme, can also be coupled with a standard of reasonableness as to
how particular evidence is considered, in light of the Dunsmuir v.
New-Brunswick, 2008 SCC 9, [2008] 1 S.C.R. 190 decision by
the specialized mandated decision-maker.
“Michel M.J. Shore”
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