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The Statement of Claim seeks damages including punitive damages. [10]   The present motion seeks an order certifying this action as a class action and granting an order with certain contents under Rule 334.17 in connection with such certification. ... Many of the witnesses interviewed in connection with the investigation were canvassed as to their knowledge of those circumstances. ... It is therefore unnecessary, in connection with this particular determination, to consider the Plaintiff’s argument that an adverse inference should be drawn from the Defendant’s decision not to file an affidavit in this motion. [53]   However, the Plaintiff also advances the adverse inference argument in relation to the definition of the class. ...

On the other hand, however, “the courts have been disinclined to restrict the right to contract, particularly when that right has been exercised by knowledgeable persons of equal bargaining power”. 35 While an overly broad restraint on an individual's freedom to compete will generally be unenforceable, the courts must recognize and afford “reasonable protection to trade secrets, confidential information, and trade connections of the employer.”… 36 … But how is a court to determine whether any given restrictive covenant is “reasonable”? ... There are potentially a number of factual elements – the purpose of the payments, the business carried on by CIBC, the factual connection or absence of a factual connection between the two – that might have been the subject of factual assumptions made by the Minister in reaching the conclusion that the income earning purpose in paragraph 18(1)(a) was not met. ...

The Reference Assets Net Asset Value, in turn, constantly fluctuates over time, depending on both the composition and the performance of the individual hedge fund investments; GAM calculates the Reference Assets Net Asset Value on each Monday, with the exception of public holidays, on an aggregate and per investment basis; The “Maturity Date” of each Note is the “Stated Maturity Date” of November 30, 2016 or, if applicable, the “Early Termination Date”; The “Early Termination Date” is the date on which any cure period, notice period or extension period expires in connection with an “Early Termination Event” (namely, SLT may terminate the Notes if the credit rating of the Canadian parents of the issuing banks falls below certain thresholds, if material adverse changes in tax laws occur in any country impacting SLT or the majority of its shareholders, and if, for any reason whatsoever, it provides a prior notice of not less than 367 days to the issuing banks); The amounts payable in settlement of the Notes upon maturity or early termination is an amount reflecting the value of the Reference Assets at that time, or in certain cases, the sales proceed of their orderly disposition; The obligations of the issuer under the Notes are each guaranteed by BNS and TD, respectively; Upon request, SIL provides shareholders of SLT with a put facility equal to the purchase price of all or a portion of its shares. [10]   The key feature of the Notes to keep in mind is that after they were purchased, their value was derived from the value of the Reference Assets, which was in constant flux. ... The proper characterization of a commercial, contractual, business, work, or family relationship for purposes of the application of the federal Act will generally need to be determined in accordance with, or least after considering, the provincial law applicable to the relationship or transactions. [9] This limitation is compounded by the fact that Canada is a bijural common-law/civil law country and, in this case, the Appellant has some direct or indirect connections to the province of Quebec. […] [13] In short, the Court in this case is answering the particular question referred to it as best it can. ... Offshore investment fund property Bien d’un fonds de placement non-résident 94.1 (1) Where in a taxation year a taxpayer, other than a non-resident-owned investment corporation, holds or has an interest in property (in this section referred to as an “offshore investment fund property”) 94.1 (1) Lorsque, au cours d’une année d’imposition, un contribuable, autre qu’une société de placement appartenant à des non-résidents, détient un bien ou a un droit sur un bien (appelé « bien d’un fonds de placement non-résident » au présent article) qui répond aux conditions suivantes: (a) that is a share of the capital stock of, an interest in, or a debt of, a non-resident entity (other than a controlled foreign affiliate of the taxpayer or a prescribed non-resident entity) or an interest in or a right or option to acquire such a share, interest or debt, and a) il est une action du capital-actions d’une entité non-résidente (autre qu’une société étrangère affiliée contrôlée du contribuable ou une entité non-résidente visée par règlement) ou une participation dans une telle entité, ou une créance sur elle, ou un droit sur une telle action, participation ou créance ou un droit ou une option d’achat d’une telle action, participation ou créance; (b) that may reasonably be considered to derive its value, directly or indirectly, primarily from portfolio investments of that or any other non-resident entity in b) sa valeur peut raisonnablement être considérée comme découlant principalement, directement ou indirectement, de placements de portefeuille de cette même entité ou de toute autre entité non-résidente: (i) shares of the capital stock of one or more corporations, (i) en actions du capital-actions d’une ou de plusieurs sociétés, (ii) indebtedness or annuities, (ii) en créances ou en rentes, (iii) interests in one or more corporations, trusts, partnerships, organizations, funds or entities, (iii) en participations dans un ou plusieurs fonds ou organismes ou dans une ou plusieurs sociétés, fiducies, sociétés de personnes ou entités, (iv) commodities, (iv) en marchandises, (v) real estate, (v) en biens immeubles, (vi) Canadian or foreign resource properties, (vi) en avoirs miniers canadiens ou étrangers, (vii) currency of a country other than Canada, (vii) en monnaie autre que la monnaie canadienne, (viii) rights or options to acquire or dispose of any of the foregoing, or (viii) en droits ou options d’achat ou de disposition de l’une des valeurs qui précèdent, and it may reasonably be concluded, having regard to all the circumstances, including et que l’on peut raisonnablement conclure, compte tenu des circonstances, y compris: (c) the nature, organization and operation of any non-resident entity and the form of, and the terms and conditions governing, the taxpayer’s interest in, or connection with, any non-resident entity, c) la nature, l’organisation et les activités de toute entité non-résidente, ainsi que les formalités et les conditions régissant la participation du contribuable dans toute entité non-résidente ou les liens qu’il a avec une telle entité; (d) the extent to which any income, profits and gains that may reasonably be considered to be earned or accrued, whether directly or indirectly, for the benefit of any non-resident entity are subject to an income or profits tax that is significantly less than the income tax that would be applicable to such income, profits and gains if they were earned directly by the taxpayer, and   d) la mesure dans laquelle les revenus, bénéfices et gains qu’il est raisonnable de considérer comme ayant été gagnés ou accumulés, directement ou indirectement, au profit de toute entité non-résidente sont assujettis à un impôt sur le revenu ou sur les bénéfices qui est considérablement moins élevé que l’impôt sur le revenu dont ces revenus, bénéfices et gains seraient frappés s’ils étaient gagnés directement par le contribuable; (e) the extent to which the income, profits and gains of any non-resident entity for any fiscal period are distributed in that or the immediately following fiscal period, e) la mesure dans laquelle les revenus, bénéfices et gains de toute entité non-résidente pour un exercice donné sont distribués au cours de ce même exercice ou de celui qui le suit, that one of the main reasons for the taxpayer acquiring, holding or having the interest in such property was to derive a benefit from portfolio investments in assets described in any of subparagraphs 94.1(1)(b)(i) to 94.1(1)(b)(ix) in such a manner that the taxes, if any, on the income, profits and gains from such assets for any particular year are significantly less than the tax that would have been applicable under this Part if the income, profits and gains had been earned directly by the taxpayer, there shall be included in computing the taxpayer’s income for the year the amount, if any, by which que l’une des raisons principales pour le contribuable d’acquérir, de détenir ou de posséder un droit sur un tel bien était de tirer un bénéfice de placements de portefeuille dans des biens visés à l’un des sous-alinéas b) (i) à (ix) de façon que les impôts sur les revenus, bénéfices et gains provenant de ces biens pour une année donnée soient considérablement moins élevés que l’impôt dont ces revenus, bénéfices et gains auraient été frappés en vertu de la présente partie s’ils avaient été gagnés directement par le contribuable, celui-ci doit inclure dans le calcul de son revenu pour l’année l’excédent éventuel du total visé à l’alinéa f) sur le montant visé à l’alinéa g): (f) the total of all amounts each of which is the product obtained when f) le total des montants dont chacun est le produit de la multiplication du montant visé au sous-alinéa (i) par le quotient visé au sous-alinéa (ii): (i) the designated cost to the taxpayer of the offshore investment fund property at the end of a month in the year (i) le coût désigné, pour le contribuable, du bien d’un fonds de placement non-résident à la fin d’un mois donné de l’année, is multiplied by En blanc (ii) the quotient obtained when the prescribed rate of interest for the period including that month is divided by 12 (ii) le quotient de la division par 12 du taux d’intérêt prescrit pour la période comprenant ce mois; exceeds En blanc (g) the taxpayer’s income for the year (other than a capital gain) from the offshore investment fund property determined without reference to this subsection. g) le revenu du contribuable pour l’année (autre qu’un gain en capital) tiré d’un bien d’un fonds de placement non-résident et déterminé compte non tenu du présent paragraphe. […] […] Definitions for this Subdivision   Définitions applicables à la présente sous-section 95 (1) In this Subdivision, […] 95 (1) Les définitions qui suivent s’appliquent à la présente sous- section. […] foreign accrual property income  of a foreign affiliate of a taxpayer, for any taxation year of the affiliate, means the amount determined by the formula revenu étranger accumulé, tiré de biens S’agissant du revenu étranger accumulé, tiré de biens, d’une société étrangère affiliée d’un contribuable, pour une année d’imposition de la société affiliée, le montant calculé selon la formule suivante: (A + A.1 + A.2 + B + C) – (D + E + F + F.1 + G + H) (A + A.1 + A.2 + B + C) – (D + E + F + F.1 + G + H) Where […] où: […] C is, where the affiliate is a controlled foreign affiliate of the taxpayer, the amount that would be required to be included in computing its income for the year if C lorsque la société affiliée est une société étrangère affiliée contrôlée du contribuable, le montant qui serait inclus dans le calcul du revenu de la société affiliée pour l’année si: (a) subsection 94.1(1) were applicable in computing that income, a) le paragraphe 94.1(1) s’appliquait au calcul d’un tel revenu; (b) the words “earned directly by the taxpayer” in that subsection were replaced by the words “earned by the person resident in Canada in respect of whom the taxpayer is a foreign affil iate”, b) les passages « gagnés directement par le contribuable » au paragraphe 94.1(1) étaient remplacés par « gagnés par la personne résidant au Canada pour qui le contribuable est une société étrangère affiliée »;   (c) the words “other than a controlled foreign affiliate of the taxpayer or a prescribed non-resident entity” in paragraph 94.1(1)(a) were replaced by the words “other than a prescribed non-resident entity or a controlled foreign affiliate of a person resident in Canada of whom the taxpayer is a controlled foreign affiliate”, and c) le passage « (autre qu’une société étrangère affiliée contrôlée du contribuable ou une entité non-résidente visée par règlement) » à l’alinéa 94.1(1)a) était remplacé par « (autre qu’une entité non-résidente visée par règlement ou une société étrangère affiliée contrôlée d’une personne résidant au Canada et dont le contribuable est une société étrangère affiliée contrôlée) »;   (d) the words “other than a capital gain” in paragraph 94.1(1)(g) were replaced by the words “other than any income that would not be included in the taxpayer’s foreign accrual property income for the year if the value of C in the definition foreign accrual property income in subsection 95(1) were nil and other than a capital gain”, […] d) le passage « (autre qu’un gain en capital) » à l’alinéa 94.1(1)g) était remplacé par « (autre qu’un revenu qui ne serait pas inclus dans le revenu étranger accumulé, tiré de biens du contribuable pour l’année si la valeur de l’élément C de la formule figurant à la définition de revenu étranger accumulé, tiré de biens au paragraphe 95(1) était nulle et autre qu’un gain en capital) »; […]   FEDERAL COURT OF APPEAL NAMES OF COUNSEL AND SOLICITORS OF RECORD   Docket: A-335-18 STYLE OF CAUSE: BAREJO HOLDINGS ULC v. ...

Elavon will provide MSP with access to the approved form of merchant application and copies of the Merchant Agreements (currently comprised of “Terms of Service” and “Merchant Operating Guide”) that must be provided to all merchants in connection with the services offered.   2.5   Ownership of Referred Merchants. ... “Program Standards” means the credit criteria, standards and policies and procedures established by First Data, to be used by ISO in connection with the solicitation of prospective Merchants and other policies, procedures, fines and penalties established by First Data, that are designed to promote Merchant satisfaction, to preserve relationships with existing Merchants, to facilitate the growth of the Program, and to ensure the financial safety or soundness of First Data and its Program. ... (c) ISO shall obtain such information and take such action as First Data may from time to time reasonably require in connection with their processing of prospective Merchants, including:   (i) Fully complete and submit, to First Data, a Merchant Application for each Merchant;   (ii) Implement and document procedures to verify that each Merchant conducts or intends to conduct a bona fide business operation, including Merchant identification verification and due diligence with respect to Merchant’s facilities, equipment, inventory and any required business licenses/permits. ...

The Supreme Court asserted that the phrase “is probably the widest of any expression intended to convey some connection between two related subject matters”. [51] In addition, I find that the use of the word “pour” in the French version does not require a restrictive interpretation. ... They import such meanings as ‘in relation to’, ‘with reference to’ or ‘in connection with’. The phrase ‘in respect of’ is probably the widest of any expression intended to convey some connection between two related subject matters.”). ...

These four individuals had previously not been directors of MMV; however, Paul Amirault had been an officer of MMV from 2004 to 2009 and a former shareholder of MMV. f) Prepping the Board and Officers and Settling the Debts [22]   In December 2010, MMV Financial signed indemnity agreements with each member of MMV’s board of directors, indemnifying them against all liabilities and costs in connection with their duties as a member of the board. [23]   On December 21, 2010, 7733704 Canada Inc. (“773”) was incorporated under the Canadian Business Corporations Act, RSC 1985, c. c-144 (the “ CBCA ”) and subscribed for 17 common shares (one less than the 18 shares previously outstanding) in MMV. 773 is a wholly owned subsidiary of MMV Financial. ... In 1919, the Income War Tax Act was amended to prohibit the deduction of losses that were not incurred in connection with the taxpayer’s “chief business, trade, profession or occupation” against income therefrom, and losses were not permitted to be carried forward or back [15]. ... [Emphasis added] [82]   Similarly, the Canadian Tax Reporter mentioned the following regarding these changes [23]: Section 27(5) was introduced in 1958 and was amended in 1963 to refer to control rather than to a stipulated percentage of shares in connection with acquisitions after June 13, 1963. ...

(e) It is in the public interest that employees of the Department of National Revenue be able to divulge information in confidence and receive legal advice in confidence in connection with their enforcement of the Income Tax Act. ... It exists to ensure the full and frank disclosure by the client to the solicitor of all information required to enable the latter to gave informed advice to the former in connection with ongoing or pending litigation. ... That decision highlights the fact that although the two “privileges” may both be invoked in connection with the same document or communication, they must be considered and applied separately, each according to its own rules, and not as adjuncts of one another. ...

Following which, Iacobucci J. added at page 733 (C.T.C. 57): In making this statement, and in proceeding to discuss an interpretation bulletin reference to the "income-earning process" (at pages 189-90 (C.T.C. 301)), Wilson J....was rejecting both the need for a causal connection between a particular expenditure and a particular receipt, and the suggestion that a receipt must arise in the same year as an expenditure is incurred. ... It was in the context of speaking to this "purpose" test that Iacobucci J. rejected both the need for a causal connection between a particular expenditure and a particular receipt and the suggestion that a receipt must arise in the same year as an expenditure is incurred. ... The trial judge erred in relying on the statement made by Iacobucci J. in Symes (where he says that Wilson J. rejected "both the need for a causal connection between a particular expenditure and a particular receipt, and the suggestion that a receipt must arise in the same year as an expenditure is incurred") (Symes, supra, at page 733 (C.T.C. 57; D.T.C. 6013), so as to make it a rule applicable to the case at bar. ...

The Minister may seize a considerable number of documents whose connection with enforcement of the Act may be tenuous. 3. ... Sections 38 and 40 of the Act, as well as section 39 which authorizes a demand for the production of documents, are directed only at documents the contents of which have some connection with the application of tax legislation to taxpayers. ... In this connection they note the difficulties associated with gathering information, the credibility of witnesses, even with the recovery of fees, interest and fines, in view of the risks that the corporate vehicle might be altered or cease to exist. ...

The Minister may seize a considerable number of documents whose connection with enforcement of the Act may be tenuous. 3. ... Sections 38 and 40 of the Act, as well as section 39 which authorizes a demand for the production of documents, are directed only at documents the contents of which have some connection with the application of tax legislation to taxpayers. ... In this connection they note the difficulties associated with gathering information, the credibility of witnesses, even with the recovery of fees, interest and fines, in view of the risks that the corporate vehicle might be altered or cease to exist. ...