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This translation was prepared by Tax Interpretations Inc. The CRA did not issue this document in the language in which it now appears, and is not responsible for any errors in its translation that might impact a reader’s understanding of it or the position(s) taken therein. See also the general Disclaimer below.
Principal Issues: [TaxInterpretations translation] (1) Can operating agreements, executed by the vendor and the Ministère de la santé et des services sociaux du Québec, be included in the definition of goodwill, as developed under jurisprudence and doctrine?
(2) Where an election is made pursuant to subsection 14(1.01) of the Income Tax Act, what is the meaning of the requirement that the cost of eligible capital property "can be determined"?
Position: (1) Yes.
(2) Question of fact.
Reasons: Income Tax Act; jurisprudence.
November 9, 2005
XXXXXXXXXX Tax Services Office HEADQUARTERS
XXXXXXXXXX François Bordeleau
Auditor 952-1506
2005-015430
Request for Technical Interpretation: Goodwill and an election made pursuant to subsection 14(1.01) of the Income Tax Act
This is in response to your email of October 12, 2005, requesting our opinion on the above subject.
Facts
Our technical interpretation is based on the following facts, which were communicated to us via your email and a fax dated October 22, 2005:
- Residential and long-term care centers [centres d'hébergement et de soins de longue durée] ("CHSLDs") are intended to fulfill one of the social missions identified by the Ministère de la santé et des services sociaux du Québec ("MSSS"), namely, to offer people with a loss of autonomy a safe and adapted living environment;
- Under the Act Respecting Health Services and Social Services in Quebec ("AHSSS"), an "institution" is a legal entity with legal capacities and responsibilities that holds a permit from the MSSS to manage, among other things, one or more CHSLDs;
- Under the AHSSS, a permit is valid until it is suspended, cancelled or not renewed;
- Also under the Act, a permit may only be assigned with the written authorization of the Minister of Health and Social Services;
- Where an application is made for the transfer of a permit, the MSSS performs a study of the purchaser;
- A licensed facility may be either public or private and if it is private, it may be either subject to contract (i.e. receiving a government subsidy based on the number of beds offered) or not subject to contract;
- An establishment subject to contract must sign one or more operating agreements with the MSSS in order to receive the subsidies provided for in the AHSSS;
- According to a representative of the MSSS, operating agreements are automatically transferred to a purchaser when the underlying licence is transferred;
- In this case, the taxpayer is a facility subject to contract that operates a CHSLD;
- The taxpayer sold the facility's assets and allocated substantially all of the sale price to the operating agreements ($XXXXXXXXXX of the total sale price of $XXXXXXXXXX);
- The taxpayer contends that the operating agreements constitute simply eligible capital property ("ECP") and not goodwill;
- In a previous technical interpretation on the same facts (File 2005-004062), the Income Tax Rulings Directorate accepted that operating agreements are ECP and that a portion of the amount paid by the purchaser may be goodwill;
- The taxpayer, in order to define what constitutes goodwill, relies on the definition of the Canadian Institute of Chartered Accountants ("CICA") which states that [TaxInterpretations translation] "an intangible asset should be considered separately from goodwill when it meets either of the following criteria
o The asset results from contractual or legal rights;
o The asset is separable and/or dissociable from the acquired business.
Questions
In light of the above facts, and following the interpretation provided by the Income Tax Rulings Directorate, you wish to have the following two questions answered:
(1) Can operating agreements, as executed by the vendor and the Quebec Ministry of Health and Social Services, be included in the definition of goodwill as developed under the case law and doctrine?
(2) With respect to the election available to the taxpayer under subsection 14(1.01) of the Income Tax Act (the "Act"), how does the CRA interpret the requirement that the cost of the property, in respect of which the election is made, can be determined?
Analysis
(1) It is already settled that goodwill is "eligible capital property", as defined in section 54, being property the disposition of which would be an eligible capital amount in respect of a business. On the other hand, subsection 14(5) defines an eligible capital expenditure - that is, an amount spent on eligible capital property - to be an expenditure on account of capital, except for the following:
- An expense that would be deductible by virtue of the Act (other than under paragraph 20(1)(b));
- An expense made or incurred for the purpose of gaining or producing income that is exempt income;
- An outlay or expense that is the cost of tangible property, intangible property that is depreciable property or property permitting a deduction under the Act (other than under paragraph 20(1)(b));
In Interpretation Bulletin IT-143R3, the CRA provided the following definition of goodwill in paragraph 5:
(a) "Goodwill is the whole advantage, whatever it may be, of the reputation and connection of the firm which may have been built up by years of honest work or gained by lavish expenditures of money".
(b) It is "the privilege, granted by the seller of a business to the purchaser, of trading as his recognized successor; the possession of a ready-formed 'connection' of customers, considered as an element in the saleable value of a business, additional to the value of the plant, stock-in-trade, book debts, etc.".
An analysis of the jurisprudence defining goodwill allows us to specify and clarify the scope of this term for the purposes of the Act. On the one hand, Herb Payne Transport Ltd. v. Canada1 adopted the definition of goodwill as developed by Lord MacNaughton in Inland Revenue v. Muller Limited2:
Goodwill is the benefit and advantage of a good name, reputation and connection of a business. It is the attractive force which brings in customers. It is the one thing which distinguishes a well established business from a new business at its first start. [...] Goodwill is composed of a variety of elements. It differs in its composition in different trades and on different bases in the same trade. One element may preponderate here and another there. (Our emphasis)
In Herb Payne Transport Ltd. the Exchequer Court of Canada went on to state that other factors must be considered in defining goodwill, including good employee relations, business contracts, good financial relations and good management. In doing so, it implicitly accepted that goodwill is made up of a combination of elements that may vary depending on the nature of the business.
In Muller Limited, Lord MacNaughton also stated the following regarding goodwill:
Goodwill regarded as property has no meaning except in connection with some trade, business, or calling. In that connection I understand the word to include whatever adds value to a business by reason of situation, name and reputation, connection, introduction to old customers, and agreed absence from competition, or any of these things, and there may be others which do not occur to me.
In fact, the jurisprudence has often defined goodwill as any amount that the purchaser of a business would be willing to pay in excess of the fair market value of the assets of the business. This is the amount the buyer is willing to pay for the benefit of acquiring an established business. For example, if the assets of a business have a fair market value of $500,000 and a potential buyer is willing to pay $600,000 for the business, $100,000 would be attributable to goodwill.
The following passage from Trego v. Hunt3 adds weight to our view. It is this passage that is the source of the definition of goodwill in IT-143R3:
Often it happens that the goodwill is the very sap and life of the business, without which the business would yield little or no fruit. It is the whole advantage, whatever it may be, of the reputation and connection of the firm, which may have been built up by years of honest work or gained by lavish expenditure of money.
What distinguishes goodwill from straight ECP
While these definitions allow us to understand the meaning of the term "goodwill", they do not allow us to understand the distinction between goodwill and straight ECP. Indeed, it is necessary to determine the circumstances in which an ECP will also be considered goodwill.
In this regard, the following passage from Lord McNaughton in Muller Limited, supra, provides an important clarification:
In this wide sense, goodwill is inseparable from the business to which it adds value and, in my opinion, exists where the business is carried on. (Our emphasis)
This passage indicates that goodwill is an ECP that cannot be acquired separately from the business to which it is attached. Indeed, goodwill is that intangible asset that distinguishes an existing business from a start-up business. Unlike ECP that can be bought and sold separately from the business to which it is attached (for example, a quota for milk production), goodwill is an intangible asset that can only be acquired upon the purchase or sale of the underlying business.
Thus, it is recognized that a ECP, other than goodwill, has an existence independent of the business to which it relates. It is open to the owner of an ECP to sell it otherwise than as part of the sale of its business. This is not the case with goodwill, which can only be sold with the business to which it relates (although it may also be sold in conjunction with another property).4
Application of these principles to the facts of this case
In Quebec, some institutions are licensed to operate and manage CHSLDs. Institutions under contract, which are the ones of interest here, are financed almost entirely by the MSSS according to a financing agreement signed between the private institution and the Quebec government.
In addition, a private institution under contract must also sign an operating agreement with the MSSS under which the institution undertakes to provide services as a CHSLD in accordance with the provisions of the AHSSS. In return, the MSSS provides the necessary funding for the operation of the institution.
For the current purposes, and in light of the above facts, we are inclined to conclude that the operating agreements constitute goodwill for the purposes of the Act and section 14, since the acquisition of one or more operating agreements by a purchaser can only be made if the Minister of Health and Social Services has approved the assignment of the underlying licence. In other words, the transfer of operating agreements by one institution under contract to another must be preceded by the transfer of the underlying licence. Thus, since the transfer of the operating agreements cannot be made without the transfer of the business to the new purchaser, we are of the view that the operating agreements constitute goodwill under the Act.
Allocation of the sale price
The taxpayer wishes to allocate substantially all of the sale price to operating agreements. In our view, it would be more appropriate to allocate a portion of the sale price to goodwill, which consists not only of the operating agreements, but of any other assets or items that may add value to the business by virtue of its reputation, name, clientele and location.
In this case, the taxpayer wishes to allocate $XXXXXXXXXX to the operating agreements in order to make the election pursuant to subsection 14(1.01). In our view, this may not be a reasonable allocation of the sale price, given the other assets being acquired by the purchaser. We therefore suggest that you consider applying section 68 in this case to modify the proposed allocation of the sale price.
(2) A taxpayer may make an election pursuant to subsection 14(1.01) to recognize a capital gain for a ECP if the following conditions are satisfied:
- the taxpayer disposes of eligible capital property in respect of a business
- the cost to the taxpayer of that capital property can be determined;
- the proceeds of disposition exceed that cost;
- the taxpayer's exempt earnings balance in respect of the business for the year is nil;
- the taxpayer has so elected in its return of income for the year;
Your question relates specifically to the second condition, namely that the cost to the taxpayer of the eligible capital property can be determined. While this is a question of fact, the current version of subsection 14(1.01) - which prohibits a taxpayer from electing in respect of goodwill - would seem to make your question redundant.
However, we draw your attention to proposed amendments to subsection 14(1.01) that were last announced in July 2005 in the document entitled "Legislative Proposals Relating to Income Tax". Under those amendments, a taxpayer will be able to elect under subsection 14(1.01) to recognize a capital gain on any ECP, including goodwill (the latter no longer being excluded from the election). Those proposed amendments will apply to dispositions of eligible capital property occurring after December 19, 2002, and thus to the situation in this case.
Operating agreements
Thus, provided the requirements of proposed subsection 14(1.01) are satisfied, the taxpayer would be free to make the election to recognize a capital gain on the operating agreements. With respect to the requirement that the cost of the eligible capital property “can be determined”, we are of the view that a zero cost would be acceptable. Indeed, the jurisprudence confirms that the cost of a capital property to a taxpayer can be nil.5 In this case, the taxpayer "acquired" the MSSS operating agreements for such a cost.
Thus, in this case, there appears to be nothing to prevent the taxpayer from making the election pursuant to subsection 14(1.01) for the operating agreements signed between the CHSLD and the MSSS.
Other goodwill elements
As stated earlier, we have difficulty with the proposition that the taxpayer can allocate substantially all of the sale price to the operating agreements where other goodwill exists in connection with the business. Not only would the taxpayer's suggested allocation allow it to use a maximum amount from a prior year's capital loss against the capital gain from the disposition of the operating agreements, but it may not be reasonable in light of the other assets acquired by the purchaser.
Consequently, you may wish to consider applying section 68 to allocate a lower value to the operating agreements and allocate a portion of the selling price to other goodwill elements such as customer base, location, reputation and any other elements that may add value to the business.
Phil Jolie
Director
Business and Partnerships Division
Income Tax Rulings Directorate
ENDNOTES
1 [1964] Ex. C.R. 1
2 [1901] A.C. 217
3 [1896] AC 7 (H.L.)
4 Several sources confirm this principle, including Dominion Dairies Limited v. Minister of National Revenue 66 DTC 5028 and H. Stikeman, Goodwill or Illwill: When Is a Nothing Something? Canada Tax Letter 236 (Toronto: DeBoo, February 19, 1975), 4.
5 The T. Eaton Company Limited v. Her Majesty the Queen 99 D.T.C. 5178 (F.C.A.)
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