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Revenue and Customs v NCL Investments Ltd & Anor, [2022] UKSC 9-- summary under Contract Modification or Grant Summary Under Tax Topics- Income Tax Act- Section 18- Subsection 18(1)- Paragraph 18(1)(b)- Capital Expenditure v. Expense- Contract Modification or Grant employee stock option expenses were as a general matter sustained on income account The taxpayers, which were required by s. 46 of Corporation Tax Act 2009 to calculate the “profits of [their] trade … in accordance with generally accepted accounting practice, subject to any adjustment required or authorised by law,” were found by the Court to be thereby authorized to deduct the expenses (“Debits”) recognized under IFRS when they granted stock options to employees through an employee benefit trust established by their parent. In finding that this deduction was not precluded by s. 53 of the same Act, which provided that “[i]n calculating the profits of a trade, no deduction is allowed for items of a capital nature,” Lord Hamblen and Lady Rose accepted (at para. 55) the findings of the First-tier Tribunal that the taxpayers’ “employees operate in a professional services business whose success depends on the availability of skilled and motivated professionals and the grant of share options to those employees is part of their remuneration package” and that the “Debits were … recurring costs that had a connection with the Appellants’ earning of income ….” ...

Richter & Associates Inc v. The Queen, 2005 TCC 92-- summary under Business Summary Under Tax Topics- Excise Tax Act- Section 123- Subsection 123(1)- Business litigation support services provided by trustee for bankrupt financial institution were an "undertaking" The trustee in bankruptcy for a company ("Castor") which had essentially only engaged in investing in high-yield loans brought an action in its capacity of trustee for the Castor estate against the former auditors ("C&L") for $40 million in damages for breach of contract, and also began a "litigation support business" of providing assistance to most of the creditors (the "Participating Creditors"), including hiring professionals and experts, in connection with their action sounding in negligence against C&L for $800 million in damages. ... After noting (at para. 21) that "the word ‘undertaking' has been defined in … Drumheller v. ... Ct.), as embracing ‘... trades, manufactures, professions, or callings, and any other conceivable kinds of enterprise as well," Archambault J stated (at para. 32): [T]he litigation support services to the Participating Creditors constitute, if not a profession as defined in the Maxse case [[1919] 1 K.B. 647], at least an undertaking as this term is used in the definition of a "business". ...

Richter & Associates Inc v. The Queen, 2005 TCC 92-- summary under Business Summary Under Tax Topics- Income Tax Act- Section 248- Subsection 248(1)- Business litigation support services provided by trustee for bankrupt financial institution were an "undertaking" The trustee in bankruptcy for a company ("Castor") which had essentially only engaged in investing in high-yield loans brought an action in its capacity of trustee for the Castor estate against the former auditors ("C&L") for $40 million in damages for breach of contract, and also began a "litigation support business" of providing assistance to most of the creditors (the "Participating Creditors"), including hiring professionals and experts, in connection with their action sounding in negligence against C&L for $800 million in damages. ... After noting (at para. 21) that "the word ‘undertaking' has been defined in … Drumheller v. ... Ct.), as embracing ‘... trades, manufactures, professions, or callings, and any other conceivable kinds of enterprise as well," Archambault J stated (at para. 32): [T]he litigation support services to the Participating Creditors constitute, if not a profession as defined in the Maxse case [[1919] 1 K.B. 647], at least an undertaking as this term is used in the definition of a "business". ...

The Queen, 2007 DTC 41, 2006 TCC 597 (Informal Procedure)-- summary under Scientific Research & Experimental Development Summary Under Tax Topics- Income Tax Act- Section 248- Subsection 248(1)- Scientific Research & Experimental Development novelty or innovation is not sufficient to illustrate technological advancement Little J found that a project of developing an interactive software tool to assist high school students with physics and mathematics did not qualify as SR&ED because there was no technological or scientific uncertainty involved. He stated (at para. 24): Novelty or innovation in a product is not sufficient to illustrate technological advancement; rather, it is how these features arise that is important, that is whether or not they arise through the process of SR & ED. ...