Translation disclaimer
This translation was prepared by Tax Interpretations Inc. The CRA did not issue this document in the language in which it now appears, and is not responsible for any errors in its translation that might impact a reader’s understanding of it or the position(s) taken therein. See also the general Disclaimer below.
Principal Issues: 1) Whether a specified individual would be able to rely on the “reasonable return” exception in subparagraph (g)(ii) of the definition of “excluded amount” in subsection 120.4(1) in the described scenarios. 2) Whether interest earned on a loan granted by a child under 18 year old to his mother is “split income” pursuant to the definition in subsection 120.4(1) in the described scenarios. 3) Whether an unreasonable salary paid by a company to a “specified individual” in respect of the “related business” pursuant to subsection 120.4(1) is “split income” pursuant to the definition in subsection 120.4(1).
Position: 1) Question of fact that can only be determined after a review of all the facts and circumstances applicable to a particular situation. 2) No, subject to GAAR. 3) No. However, other provisions may apply.
Reasons: 1) The CRA does not intend to generally substitute its judgement of what would be considered a reasonable amount where taxpayers have made a good faith attempt to do so based on the reasonableness factors. 2) Interest earned by a “specified individual” on a loan made to an individual is not “split income” pursuant to subsection 120.4(1). However, GAAR may be considered depending on the purpose and the use of the proceeds of the loan by the mother. 3) Salary income is not “split income” pursuant to subsection 120.4(1). However, depending on the facts and circumstances of each specific situation, other provisions of the Act may apply.
FEDERAL TAX ROUNDTABLE, OCTOBER 7, 2021
APFF CONFERENCE 2021
Question 2
Structure for the recovery of minimum tax
The scenarios below are designed to provide sufficient income to certain individuals to recover or minimize the effect of the alternative minimum tax ("AMT"). In this context, do the scenarios below trigger the application of section 120.4?
Scenario 2.1: Interspousal loan
On June 15, 2021, Mr. X lent $100,000 to his spouse, Ms. X, which loan bore interest at the prescribed rate in effect at the time of the loan, namely 1%. Ms. X subsequently lent that $100,000 sum to Mr. X's holding company at an interest rate of 5%. Mr. X and Ms. X are both 30 years old and Ms. X does not own any shares in Mr. X's holding company. Ms. X's loan to Mr. X's holding company was without any security, including a spousal guarantee.
Questions to the CRA
a) Does the 5% interest income earned by Ms. X constitute a "reasonable return" and is therefore an "excluded amount" (para. (g)(ii)) for the purposes of section 120.4?
b) If not, is the answer the same if the loan from Ms. X was made to a holding company owned equally by Ms. X and Mr. X?
c) If the 5% interest income earned by Ms. X was not a "reasonable return", will the total income constitute split income or will the portion of that income considered reasonable constitute an "excluded amount" and only the excess (i.e., the unreasonable portion) constitute split income within the meaning of section 120.4?
CRA responses to scenario 2.1 questions
General comments
Ms. X is the "specified individual" as defined in subsection 120.4(1). Mr. X and Ms. X are connected by marriage or common-law partnership and are related persons under paragraph 251(2)(a). Mr. X is a "source individual" in respect of Ms. X as defined in subsection 120.4(1).
The amount of interest income on the $100,000 loan from Ms. X to the collective would constitute "split income" for Ms. X within the meaning of paragraph (d) of the definition of "split income" in subsection 120.4(1) and would be subject to tax on split income ("TOSI") pursuant to subsection 120.4(2), unless that amount is an "excluded amount" within the meaning of that expression as defined in subsection 120.4(1).
We understand from the statement of facts in Scenario 2.1 that the amount of interest paid to Ms. X by the Manager is from a "related business" in relation to Ms. X, as that term is defined in subsection 120.4(1).
Finally, we understand that the issues relate specifically to the reasonableness of the amount of interest income for Ms. X for purposes of the "reasonable return" exclusion described in paragraph (g)(ii) of the definition of "excluded amount" in subsection 120.4(1).
CRA Response to question 2.1(a)
The term "reasonable return" in respect of a specified individual is defined in subsection 120.4(1). It is an amount derived directly or indirectly from a related business in respect of the individual that, inter alia, must be reasonable having regard to the factors described in subparagraphs 120.4(1)(b)(i) to 120.4(1)(b)(v) of that expression in relation to the relative contributions of the specified individual and of each source individual in respect of the related business.
Whether an amount constitutes a reasonable return for the purposes of the exception described in subparagraph (g)(ii) of the definition of "excluded amount" in subsection 120.4(1) is a question of fact that can only be resolved in light of the facts and circumstances of a particular situation. Since the statement of facts in this question only very briefly describes a given hypothetical situation, it is impossible for us to determine whether Ms. X could benefit from this exception in respect of the amount of interest income calculated at the rate of 5% on the debt to the collective society.
For example, in question number 3 (footnote 1) of the Society of Trust and Estate Practioners Roundtable of June 15, 2021, the CRA states that the question of whether a rate of interest equal to an arm's length rate of interest is a reasonable return, where the specified individual has not performed any work or contributed any property or assumed any risk in respect of the related business, can only be determined in light of a statement of the facts and circumstances of a particular situation.
In addition, as noted in the document "Guidance on the application of the split income rules for adults" (footnote 2), the CRA does not intend to generally substitute its judgment of what would be considered a reasonable amount unless there has not been a good faith attempt to determine a reasonable amount based on the Reasonableness Criteria.
That said, in a context such as that described in Scenario 2.1, where the principal of the loan would come from funds owned by Mr. X and the loan would be made by Ms. X to Mr. X's holding corporation for the purpose of generating sufficient interest income to minimize the impact of the AMT on Ms. X, it is difficult to see how the factors enumerated in the definition of "reasonable return" in 120.4(1) could be satisfied.
CRA Response to question 2.1(b)
This is the same scenario as in question 2.1(a) above, except that Mr. X and Ms. X are equal shareholders in the holding corporation. The following comments are in addition to the comments in question a) above, in the context of Mr. X and Ms. X holding shares of the share stock of the holding corporation.
As noted above, in determining whether an amount is a reasonable return in respect of the specified individual, consideration must be given to, for example, the work performed, property contributed and risks assumed by the specified individual and each source individual in respect of the specified individual's related business and the total of all amounts that were paid or became payable, directly or indirectly, by any person or partnership to, or for the benefit of, any of them in respect of the business (footnote 3). Those factors contribute to determining the reasonableness of the amount for a specified individual, taking into account the return paid to the individual and to each source individual in consideration of the contribution of each of them in support of or in respect of the business.
For example, in this question 2.1(b) where each of Mr. X and Ms. X has an equal interest in the capital stock of the holding corporation that operates the related business, the dividends received by Mr. X and Ms. X should also be considered in relation to Mr. X's and Ms. X's contributions to the related business, in order to determine whether the amount of interest income is otherwise a reasonable amount for Ms. X (footnote 4).
CRA Response to question 2.1(c)
The exception described in subparagraph (g)(ii) of the definition of "excluded amount" in subsection 120.4(1) applies to an amount that is a reasonable return to the specified individual. In its document entitled "Technical Backgrounder on Measures to Address Income Sprinkling" (footnote 5), in the section dealing with the concept of excluded business, the Department of Finance Canada states: "However, even if an individual aged 25 or older does not meet the regular, continuous and substantial threshold, the TOSI will apply to amounts derived from a related business only to the extent that they are unreasonable (i.e., only the unreasonable excess will be subject to the TOSI).” Accordingly, only the amount that constitutes a reasonable return would be an "excluded amount" within the meaning of the definition in subsection 120.4(1).
For example, if it is established that the reasonable return amount is an interest rate of 3% on the holding corporation's claim for Ms. X, the amount of interest income at 2% would not be an "excluded amount" and would be subject to TSOI.
Scenario 2.2: Loan from minor children to parents
Child Y is 15 years old and is the child of Mr. Y and Ms. Y. Upon the sale of shares of the capital stock of a corporation ("Yco"), whose business in which Ms. Y was actively involved was a "related business" of Child Y within the meaning of that definition in subsection 120.4(1), Child Y was allocated a portion of the taxable capital gain realized on the sale of shares of the capital stock of Yco by the family trust of which he was a beneficiary, namely an amount of $400,000. Child Y wishes to lend the sum of $400,000 to Ms. Y at an annual interest rate of 5% and Ms. Y wishes to invest that sum of $400,000 in the stock market. For civil law purposes, we have assumed that the loan is made in accordance with the applicable rules in order for it to be considered valid.
Questions to the CRA
a) Is the 5% interest income earned by Child Y "split income" within the meaning of section 120.4?
b) Is the answer the same if Ms. Y invested the amount borrowed from Child Y in her holding company instead of in the stock market?
CRA Response to scenario 2.2 questions
Assuming that the $400,000 was validly allocated to Child Y by the family trust and that a true loan, within the meaning of the applicable private law, exists between Ms. Y and Child Y, Child Y's interest income from the $400,000 loan to Ms. Y would not constitute "split income" within the meaning of that expression as defined in subsection 120. That interest income for Child Y is not an amount described in paragraphs 120.4(1)(a) to 120.4(1)(e) of the definition of "split income".
There may, however, be abusive situations where the CRA would consider the use of the general anti-avoidance rule ("GAAR") in subsection 245(2). The CRA may be concerned about planning that has as its primary purpose the avoidance of TOSI liability.
For example, in the context of question 2.2(b), the CRA could be concerned about such planning if it were found that the transactions were put in place to circumvent the application of the TOSI provisions. However, that is a question of fact that must be resolved in light of all the circumstances and particularities of a particular situation.
Furthermore, it should be noted that the $400,000 allocated to Child Y by the family trust could, depending on the facts of the situation, constitute "split income" for Child Y within the meaning of subsection 120.4(1) (footnote 6).
Scenario 2.3: Salary
Mr. Z is the sole shareholder of an operating company ZCo. ZCo pays Mr. Z's spouse, Ms. Z, an annual salary of $100,000, which salary may not be reasonable in light of the duties Ms. Z performs for ZCo. In order not to take any risks in that regard, ZCo determines not to deduct Ms. Z's salary from its taxable income.
Questions to the CRA
a) Does the unreasonable salary earned by Ms. Z constitute "split income" for Ms. Z within the meaning of section 120.4?
b) Is the answer the same if ZCo is a holding company wholly owned by Mr. Z instead of an operating company?
CRA Response to scenario 2.3 questions
Split income" as defined in subsection 120.4(1) does not include remuneration paid by a corporation to a specified individual in the form of salary.
However, planning to pay an unreasonable amount of salary, particularly in circumstances similar to those described in scenario 2.3, could be considered abusive by the CRA. Depending on the facts and circumstances of a specific case, in addition to section 67, the CRA could also consider the potential application of the transfer or benefit provisions (footnote 7) to a taxpayer and the potential application of the GAAR.
Nathalie Aubin
(438) 340-0531
October 7, 2021
2021-090090
FOOTNOTES
Note to reader: Because of our system requirements, the footnotes contained in the original document are shown below instead:
1 CANADA REVENUE AGENCY, Technical Interpretation 2021-0883151C6, June 15, 2021.
2 CANADA REVENUE AGENCY, Guidance on the application of the split income rules for adults (online: https://www.canada.ca/en/revenue-agency/programs/about-canada-revenue-agency-cra/federal-government-budgets/income-sprinkling/guidance-split-income-rules-adults.html).
3 Factors listed in subparagraphs 120.4(1)(b)(i) to 120.4(1)(b)(v) I.T.A. of the definition of "reasonable return".
4 If the shares of the capital stock of the collective owned by Ms. X are "excluded shares" as that term is defined in subsection 120.1(1) I.T.A., the dividends received by Ms. X on those shares may qualify for the exception described in subparagraph (g)(i) of the definition "excluded amount" in subsection 120.4(1) I.T.A.
5 DEPARTMENT OF FINANCE CANADA, Technical Backgrounder on Measures to Address Income Sprinkling (online: https://www.canada.ca/en/department-finance/news/2017/12/technical_backgrounderonmeasurestoaddressincomesprinkling.html)
6 For example, if the amount allocated by the family trust was subject to subsection 120.4(5) I.T.A. or if the taxable capital gain allocated by the family trust was not derived from the sale of shares that fall within the exception described in paragraph (d) of the definition of "excluded amount".
7 In particular, subsections 15(1), 56(2) or 56(4) I.T.A.
UNCLASSIFIED
All rights reserved. Permission is granted to electronically copy and to print in hard copy for internal use only. No part of this information may be reproduced, modified, transmitted or redistributed in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, or stored in a retrieval system for any purpose other than noted above (including sales), without prior written permission of Canada Revenue Agency, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0L5
© Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada, 2021
Tous droits réservés. Il est permis de copier sous forme électronique ou d'imprimer pour un usage interne seulement. Toutefois, il est interdit de reproduire, de modifier, de transmettre ou de redistributer de l'information, sous quelque forme ou par quelque moyen que ce soit, de facon électronique, méchanique, photocopies ou autre, ou par stockage dans des systèmes d'extraction ou pour tout usage autre que ceux susmentionnés (incluant pour fin commerciale), sans l'autorisation écrite préalable de l'Agence du revenu du Canada, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0L5.
© Sa Majesté la Reine du Chef du Canada, 2021