SUPREME
COURT OF CANADA
Citation: R. v. Canadian Broadcasting Corp.,
2018 SCC 5
|
Appeal Heard:
November 1, 2017
Judgment
Rendered: February 9, 2018
Docket:
37360
|
Between:
Canadian
Broadcasting Corporation
Appellant
and
Her
Majesty The Queen
Respondent
-
and -
CTV,
a Division of Bell Media Inc., Global News, a division of Corus Television
Limited Partnership, The Globe and Mail Inc., Postmedia Network Inc., Vice
Studio Canada Inc., Aboriginal Peoples Television Network and AD IDEM/Canadian
Media Lawyers Association
Interveners
Coram: McLachlin C.J. and Abella, Moldaver, Karakatsanis, Wagner,
Gascon, Côté, Brown and Rowe JJ.
Reasons for
Judgment:
(paras. 1 to 33)
|
Brown J. (McLachlin C.J. and Abella, Moldaver,
Karakatsanis, Wagner, Gascon, Côté and Rowe JJ. concurring)
|
Note: This document is subject to editorial revision before its
reproduction in final form in the Canada Supreme Court Reports.
r. v. canadian
broadcasting corp.
Canadian Broadcasting
Corporation Appellant
v.
Her Majesty The Queen Respondent
and
CTV, a Division of Bell Media Inc., Global
News,
a division of Corus Television Limited
Partnership,
The Globe and Mail Inc., Postmedia
Network Inc.,
Vice Studio Canada Inc., Aboriginal
Peoples
Television Network and AD IDEM/
Canadian
Media Lawyers Association Interveners
Indexed as: R. v. Canadian
Broadcasting Corp.
2018 SCC 5
File No.: 37360.
2017: November 1; 2018: February 9.
Present: McLachlin C.J. and Abella, Moldaver, Karakatsanis,
Wagner, Gascon, Côté, Brown and Rowe JJ.
on appeal from the court of appeal of alberta
Injunctions
— Interlocutory injunctions — Publication bans — Mandatory publication ban
issued pursuant to Criminal Code respecting identity of young victim — Media
outlet refused to remove from its website articles which pre‑existed
publication ban and which identified victim by name and photograph — Crown
bringing application for contempt and for mandatory interlocutory injunction
requiring removal of information from media outlet’s website — Applicable
framework for granting mandatory interlocutory injunction — Whether Crown must
establish strong prima facie case or serious issue to be tried — Whether
chambers judge erred in refusing interlocutory injunction because Crown failed
to show strong prima facie case of criminal contempt — Criminal Code, R.S.C.
1985, c. C‑46, s. 486.4(2.1) (2.2).
An accused was
charged with the first degree murder of a person under the age of 18. Upon the
Crown’s request, a mandatory ban prohibiting the publication, broadcast or
transmission in any way of any information that could identify the victim was
ordered pursuant to s. 486.4(2.2) of the Criminal Code . Prior to
the issuance of the publication ban, CBC posted information revealing the
identity of the victim on its website. As a result of CBC’s refusal to remove
this information, the Crown sought an order citing CBC in criminal contempt of
the publication ban and an interlocutory injunction directing the removal of
the victim’s identifying information. The chambers judge concluded that the
Crown had not established the requirements for a mandatory interlocutory
injunction, and dismissed its application. The majority of the Court of Appeal
allowed the appeal and granted the mandatory interlocutory injunction.
Held: The
appeal should be allowed.
To obtain a mandatory
interlocutory injunction, the appropriate criterion for assessing the strength
of the applicant’s case at the first stage of the RJR—MacDonald test is
not whether there is a serious issue to be tried, but rather whether the
applicant has demonstrated a strong prima facie case. The potentially
severe consequences for a defendant which can result from a mandatory
interlocutory injunction further demand an extensive review of the merits at
the interlocutory stage. This modified RJR—MacDonald test entails
showing a strong likelihood on the law and the evidence presented that, at
trial, the applicant will be ultimately successful in proving the allegations
set out in the originating notice. The applicant must also demonstrate that
irreparable harm will result if the relief is not granted and that the balance
of convenience favours granting the injunction.
In this case, a
literal reading of the originating notice shows that the Crown brought an
application for criminal contempt and sought an interim injunction in that
proceeding. The Crown thus proceeded on the basis that its application for an
interlocutory injunction was sought in respect of the citation for criminal
contempt. The originating notice itself, and the sequencing therein of the
relief sought, belies its putatively hybrid character. The two applications are
linked, such that the latter is tied not to the mere placement by CBC of the
victim’s identifying information on its website, but to the sought‑after
criminal contempt citation. Each prayer for relief does not launch an
independent proceeding; rather, both relate to the alleged criminal contempt. In
addition, an injunction is not a cause of action, in the sense of containing
its own authorizing force. It is a remedy. An originating application must
state both the claim and the basis for it and the remedy sought. Here, the
Crown’s originating notice discloses only a single basis for seeking a remedy:
CBC’s alleged criminal contempt of court. Therefore, the Crown was bound to
show a strong prima facie case of criminal contempt of court. This case
should not however be taken as standing for the proposition that injunctive
relief is ordinarily or readily available in criminal matters. The delineation
of the circumstances in which an interlocutory injunction may be sought and
issued to enjoin allegedly criminal conduct is not decided here.
The decision to grant
or refuse an interlocutory injunction is a discretionary exercise, with which
an appellate court must not interfere solely because it would have exercised
the discretion differently. Appellate intervention is justified only where the
chambers judge proceeded on a misunderstanding of the law or of the evidence
before him, where an inference can be demonstrated to be wrong by further
evidence that has since become available, where there has been a change of
circumstances or where the decision to grant or refuse the injunction is so
aberrant that it must be set aside on the ground that no reasonable judge could
have reached it. In this case, the Crown’s burden was not to show a case for
criminal contempt that leans one way or another, but rather a case, based on
the law and evidence presented, that has a strong likelihood that it would be
successful in proving CBC’s guilt of criminal contempt of court. This is not an
easy burden to discharge and the Crown has failed to do so here. The chambers
judge applied the correct legal test in deciding the Crown’s application and
his decision that the Crown’s case failed to satisfy that test did not, in
these circumstances, warrant appellate intervention.
Cases Cited
Applied: RJR —
MacDonald Inc. v. Canada (Attorney General), [1994] 1 S.C.R. 311; distinguished:
Canada (Human Rights Commission) v. Canadian Liberty Net, [1998] 1 S.C.R.
626; referred to: United Nurses of Alberta v. Alberta (Attorney
General), [1992] 1 S.C.R. 901; Manitoba (Attorney General) v.
Metropolitan Stores Ltd., [1987] 1 S.C.R. 110; American Cyanamid Co. v.
Ethicon Ltd., [1975] A.C. 396; Google Inc. v. Equustek Solutions Inc.,
2017 SCC 34, [2017] 1 S.C.R. 824; Medical Laboratory Consultants Inc. v.
Calgary Health Region, 2005 ABCA 97, 19 C.C.L.I. (4th) 161; Modry v.
Alberta Health Services, 2015 ABCA 265, 388 D.L.R. (4th) 352; Conway v.
Zinkhofer, 2006 ABCA 74; D.E. & Sons Fisheries Ltd. v. Goreham, 2004 NSCA 53, 223 N.S.R. (2d) 1; AMEC E&C Services Ltd. v. Whitman Benn and Associates Ltd.,
2003 NSSC 112, 214 N.S.R. (2d) 369, aff’d 2003 NSCA 126, 219 N.S.R. (2d) 126; Cytrynbaum
v. Look Communications Inc., 2013 ONCA 455, 307 O.A.C. 152; Sawridge
Band v. Canada, 2004 FCA 16, [2004] 3 F.C.R. 274; Jamieson Laboratories
Ltd. v. Reckitt Benckiser LLC, 2015 FCA 104, 130 C.P.R. (4th) 414; Potash
Corp. of Saskatchewan Inc. v. Mosaic Potash Esterhazy Limited Partnership,
2011 SKCA 120, 341 D.L.R. (4th) 407; La Plante v. Saskatchewan Society for
the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals, 2011 SKCA 43, [2012] 3 W.W.R. 293; Summerside
Seafood Supreme Inc. v. Prince Edward Island (Minister of Fisheries,
Aquaculture and Environment), 2006 PESCAD 11, 256 Nfld. & P.E.I.R. 277;
National Commercial Bank Jamaica Ltd. v. Olint Corp. Ltd., [2009]
UKPC 16, [2009] 1 W.L.R. 1405; H&R Block Canada Inc. v. Inisoft
Corp., 2009 CanLII 37911; Fradenburgh v. Ontario Lottery and Gaming
Corp., 2010 ONSC 5387; Boehringer Ingelheim (Canada) Inc. v. Bristol‑Myers
Squibb Canada Inc. (1998), 83 C.P.R. (3d) 51; Shepherd Home Ltd. v.
Sandham, [1970] 3 All E.R. 402; Barton‑Reid
Canada Ltd. v. Alfresh Beverages Canada Corp., 2002
CanLII 34862; Bark & Fitz Inc. v. 2139138 Ontario Inc., 2010 ONSC
1793; Quality Pallets and Recycling Inc. v. Canadian Pacific Railway Co.,
2007 CanLII 13712; West Nipissing Economic Development Corp. v.
Weyerhaeuser Co., 2002 CanLII 26148; Parker v. Canadian Tire Corp.,
[1998] O.J. No. 1720 (QL); Amchem Products Inc. v. British Columbia
(Workers’ Compensation Board), [1993] 1 S.C.R. 897; Hadmor Productions
Ltd. v. Hamilton, [1982] 1 All E.R. 1042; B.C. (A.G.) v. Wale,
[1987] 2 W.W.R. 331, aff’d [1991] 1 S.C.R. 62; White Room Ltd. v. Calgary
(City), 1998 ABCA 120, 62 Alta. L.R. (3d) 177; Musqueam Indian Band v. Canada
(Minister of Public Works and Government Services), 2008 FCA 214, 378 N.R.
335, leave to appeal refused, [2008] 3 S.C.R. viii.
Statutes and Regulations Cited
Alberta Rules of Court, Alta. Reg.
124/2010, r. 3.8(1).
Criminal Code, R.S.C. 1985, c. C‑46,
s. 486.4 (2.1) , (2.2) .
Authors Cited
Sharpe, Robert J. Injunctions and Specific Performance,
4th ed. Toronto: Canada Law Book, 2012.
Vermette,
Marie‑Andrée. “A Strong Prima Facie Case for Rationalizing the Test
Applicable to Interlocutory Mandatory Injunctions”, in Todd L. Archibald and
Randall Scott Echlin, eds., Annual Review of Civil Litigation, 2011.
Toronto: Carswell, 2011, 367.
APPEAL
from a judgment of the Alberta Court of Appeal (Slatter, McDonald and Greckol JJ.A.),
2016 ABCA 326, 404 D.L.R. (4th) 318, 43 Alta. L.R. (6th) 213, [2017] 3 W.W.R.
413, 93 C.P.C. (7th) 269, [2016] A.J. No. 1085 (QL), 2016 CarswellAlta
2034 (WL Can.), setting aside a decision of Michalyshyn J., 2016 ABQB 204,
[2016] 9 W.W.R. 613, 37 Alta. L.R. (6th) 299, 86 C.P.C. (7th) 373, [2016] A.J. No. 336
(QL), 2016 CarswellAlta 620 (WL Can.). Appeal allowed.
Frederick S. Kozak, Q.C., Sean
Ward, Tess Layton and Sean Moreman, for the appellant.
Iwona Kuklicz and Julie Snowdon, for the respondent.
Iain A.C. MacKinnon, for the interveners.
The judgment of the Court was delivered by
Brown
J. —
I.
Introduction
[1]
The background leading to this appeal was
summarized in the reasons of the chambers judge:[1]
On March 5, 2016 [the accused], was
charged with the first degree murder of D.H., a person under the age of 18
(“the victim”). On March 15, 2016 the Crown requested and a judge ordered a
mandatory ban under s. 486.4(2.2) of the Criminal Code, R.S.C., 1985, c.
C-46 . The order prohibits the publication, broadcast or transmission in any way
of information that could identify the victim.
As of March 16, 2016, two articles
which pre-existed the publication ban, and which identified the victim by name
and photograph (“the articles”), continued to exist on the CBC Edmonton website.
In response to a March 16, 2016 Edmonton
Police Service inquiry, a senior digital producer with CBC Edmonton advised
that no future stories would contain the victim’s identifying information.
On March 18, 2016, however, the
pre-publication ban articles remained on the website, unaltered.
One of the articles contains some evidence
that the victim’s identity appears already in wide circulation, by way of
social media, but also by reason of the fact the victim attended school and
lived in a smaller Alberta community where the murder is alleged to have
occurred.
[2]
Because CBC would not remove from its website
the victim’s identifying information published prior to the order granting a
publication ban, the Crown filed an Originating Notice seeking an order citing
CBC in criminal contempt of the publication ban, and an interlocutory
injunction[2] directing removal of that information from CBC’s website. As the
terms of that Originating Notice are important to my proposed disposition of
this appeal, I reproduce them here, in relevant part[3]:
TAKE NOTICE that an Application will be made by the Attorney General
of Alberta on behalf of her Majesty the Queen before the presiding Justice of
the Court of Queen’s Bench, . . . for an Order citing [CBC] in criminal contempt of court.
AND FURTHER TAKE NOTICE that an application will be made for an
interim injunction, directing that [CBC] remove any information from their
website that could identify the complainant in the [subject] case.
RELIEF SOUGHT:
1.
That [CBC] be cited in criminal contempt of
court.
2.
That [CBC] be directed to remove any information
from their website that could identify the complainant in the [subject] case.
3.
That an appropriate sentence be imposed against
[CBC].
4.
Any such further order that this Honourable
Court deems appropriate.
[3]
The chambers judge concluded that the Crown had
not established the requirements for a mandatory interlocutory injunction, and
dismissed its application. On appeal, the Court of Appeal divided on whether
the Crown was entitled to a mandatory interlocutory injunction. While the
majority allowed the appeal and granted the injunction, Greckol J.A., in
dissent, would have dismissed the appeal, finding that the majority applied incorrect
legal principles to the Crown’s application.[4]
[4]
For the reasons that follow, I would allow the
appeal. In my respectful view, the chambers judge applied the correct legal
test in deciding the Crown’s application, and his decision that the Crown’s case
failed to satisfy that test did not, in these circumstances, warrant appellate
intervention.
II.
Legislative Provisions
[5]
Sections 486.4(2.1) and 486.4(2.2) of the Criminal
Code ,[5] taken together, provide that a presiding judge or justice
shall make an order, upon application by the victim or the prosecutor, for a
publication ban in cases involving offences against victims under the age of 18
years. Specifically, the Crown or the victim is entitled to an order “directing
that any information that could identify the victim shall not be published
in any document or broadcast or transmitted in any way”.
III. Judicial History
A.
The Chambers Judge’s Reasons
[6]
Acceding to the parties’ submissions, the
chambers judge applied a modified version of the tripartite test for an
interlocutory injunction stated in RJR—MacDonald Inc. v. Canada (Attorney
General).[6] This required the Crown to prove (1) a strong prima facie
case for finding CBC in criminal contempt; (2) that the Crown would suffer
irreparable harm were the injunction refused; and (3) that the balance of
convenience favoured granting the injunction.
[7]
As to the requirement of a strong prima facie
case, the Crown had argued for a “broad interpretation” of s. 486.4(2.1) ’s
terms “publish[ed]” and “transmit[ted]”, such that it would catch web-based
articles posted prior to the publication ban.[7] The chambers judge, however, concluded that the case authorities
did not support such an interpretation. In these circumstances, and applying
the test for criminal contempt stated in United Nurses of Alberta v. Alberta
(Attorney General),[8] he found that the Crown could not “likely succeed” in proving
beyond a reasonable doubt that CBC, by leaving the victim’s identifying
information on its website after the publication ban had been issued, was in
“open and public defiance” of that order.[9]
[8]
Regarding the requirement of irreparable harm,
the Crown had argued such harm would be suffered by the administration of
justice, since the ongoing display of the victim’s identifying information on
CBC’s website would deter others from seeking assistance or remedies. The
chambers judge declined to so find, however, noting that the underlying policy
objective of protecting a victim’s anonymity loses significance where the
victim is deceased. And, in assessing balance of convenience, the chambers
judge determined that the compromising of CBC’s freedom of expression, and of
the public’s interest in that expression, outweighed any harm to the
administration of justice that would result from leaving the two impugned
articles on CBC’s website.
B.
The Court of Appeal
[9]
At the Court of Appeal, the majority (Slatter
and McDonald JJ.A.) reversed the chambers judge and granted the mandatory
interlocutory injunction sought by the Crown. The chambers judge, it held, had
erred by characterizing this matter as requiring the Crown to demonstrate a
strong prima facie case of criminal contempt. Rather, the Originating
Notice, “[w]hile essentially civil in nature, . . . has a ‘hybrid’
aspect to it”[10], in that it seeks both a citation for criminal contempt and the
removal of the victim’s identifying information from CBC’s website. The request
for the interlocutory injunction, the majority explained, is “tied back” to the
latter request for an order removing the identifying information, and not to
the request for a criminal contempt citation.[11] The issue, therefore, was “whether the Crown has demonstrated a
strong prima facie case entitling it to a mandatory order directing
removal of the identifying material from the website”.[12]
[10]
As to whether or not s. 486.4(2.1) ’s reference
to identifying information that is “published” is (as the Crown contends) met
by the ongoing appearance of such information on a website after it is first
posted, the majority conceded that “either position is arguable”.[13] That said, the majority viewed the Crown as having a strong prima
facie case for a mandatory interlocutory injunction, since, if “published”
is construed as a continuous activity, CBC is arguably wilfully disobeying the
publication ban. Further, such disobedience is harmful to the integrity of the
administration of justice, and contrary to Parliament’s direction that such
orders are to be mandatory.[14] Finally, the balance of convenience did not favour CBC, since the
publication ban must be presumed to be constitutional at this stage of the
proceedings, and freedom of expression would not, in any case, be a defence
against the contempt charge.
[11]
Justice Greckol would have dismissed the appeal.
In her view, the majority’s characterization of the relief sought in the
Originating Notice as “hybrid” was misplaced, since the Crown’s application for
an interlocutory injunction was brought in respect of the sought-after citation
for criminal contempt. The chambers judge asked the right question (being,
whether the Crown could show a strong prima facie case of criminal
contempt), and his exercise of discretion to refuse an injunction was entitled
to deference. And here, where the proscriptions against “publish[ing]” and
“transmitt[ing]” may reasonably bear two meanings, one capturing the impugned
articles and one not, no strong prima facie case of criminal contempt
could be shown. Further, and even allowing that open defiance of a facially
valid court order may amount to irreparable harm to the administration of
justice, the ambit of s. 486.4’s proscriptions is an unsettled question.
And, as the victim in this case is deceased, the privacy of the victim is not
vulnerable to harm. Finally, and even if the pertinent provisions of the Criminal
Code are presumed constitutional, the chambers judge was entitled to
consider freedom of expression in assessing the balance of convenience.
IV. Analysis
A.
What Is the Applicable Framework for Granting a
Mandatory Interlocutory Injunction?
[12]
In Manitoba (Attorney General) v.
Metropolitan Stores Ltd.[15] and then again in RJR—MacDonald, this Court has said that
applications for an interlocutory injunction must satisfy each of the three
elements of a test which finds its origins in the judgment of the House of
Lords in American Cyanamid Co. v. Ethicon Ltd.[16] At the first stage, the application judge is to undertake a
preliminary investigation of the merits to decide whether the applicant
demonstrates a “serious question to be tried”, in the sense that the
application is neither frivolous nor vexatious.[17] The applicant must then, at the second stage, convince the court
that it will suffer irreparable harm if an injunction is refused.[18] Finally, the third stage of the test requires an assessment of the
balance of convenience, in order to identify the party which would suffer
greater harm from the granting or refusal of the interlocutory injunction,
pending a decision on the merits.[19]
[13]
This general framework is, however, just that —
general. (Indeed, in RJR—MacDonald the Court identified two exceptions
which may call for “an extensive review of the merits” at the first stage of
the analysis.[20]) In this case, the parties have at every level of court agreed
that, where a mandatory interlocutory injunction is sought, the
appropriate inquiry at the first stage of the RJR—MacDonald test is into
whether the applicants have shown a strong prima facie case. I note that
this heightened threshold was not applied by this Court in upholding such an
injunction in Google Inc. v. Equustek Solutions Inc.[21] In Google, however, the appellant did not argue that the
first stage of the RJR—MacDonald test should be modified. Rather, the
appellant agreed that only a “serious issue to be tried” needed to be shown and
therefore the Court was not asked to consider whether a heightened threshold
should apply.[22] By contrast, in this case, the application by the courts below of a
heightened threshold raises for the first time the question of just what
threshold ought to be applied at the first stage where the applicant seeks a
mandatory interlocutory injunction.
[14]
Canadian courts have, since RJR—MacDonald,
been divided on this question. In Alberta, Nova Scotia and Ontario, for
example, the applicant must establish a strong prima facie case.[23] Conversely, other courts have applied the less searching “serious
issue to be tried” threshold.[24]
[15]
In my view, on an application for a mandatory
interlocutory injunction, the appropriate criterion for assessing the strength
of the applicant’s case at the first stage of the RJR—MacDonald test is not
whether there is a serious issue to be tried, but rather whether the
applicant has shown a strong prima facie case. A mandatory injunction
directs the defendant to undertake a positive course of action, such as taking
steps to restore the status quo, or to otherwise “put the
situation back to what it should be”, which is often costly or burdensome for
the defendant and which equity has long been reluctant to compel.[25] Such an order is also (generally speaking) difficult to justify at
the interlocutory stage, since restorative relief can usually be obtained at
trial. Or, as Justice Sharpe (writing extrajudicially) puts it, “the risk of
harm to the defendant will [rarely] be less significant than the risk to the
plaintiff resulting from the court staying its hand until trial”.[26] The potentially severe consequences for a defendant which can
result from a mandatory interlocutory injunction, including the effective final
determination of the action in favour of the plaintiff, further demand what the
Court described in RJR—Macdonald as “extensive review of the merits” at
the interlocutory stage.[27]
[16]
A final consideration that may arise in some
cases is that, because mandatory interlocutory injunctions require a defendant
to take positive action, they can be more burdensome or costly for the
defendant. It must, however, be borne in mind that complying with prohibitive
injunctions can also entail costs that are just as burdensome as mandatory
injunctions.[28] While holding that applications for mandatory interlocutory
injunctions are to be subjected to a modified RJR—MacDonald test, I
acknowledge that distinguishing between mandatory and prohibitive injunctions
can be difficult, since an interlocutory injunction which is framed in
prohibitive language may “have the effect of forcing the enjoined party to take
. . . positive actions”.[29] For example, in this case, ceasing to transmit the victim’s
identifying information would require an employee of CBC to take the necessary
action to remove that information from its website. Ultimately, the application
judge, in characterizing the interlocutory injunction as mandatory or
prohibitive, will have to look past the form and the language in which the
order sought is framed, in order to identify the substance of what is being
sought and, in light of the particular circumstances of the matter, “what the
practical consequences of the . . . injunction
are likely to be”.[30] In short, the application judge should examine whether, in
substance, the overall effect of the injunction would be to require the
defendant to do something, or to refrain from doing something.
[17]
This brings me to just what is entailed by
showing a “strong prima facie case”. Courts have employed various
formulations, requiring the applicant to establish a “strong and clear
chance of success”;[31]
a “strong and clear” or “unusually strong and clear” case;[32]
that he or she is “clearly right” or “clearly in the right”;[33] that he or she enjoys a “high probability” or “great likelihood of
success”;[34] a “high degree of assurance” of success;[35] a “significant prospect” of success;[36] or “almost certain” success.[37] Common to all these formulations is a burden on the applicant to
show a case of such merit that it is very likely to succeed at trial. Meaning,
that upon a preliminary review of the case, the application judge must be
satisfied that there is a strong likelihood on the law and the evidence
presented that, at trial, the applicant will be ultimately successful in
proving the allegations set out in the originating notice.
[18]
In sum, to obtain a mandatory interlocutory
injunction, an applicant must meet a modified RJR—MacDonald test, which
proceeds as follows:
(1)
The applicant must demonstrate a strong prima facie case
that it will succeed at trial. This entails showing a strong likelihood
on the law and the evidence presented that, at trial, the applicant will be
ultimately successful in proving the allegations set out in the originating
notice;
(2)
The applicant must demonstrate that irreparable harm will result
if the relief is not granted; and
(3)
The applicant must show that the balance of convenience favours
granting the injunction.
B.
Does the Liberty Net “Rarest and Clearest of
Cases” Test Apply in These Circumstances?
[19]
CBC argues that, on an application for an
interlocutory injunction where a media organization’s right to free expression
is at stake, the application judge should apply the test stated in Canada
(Human Rights Commission) v. Canadian Liberty Net.[38] This would entail the applicant showing “the rarest and clearest of
cases”[39], such that the conduct complained of would be impossible to defend.
[20]
In Liberty Net, the Court explained that
the RJR—MacDonald tripartite test is not appropriately applied to cases
of “pure” speech, comprising the expression of “the non-commercial speaker
where there is no tangible, immediate utility arising from the expression other
than the freedom of expression itself”.[40] This appeal does not present such a case. The reason the Court gave
in Liberty Net for not applying the RJR—Macdonald test to “pure”
speech was that the defendant in such cases “has no tangible or measurable
interest” [also described as a “tangible, immediate utility”] other than the
expression itself”.[41] Where discriminatory hate speech or other potentially low-value
speech is at issue (as was the case in Liberty Net), the RJR—MacDonald
test would “stac[k] the cards” against the defendant at the second and
third stages.[42] In this appeal, however, the chambers judge correctly identified a
“tangible, immediate utility” to CBC’s posting of the identifying information,
being the “public’s interest” in CBC’s right to express that information, and
in freedom of the press.[43] Because CBC does not therefore face the same disadvantage as
defendants face at the second and third stages of the RJR—MacDonald test
in cases of low- to no-value speech, it is unnecessary to apply the “clearest
of cases” threshold, and I would not do so.
C.
What Strong Prima Facie Case Must the Crown
Show?
[21]
As I have already canvassed, in this case the
majority at the Court of Appeal, in reversing the chambers judge, reasoned that he had mischaracterized the
basis for which the Crown had sought the injunction. Specifically, the majority
said that the Originating Notice, properly read, was “hybrid”[44], such that the application for the
injunction did not “relate directly”[45] to the criminal contempt citation, but to
the direction sought that CBC remove the victim’s identifying information from
its website. The identical wording shared by part of the Originating Notice’s
preamble (“AND FURTHER TAKE NOTICE that an application will be made for an
interim injunction, directing that [CBC] remove any information from their
website that could identify the complainant in the [subject] case”) and the
part of the Originating Notice which sought an injunction (“That [CBC] be
directed to remove any information from their website that could identify the
complainant in the [subject] case”) was said to demonstrate “that the request
for an interim injunction is tied back . . . to . . . the
removal of the objectionable postings”.[46] The “strong prima facie case” which
the Crown was bound to show, then, was not one of criminal contempt, but
rather of an “entitl[ement] . . . to a mandatory order directing
removal of the identifying material from the website”.[47]
[22]
In dissent, Greckol
J.A. saw the matter differently. “A literal reading of
the Originating Notice”, she said, “shows that the Crown brought an application
for criminal contempt and sought an interim injunction in that proceeding”.[48] This was in her view confirmed by the record which reveals that the
Crown had proceeded on the basis that its application for an interlocutory
injunction was sought in respect of the citation for criminal contempt.
[23]
For two reasons, I agree with Greckol J.A.
First, the Originating Notice itself, and the sequencing therein of the relief
sought, belies its putatively hybrid character. It begins by giving notice
(“TAKE NOTICE”) of an “an [a]pplication . . . for an Order citing
[CBC] in criminal contempt of court”. That notice is immediately followed by a further
notice (“AND FURTHER TAKE NOTICE”) of an “application . . . for an
interim injunction, directing that [CBC] remove any information from [its] website
that could identify the complainant in the [subject] case”.[49] The text “AND FURTHER TAKE NOTICE” makes plain that the two
applications are linked, such that the latter is tied not to the mere
placement by CBC of the victim’s identifying information on its website, but to
the sought-after criminal contempt citation. In other words, each prayer for
relief does not launch an independent proceeding; rather, both relate to the
alleged criminal contempt.
[24]
The second reason goes to the fundamental nature
of an injunction and its relation to a cause of action. Rule 3.8(1) of the Alberta
Rules of Court[50] requires that an originating application state both “the
claim and the basis for it”, and “the remedy sought”. In other words, an
applicant must record both “a basis” and “[a] remedy”. An injunction is
generally “a remedy ancillary to a cause of action”.[51] And here, the Crown’s Originating Notice discloses only a single
basis for seeking that remedy: CBC’s alleged criminal contempt of court. As I
have already noted, this is consistent with how the Crown framed its case at
the courts below.
[25]
The majority’s conclusion at the Court of Appeal
that the basis for the injunction is an “entitl[ement] . . . to a mandatory
order directing removal of the identifying material from the website”[52], therefore, simply begs the question: what, precisely, is the
source in law of that entitlement? An injunction is not a cause of action, in
the sense of containing its own authorizing force. It is, I repeat, a remedy.
This is undoubtedly why, before both the chambers judge and the Court of
Appeal, the Crown framed the matter as an application for an interlocutory
injunction in the proceedings for a criminal contempt citation.[53] And, on that point, I respectfully endorse Greckol J.A.’s conclusion
that it was not for the Court of Appeal to re-cast the Crown’s case as a civil
application for an interlocutory injunction pending a permanent injunction. The
Crown was bound to show a strong prima facie case of criminal contempt
of court.
[26]
I add this. It is implicit in the foregoing
analysis that, in some circumstances, an interlocutory injunction may be sought
and issued to enjoin allegedly criminal conduct. The delineation of those
circumstances, however, I would not decide here. To be clear, the disposition
of this appeal should not be taken as standing for the proposition that
injunctive relief is ordinarily or readily available in criminal matters, or
that — even had the Crown been able to show in this case a strong prima
facie case of criminal contempt — an injunction would have been available.
D.
Is the Crown Entitled to a Mandatory
Interlocutory Injunction?
[27]
The decision to grant or refuse an interlocutory
injunction is a discretionary exercise, with which an appellate court must not
interfere solely because it would have exercised the discretion differently. In
Metropolitan Stores,[54] the Court endorsed this statement of Lord Diplock in Hadmor
Productions Ltd. v. Hamilton[55] about the circumstances in which that exercise of discretion may be
set aside. Appellate intervention is justified only where the chambers judge
proceeded “on a misunderstanding of the law or of the evidence before him”,
where an inference “can be demonstrated to be wrong by further evidence that
has [since] become available”, where there has been a change of circumstances,
or where the “decision to grant or refuse the injunction is so aberrant that it
must be set aside on the ground that no reasonable judge . . . could have
reached it”.[56] This principle was recently affirmed in Google.[57]
[28]
In this case, and as I have explained, the first
stage of the modified RJR—MacDonald test required the Crown to satisfy
the chambers judge that there was a strong likelihood on the law and the
evidence presented that it would be successful in proving CBC’s guilt of
criminal contempt of court. This is not an easy burden to discharge and, as I
shall explain, the Crown has failed to do so here.
[29]
In United Nurses of Alberta, McLachlin J.
(as she then was) described the elements of criminal contempt of court in these
terms:
To establish criminal contempt the
Crown must prove that the accused defied or disobeyed a court order in a
public way (the actus reus), with intent, knowledge or
recklessness as to the fact that the public disobedience will tend to
depreciate the authority of the court (the mens rea). The Crown must
prove these elements beyond a reasonable doubt.[58]
[30]
As to the actus reus — that is, as to
whether the Crown could demonstrate a strong prima facie case that CBC
“defied or disobeyed [the publication ban] in a public way”[59] by leaving the victim’s identifying information on its website —
the chambers judge rejected the Crown’s submission that s. 486.4(2.1) ’s terms
“publish[ed]” and “transmit[ted]” should be “broad[ly]” interpreted.[60] In his view, the meaning of that text was not so obvious that the
Crown could “likely succeed at trial” in showing that s. 486.4(2.1) would
capture the impugned articles on CBC’s website, since they had been posted prior
to the issuance of a publication ban. In other words, and as CBC argued before
the chambers judge, the statutory text might also be reasonably taken as
prohibiting only publication which occurred for the first time after a
publication ban.
[31]
Significantly, the majority at the Court of
Appeal conceded that “either position is arguable”.[61] In my respectful view, that was, in substance, an acknowledgment
that the Crown had not shown a strong prima facie case of criminal
contempt. Before us, the Crown urged this Court to infer that the majority
nevertheless “leaned” towards the Crown’s preferred interpretation of
“publish[ed] when it stated that to see the matter otherwise would
“significantly limit the scope of many legal rights and obligations that depend
on making information available to third parties [and] [i]f publishing is a
continuous activity, then it is also arguable that [CBC] is wilfully disobeying
the court order”.[62] But, even allowing that this may be so, the Crown’s burden was not
to show a case for criminal contempt that “leans” one way or another, but
rather a case, based on the law and evidence presented, that has a strong
likelihood of success at trial. And, again with respect, I see nothing in
the chambers judge’s reasons or, for that matter, in the majority reasons which
persuades me that the chambers judge, in refusing the interlocutory injunction
sought here, committed any of the errors described in Hadmor as
justifying appellate intervention.
[32]
My finding on this point is determinative, and
obviates the need to consider mens rea, or the other two stages of the RJR—MacDonald
test.
V.
Conclusion
[33]
I would allow this appeal.
Appeal
allowed.
Solicitors for the
appellant: Reynolds, Mirth, Richards & Farmer, Edmonton; Canadian
Broadcasting Corporation, Toronto.
Solicitor for the
respondent: Justice and Solicitor General Appeals, Education &
Prosecution Policy Branch, Calgary.
Solicitors for the
interveners: Linden & Associates, Toronto.