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Directors' Liability - Section 227.1 of the Income Tax Act and Section 323 of the Excise Tax Act

NO.: IC89-2R

DATE: June 27, 1997

SUBJECT: Directors' Liability - Section 227.1 of the Income Tax Act and Section 323 of the Excise Tax Act

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1. This Circular outlines the consequences which corporate directors may face, when the corporation, of which they are a director, fails to deduct, withhold, remit, or pay certain amounts of money held in trust for the Crown. Under these circumstances, corporate directors may be held personally liable pursuant to section 227.1 of the Income Tax Act (“ITA”), section 323 of the Excise Tax Act (“ETA”), and similar provisions of the Canada Pension Plan , and the Employment Insurance Act .

2. While the purpose of this Circular is to provide information on section 227.1 of the ITA and section 323 of the ETA, the Circular itself is not law. The law is set out in the statutes, and a copy of the relevant provisions of the ITA and the ETA is attached as Appendix A.

3. Corporations (for-profit, non-profit, or not-for-profit) are required to deduct, withhold, collect, remit, or pay amounts for

4. This Circular focuses on (b) and (g) in paragraph 3.

5. Corporate directors who are in office when the corporation, of which they are a director, fails to deduct, withhold, collect, remit, or pay the amounts in (b) and (g) of paragraph 3, may be personally liable, together with the corporation, to pay part or all of these amounts:

The Rules for Liability

6. There are three basic rules to the general rule of personal liability:

The Department's Obligation

7. To demonstrate its inability to recover the amounts directly from the corporation, the Department must:

Limitation

8. Directors are not liable if the Department commences proceedings to assess them more than two years after they cease to be directors. Directors cease to be directors by resigning, or by operation of law (e.g., they become personally bankrupt).

Directors continue to be directors, although with reduced rights and powers, after a trustee, receiver, liquidator, or other like person, acting in a similar capacity, has been appointed.

Types of Directors

9. The ITA and the ETA do not distinguish between directors, be they passive, nominee, or outside directors. Consequently, their lack of involvement in the affairs of the company may not absolve them from liability. Further, directors who relinquish their responsibilities to co-directors, officers, or employees may be held liable.

De Facto Directors

10. Officers, employees, and others who are not legally appointed as directors, but who perform the functions that directors would perform, may be liable.

Due diligence

11. Directors should ensure that the corporation is properly withholding deductions. Moreover, a corporation and its directors must act responsibly. Above all, the directors must make every reasonable effort, while deductions and GST are withheld and collected, to ensure that those amounts will be remitted and paid.

12. Directors are not liable if they exercise due diligence, that is, the diligence that a reasonably prudent person would exercise in comparable circumstances to ensure that the corporation deducts, withholds, collects, remits, or pays the amounts due. The Department expects that a director must attempt to take positive action to this end by:

13. As well, if the corporation is experiencing financial difficulties, the responsibilities of directors may include the following:

14. To demonstrate that they exercised due diligence, directors must show that they took reasonable steps to prevent the failure. In other words, the steps must be taken before the failure has occurred, and not after the failure has already occurred.

15. Directors are obliged to be aware of what is happening in the corporation of which he or she is a director. Effective lines of communication between directors and the corporation's responsible employees must be maintained.

16. Directors may not claim that they were uninformed as to the requirements of the applicable statutes. A reasonably prudent person, who is aware that he or she is a director, but who is uncertain as to the extent of the responsibilities as a director, is under a duty to at least attempt to discover what is expected of him or her, and to discharge that duty.

17. While directors may delegate their statutory responsibilities to other directors, they are nonetheless responsible for ensuring that payroll deductions and GST are remitted.

18. The due diligence test is subjective as well as objective. It is objective in that there has to be a standard against which to judge a director, i.e., a reasonable man; it is subjective in the sense that the director must have done what a reasonably prudent person would have done in the circumstances. What constitutes due diligence, then, would vary with the circumstances of each case.

Assessment policy

19. Following an initial investigation, the Department will inform, in writing, directors who may be liable that an assessment under section 227.1 of the ITA or section 323 of the ETA, or both, is being considered.

20. It is in the interest of each director to respond and to explain all actions taken to ensure that the corporation deducted, withheld, remitted, or paid and, where possible, to provide documentation of these actions. The Department will consider the merits of every response before deciding to issue an assessment.

21. If a director does not reply within the time set out in the proposal letter, the Department may issue an assessment without further notice.

22. The provisions of section 227.1 of the ITA and section 323 of the ETA are remedial, not penal, and as such are a means of collection. Each director may be assessed for the full amount of its corporation's liability, but a director who pays an amount towards this liability is entitled to:

APPENDIX A

INCOME TAX ACT

SECTION 227.1: Liability of directors for failure to deduct

(1) Where a corporation has failed to deduct or withhold an amount as required by subsection 135(3) or section 153 or 215, has failed to remit such an amount or has failed to pay an amount of tax for a taxation year as required under Part VII or VIII, the directors of the corporation at the time the corporation was required to deduct, withhold, remit or pay the amount are jointly and severally liable, together with the corporation, to pay that amount and any interest or penalties relating thereto.

Sec. 227.1(2)

(2) Limitations on liability. A director is not liable under subsection (1), unless

Sec. 227.1(3)

(3) Idem. A director is not liable for a failure under subsection (1) where the director exercised the degree of care, diligence and skill to prevent the failure that a reasonably prudent person would have exercised in comparable circumstances.

Sec. 227.1(4)

(4) Limitation period. No action or proceedings to recover any amount payable by a director of a corporation under subsection (1) shall be commenced more than two years after the director last ceased to be a director of that corporation.

Sec. 227.1(5)

(5) Amount recoverable. Where execution referred to in paragraph (2)(a) has issued, the amount recoverable from a director is the amount remaining unsatisfied after execution.

Sec. 227.1(6)

(6) Preference. Where a director pays an amount in respect of a corporation's liability referred to in subsection (1) that is proved in liquidation, dissolution or bankruptcy proceedings, the director is entitled to any preference that Her Majesty in right of Canada would have been entitled to had that amount not been so paid and, where a certificate that relates to that amount has been registered, the director is entitled to an assignment of the certificate to the extent of the director's payment, which assignment the Minister is hereby empowered to make.

Sec. 227.1(7)

(7) Contribution. A director who has satisfied a claim under this section is entitled to contribution from the other directors who were liable for the claim.

Sec. 227(10)

(10) Assessment. The Minister may assess

EXCISE TAX ACT

323(1) Liability of directors

(1) Liability of directors – Where a corporation fails to remit an amount of net tax as required under subsection 228(2), the directors of the corporation at the time the corporation was required to remit the amount are jointly and severally liable, together with the corporation, to pay that amount and any interest thereon or penalties relating thereto.

323(2) Limitations

(2) Limitations – A director of a corporation is not liable under subsection (1) unless

323(3) Diligence

(3) Diligence – A director of a corporation is not liable for a failure under subsection (1) where the director exercised the degree of care, diligence and skill to prevent the failure that a reasonably prudent person would have exercised in comparable circumstances.

323(4) Assessment

(4) Assessment – The Minister may assess any person for any amount payable by the person under this section and, where the Minister sends a notice of assessment, sections 296 to 311 apply, with such modifications as the circumstances require.

323(5) Time limit

(5) Time limit – An assessment under subsection (4) of any amount payable by a person who is a director of a corporation shall not be made more than two years after the person last ceased to be a director of the corporation.

323(6) Amount recoverable

(6) Amount recoverable – Where execution referred to in paragraph (2)(a) has issued, the amount recoverable from a director is the amount remaining unsatisfied after execution.

323(7) Preference

(7) Preference – Where a director of a corporation pays an amount in respect of a corporation's liability referred to in subsection (1) that is proved in liquidation, dissolution or bankruptcy proceedings, the director is entitled to any preference that Her Majesty in right of Canada would have been entitled to had the amount not been so paid and, where a certificate that relates to the amount has been registered, the director is entitled to an assignment of the certificate to the extent of the director's payment, which assignment the Minister is empowered to make.

323(8) Contribution

(8) Contribution – A director who satisfies a claim under this section is entitled to contribution from the other directors who were liable for the claim.

Date modified:

2006-05-16