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They also considered that it will be necessary to get confirmation about the use Inc made of the US$16.5 million after it was received. … [53]   On September 4, 2004, there was another Litigation Committee meeting. ... Despite the joint nature of the damages, the evidence indicates that Inc. and Black considered that the damages were at least in part, if not wholly, Inc.’s responsibility. [115]   The evidence of all of the key individuals at Inc., including Black, White, and Walker, was that there was a loan agreement that bound Inc. to repay Black with interest. ... The testimonies of White and Walker were that Inc. considered itself morally responsible for the Joint Damages, and intended to repay them in full, but there was no agreement to the effect that Inc. was required to pay the Joint Damages entirely. ...

Reeves, 2018 SCC 56, [2018] 3 S.C.R. 531, the ancillary powers doctrine has been used to affirm many common law police powers now considered fundamental. ... [Emphasis added; p. 519.] [59]                          As these authorities make clear, an act can be considered a breach of the peace only if it involves some level of violence and a risk of harm. ... Indeed, the Ontario Court of Appeal considered this very power in obiter in Brown and suggested that it does exist, stating that “a police officer may also arrest or detain a person who is about to commit a breach of the peace ” (p. 248 (emphasis added)). ...

You must understand that your DP4 proposal, even if it is able to receive the necessary environmental and regulatory approvals, could only be considered as subsequent and incremental to the RBT2 Project. [21]   GCT launched its judicial review applications against VFPA on March 28, 2019. ... In examining the following elements of the test, I accept that the Martin rules must be considered and applied with a degree of flexibility in view of the fact that this is a situation involving a non-client, but I find they do apply. (2)   Did Lawson obtain confidential information, and was it in the context of a solicitor-client relationship? ... Remedial action in cases such as this is intended to be curative not punitive. [112]   In that decision, Binnie J. found that the remedy of disqualification should not be automatic: 56   I agree with the courts below that if a remedy short of removing the searching solicitors will cure the problem, it should be considered.   ...

.________________________________________________________________________ Subsection 95(1) – Definition of “Excluded Property” Excluded Property bien exclu excluded property, at a particular time, of a foreign affiliate of a taxpayer means any property of the foreign affiliate that is Est un bien exclu d’une société étrangère affiliée d’un contribuable à un moment donné tout bien de celle-ci: (a) used or held by the foreign affiliate principally for the purpose of gaining or producing income from an active business carried on by it, a) soit qu’elle utilise ou détient principalement en vue de tirer un revenu provenant de son entreprise exploitée activement; (b) shares of the capital stock of another foreign affiliate of the taxpayer where all or substantially all of the fair market value of the property of the other foreign affiliate is attributable to property, of that other foreign affiliate, that is excluded property, b) soit qui consiste en actions du capital-actions d’une autre société étrangère affiliée du contribuable si la totalité ou la presque totalité de la juste valeur marchande des biens de cette autre société étrangère affiliée est attribuable à des biens de celle-ci qui sont des biens exclus; (c) property all or substantially all of the income from which is, or would be, if there were income from the property, income from an active business (which, for this purpose, includes income that would be deemed to be income from an active business by paragraph (2)(a) if that paragraph were read without reference to subparagraph (v)), or c) soit qui consiste en biens dont la totalité ou la presque totalité du revenu est ou serait, si les biens produisaient un revenu, un revenu provenant d’une entreprise exploitée activement (lequel revenu comprend, à cette fin, un revenu qui serait réputé, par l’alinéa (2)a), être un revenu provenant d’une entreprise exploitée activement s’il n’était pas tenu compte du sous-alinéa (2)a)(v)); (c.1) property arising under or as a result of an agreement that c.1) soit qui consiste en biens découlant d’une convention: (i) provides for the purchase, sale or exchange of currency, and (i) d’une part, qui prévoit l’achat, la vente ou l’échange de monnaie, (ii) either (ii) d’autre part, qu’il est raisonnable de considérer comme ayant été conclue par la société affiliée en vue de réduire le risque que présentent pour elle les fluctuations suivantes: (A) can reasonably be considered to have been made by the affiliate to reduce its risk, with respect to an amount that was receivable under an agreement that relates to the sale of excluded property or with respect to an amount that was receivable and was a property described in paragraph (c), of fluctuations in the value of the currency in which the amount receivable was denominated, or (A) dans le cas d’une somme qui était à recevoir aux termes d’une convention concernant la vente de biens exclus ou d’une somme à recevoir qui était un bien visé à l’alinéa c), les fluctuations de la valeur de la monnaie dans laquelle la somme à recevoir était libellée, (B) can reasonably be considered to have been made by the affiliate to reduce its risk, with respect to any of the following amounts, of fluctuations in the value of the currency in which that amount was denominated: (B) dans le cas des sommes ci-après, les fluctuations de la valeur de la monnaie dans laquelle la somme était libellée: (I) an amount that was payable under an agreement that relates to the purchase of property that (at all times between the time of the acquisition of the property and the particular time) is excluded property of the affiliate, (I) toute somme qui était payable aux termes d’une convention concernant l’achat de biens qui sont des biens exclus de la société affiliée tout au long de la période commençant au moment de l’acquisition des biens et se terminant au moment donné, (II) an amount of indebtedness, to the extent that the proceeds derived from the issuance or incurring of the indebtedness can reasonably be considered to have been used to acquire property that (at all times between the time of the acquisition of that property and the particular time) is excluded property of the affiliate, or (II) toute dette, dans la mesure où il est raisonnable de considérer que le produit provenant de l’émission ou de la constitution de la dette a servi à acquérir des biens qui sont des biens exclus de la société affiliée tout au long de la période commençant au moment de l’acquisition des biens et se terminant au moment donné, (III) an amount of indebtedness, to the extent that the proceeds derived from the issuance or incurring of the indebtedness can reasonably be considered to have been used to repay the outstanding balance of (III) toute dette, dans la mesure où il est raisonnable de considérer que le produit provenant de l’émission ou de la constitution de la dette a servi à rembourser le solde impayé de l’une des sommes suivantes: 1. an amount that, immediately before the time of that repayment, is described by subclause (I), 1. toute somme qui, immédiatement avant le moment du remboursement, est visée à la subdivision (I), 2. an amount of indebtedness of the affiliate that, immediately before the time of that repayment, is described by subclause (II), or 2. toute dette de la société affiliée qui, immédiatement avant le moment du remboursement, est visée à la subdivision (II), 3. an amount of indebtedness of the affiliate that, immediately before the time of that repayment, is described by this subclause, 3. toute dette de la société affiliée qui, immédiatement avant le moment du remboursement, est visée à la présente subdivision. and, for the purposes of the definitions foreign affiliate in this subsection and direct equity percentage in subsection 95(4) as they apply to this definition, where at any time a foreign affiliate of a taxpayer has an interest in a partnership, En outre, pour l’application de la définition de société étrangère affiliée au présent paragraphe et de celle de pourcentage d’intérêt direct au paragraphe (4) dans le cadre de la présente définition, dans le cas où une société étrangère affiliée d’un contribuable a une participation dans une société de personnes à un moment donné: (d) the partnership shall be deemed to be a non-resident corporation having capital stock of a single class divided into 100 issued shares, and d) la société de personnes est réputée être une société non-résidente dont le capital-actions est composé de 100 actions émises d’une catégorie donnée; (e) the affiliate shall be deemed to own at that time that proportion of the issued shares of that class that e) la société affiliée est réputée être propriétaire à ce moment de la fraction des actions émises de cette catégorie représentée par le rapport entre: (i) the fair market value of the affiliate’s interest in the partnership at that time is of (i) d’une part, la juste valeur marchande de sa participation dans la société de personnes à ce moment, (ii) the fair market value of all interests in the partnership at that time; (ii) d’autre part, la juste valeur marchande de l’ensemble des participations dans la société de personnes à ce moment.____________________________________________________________________________ Paragraph 95(2)(f.12): (f.12) a foreign affiliate of a taxpayer shall determine each of the following amounts using its calculating currency for a taxation year: f.12) toute société étrangère affiliée d’un contribuable est tenue de déterminer chacune des sommes ci-après au moyen de sa monnaie de calcul pour une année d’imposition: (i) subject to paragraph (f.13), each capital gain, capital loss, taxable capital gain and allowable capital loss of the foreign affiliate for the taxation year from the disposition, at any time, of a property that, at that time, was an excluded property of the foreign affiliate, (i) sous réserve de l’alinéa f.13), chacun de ses gains en capital, pertes en capital, gains en capital imposables et pertes en capital déductibles pour l’année provenant de la disposition, à un moment donné, d’un bien qui était son bien exclu à ce moment, (ii) its income or loss for the taxation year from each active business carried on by it in the taxation year in a country, and (ii) son revenu ou sa perte pour l’année provenant de chaque entreprise exploitée activement par elle au cours de l’année dans un pays, (iii) its income or loss that is included in computing its income or loss from an active business for the taxation year because of paragraph (a); (iii) son revenu ou sa perte qui est inclus, par l’effet de l’alinéa a), dans le calcul de son revenu ou de sa perte provenant d’une entreprise exploitée activement pour l’année;_________________________________________________________________________ Paragraph 95(2)(f.15) : (f.15) for the purpose of applying subparagraph (f.12)(i), the reference in subsection 39(2) to “the currency or currencies of one or more countries other than Canada relative to Canadian currency” is to be read as a reference to “one or more currencies other than the calculating currency relative to the calculating currency” and the references in that subsection to “of a country other than Canada” are to be read as references to “other than the calculating currency”; f.15) pour l’application du sous-alinéa f.12)(i), le passage « la valeur de la monnaie ou des monnaies d’un ou de plusieurs pays étrangers par rapport à la monnaie canadienne » au paragraphe 39(2) est remplacé par « la valeur d’une ou de plusieurs monnaies autres que la monnaie de calcul par rapport à la monnaie de calcul » et le passage « de la monnaie d’un pays étranger » dans ce paragraphe est remplacé par « d’une monnaie autre que la monnaie de calcul »;________________________________________________________________________ Paragraph 95(2)(g.02): (g.02) in applying subsection 39(2) for the purpose of this subdivision (other than sections 94 and 94.1), the gains and losses of a foreign affiliate of a taxpayer in respect of excluded property are to be computed in respect of the taxpayer separately from the gains and losses of the foreign affiliate in respect of property that is not excluded property; g.02) pour l’application du paragraphe 39(2) dans le cadre de la présente sous-section (sauf les articles 94 et 94.1), les gains et les pertes d’une société étrangère affiliée d’un contribuable relativement à des biens exclus sont calculés relativement au contribuable séparément des gains et pertes de la société affiliée relativement aux biens qui ne sont pas des biens exclus;_____________________________________________________________________________ Subsection 112(3.1): Loss on share held by partnership Perte sur une action détenue par une société de personnes (3.1) Subject to subsections (5.5) and (5.6), where a taxpayer (other than a partnership or a mutual fund trust) is a member of a partnership, the taxpayer’s share of any loss of the partnership from the disposition of a share that is held by a particular partnership as capital property is deemed to be that share of the loss determined without reference to this subsection minus, (3.1) Sous réserve des paragraphes (5.5) et (5.6), la part qui revient à un contribuable (sauf une société de personnes et une fiducie de fonds commun de placement) de toute perte subie par une société de personnes dont il est un associé, lors de la disposition d’une action détenue par une société de personnes donnée à titre d’immobilisation, est réputée égale à cette part de la perte, déterminée compte non tenu du présent paragraphe, moins: (a) where the taxpayer is an individual, the lesser of a) dans le cas où le contribuable est un particulier, le moins élevé des montants suivants: (i) the total of all amounts each of which is a dividend received by the taxpayer on the share in respect of which an election was made under subsection 83(2) where subsection 83(2.1) does not deem the dividend to be a taxable dividend, and (i) le total des montants représentant chacun un dividende que le contribuable a reçu sur l’action et qui a fait l’objet du choix prévu au paragraphe 83(2), dans le cas où le dividende n’est pas réputé par le paragraphe 83(2.1) être un dividende imposable, (ii) that share of the loss determined without reference to this subsection minus all taxable dividends received by the taxpayer on the share; (ii) cette part de la perte déterminée compte non tenu du présent paragraphe moins l’ensemble des dividendes imposables reçus par le contribuable sur l’action; (b) where the taxpayer is a corporation, the total of all amounts received by the taxpayer on the share each of which is b) dans le cas où le contribuable est une société, le total des montants qu’il a reçus sur l’action représentant chacun: (i) a taxable dividend, to the extent of the amount of the dividend that was deductible under this section or subsection 115(1) or 138(6) in computing the taxpayer’s taxable income or taxable income earned in Canada for any taxation year, (i) un dividende imposable, jusqu’à concurrence de la fraction du dividende qui était déductible selon le présent article ou les paragraphes 115(1) ou 138(6) dans le calcul de son revenu imposable, ou de son revenu imposable gagné au Canada, pour une année d’imposition, (ii) a dividend in respect of which an election was made under subsection 83(2) where subsection 83(2.1) does not deem the dividend to be a taxable dividend, or (ii) un dividende qui a fait l’objet du choix prévu au paragraphe 83(2), dans le cas où le dividende n’est pas réputé par le paragraphe 83(2.1) être un dividende imposable, (iii) a life insurance capital dividend; and (iii) un dividende en capital d’assurance-vie; (c) where the taxpayer is a trust, the total of all amounts each of which is (i) a taxable dividend, or (ii) a life insurance capital dividend received on the share and designated under subsection 104(19) or 104(20) by the trust in respect of a beneficiary that was a corporation, partnership or trust. c) dans le cas où le contribuable est une fiducie, le total des montants représentant chacun un dividende imposable ou un dividende en capital d’assurance-vie reçu sur l’action et attribué par la fiducie en application des paragraphes 104(19) ou (20) à un bénéficiaire qui était une société, une société de personnes ou une fiducie.______________________________________________________________________________ Amendments made in 2013 Subsection 39(1.1) was added to the Act: Foreign currency dispositions by an individual Dispositions de monnaie étrangère effectuées par un particulier (1.1) If, because of any fluctuation after 1971 in the value of one or more currencies other than Canadian currency relative to Canadian currency, an individual (other than a trust) has made one or more particular gains or sustained one or more particular losses in a taxation year from dispositions of currency other than Canadian currency and the particular gains or losses would, in the absence of this subsection, be capital gains or losses described under subsection (1) (1.1) Si, par suite de toute fluctuation, postérieure à 1971, de la valeur d'une ou de plusieurs monnaies (sauf la monnaie canadienne) par rapport à la monnaie canadienne, un particulier autre qu'une fiducie a fait un ou plusieurs gains donnés ou subi une ou plusieurs pertes données au cours d'une année d'imposition en raison de la disposition d'une monnaie autre que la monnaie canadienne, lesquels gains ou pertes seraient, en l'absence du présent paragraphe, des gains en capital ou des pertes en capital visés au paragraphe (1), les règles ci-après s'appliquent: (a) subsection (1) does not apply to any of the particular gains or losses; a) le paragraphe (1) ne s'applique ni aux gains donnés ni aux pertes données; (b) the amount determined by the following formula is deemed to be a capital gain of the individual for the year from the disposition of currency other than Canadian currency: b) la somme obtenue par la formule ci-après est réputée être un gain en capital du particulier pour l'année, tiré de la disposition d'une monnaie autre que la monnaie canadienne: A – (B + C) A – (B + C) where où: A   is the total of all the particular gains made by the individual in the year, A   représente le total des gains donnés faits par le particulier au cours de l'année, B   is the total of all the particular losses sustained by the individual in the year, and B   le total des pertes données subies par le particulier au cours de l'année, C   is $200; and C   200 $; (c) the amount determined by the following formula is deemed to be a capital loss of the individual for the year from the disposition of currency other than Canadian currency: c) la somme obtenue par la formule ci-après est réputée être une perte en capital du particulier pour l'année, résultant de la disposition d'une monnaie autre que la monnaie canadienne: D – (E + F) D – (E + F) where où: D   is the total of all the particular losses sustained by the individual in the year, D   représente le total des pertes données subies par le particulier au cours de l'année, E   is the total of all the particular gains made by the individual in the year, and E   le total des gains donnés faits par le particulier au cours de l'année, F   is $200. ...

It involves first the proper construction of the Act ’s provisions supported by the evidence before the Court. [49]   If the Court is satisfied the avoidance transaction viewed within the context of the circumstances surrounding it frustrates the object, spirit or purpose of the provisions or the Act, then the avoidance transaction shall be considered abusive. ... The Court’s only role is to identify a relevant, clear and unambiguous policy, so that it may then determine whether the avoidance transactions in question are inconsistent with the policy, such that they constitute an abuse of the provisions of the Act, other than the GAAR, read as a whole. 98   I have no difficulty concluding that the general policy of the Income Tax Act is against the trading of non-capital losses by corporations, subject to specific limited circumstances. [53] [Emphasis added] [115]   Following OSFC Holdings, in Mathew, the SCC reaffirmed the existence of the general policy against loss trading: [49] The FCA considered other provisions of the Income Tax Act that address the transfer or sharing of losses between taxpayers. ... Subsection 256(5.1) was introduced in the 1988 Amending Legislation to prescribe certain circumstances in which a corporation will be considered to be “controlled, directly or indirectly in any manner whatever” [57]. [127]   A number of provisions of the Act that had previously referred to de jure control were amended to refer to control “directly or indirectly in any manner whatever” (i.e., de facto control) [58]. ...

CRA considered Ginette Phisel, Pierre Leduc and Joseph Armanious, of the Montreal Tax Service Office, being the team of auditors leading the audit, to be the subject matter experts. ... The CRA contends the records exempted under this category were generated:   a) during the ongoing audit of the Applicants as employees considered and analyzed the application of different tax provisions under the ITA;   (b) in relation to objections and appeals to the TCC filed by the Applicants regarding reassessments issued following the audits; and, (c) in relation to the OIC’s ongoing investigation of complaints ...   [112]   The Respondent submits that in exercising its discretion to rely on the s. 21 exemption, it considered whether disclosure of information containing advice, recommendations, consultations or deliberations on these matters would compromise its internal decision-making process.   ...

In these circumstances, I am not persuaded that the Court should ignore the terms, written, considered and signed by the parties, as the plaintiff urges be done. ... Finally, the defendant submits that aside from any agency relationship, a portion of payments by Canadian television licensees should be considered as paid or credited to the plaintiff, because the arrangements provided by the 1976 agreement simply provided for funds to funnel through B.V. to the plaintiff on the basis of accounting for receipts, maintained by B.V. ... There is, of course, the principle of statutory interpretation urged by the defendant that words of a statute be given a contemporary meaning consistent with section 10 of the Interpretation Act, supra, that “ he law shall be considered as always speaking”. ...

Some of the years in issue could be considered statute-barred. As with the present case where I considered the issue of statute-barred a secondary issue and ordered the plaintiff to proceed first, so it seems Mr. Justice Muldoon considered the issue of statute-barred as being a secondary issue [page 1]: The matter in issue in each case is whether or not the plaintiff corporations were associated, pursuant to section 256 of the Income Tax Act, with Northland Drilling & Construction Co. ... She agrees that a net worth assessment can only be considered to be an educated guess as to the figures except for the starting point which can be determined fairly accurately. ...

None of those papers were cited nor are they accepted by the Board as authorities but are viewed as the considered opinions of knowledgeable persons on a controversial subject which is germane to the issue before us. ... He adds that, even if the development costs were to be considered as municipal taxes, their deduction would nevertheless have to be pro-rated over a period of years. ... At 287 [5195] Mr Justice Kerr concludes: In the absence of any definition in the statute of the expression “capital cost to the taxpayer of property” and in the absence of any authoritative interpretation of those words as used in section 11 (1)(a), insofar as they are being considered with reference to the acquisition of capital assets. ...

Matheson to inform himself whether there were investigations into these three Appellants that “this might be contemptuous”, that it was “shocking”, that I could not believe he was not directed by Justice to make those inquiries as part of his preparation, that it appears to taint his whole discovery and how can any of his answers be considered satisfactory, and that these appeals are now wholly jeopardised by how the Respondent chose to interpret my Order. [48] I said that the combined effect of restricting my disclosure Order and Mr. ... MacIver’s appeal, the FCA concluded that “Ultimately the importance of protecting the integrity of the judicial process outweigh all of the Appellant’s submissions”, that her dismissal power “should only be exercised when the violation of the rules are multiple, egregious and intentional”, and specifically noting “the Appellant’s lack of efforts in answering questions or fulfilling undertakings”. [77] In closing its reasons, the Court wrote it was satisfied “that the gravity of dismissing the Appellant’s appeal were duly considered by the motion judge who finally concluded that the Appellant’s deliberate pattern of conduct intended to frustrate the discovery process was likely to continue”. ... While these questions do not, given the circumstances, have to be considered and addressed in these five particular appeals, identifying these challenging questions here may preclude the Court having to address them in the future. [2] Counsel appearing on these matters has changed from time to time. ...