REASONS
FOR JUDGMENT
Favreau J.
[1]
This is an appeal from the reassessments dated
April 20, 2015, made under the Income Tax Act,
R.S.C. 1985, c. 1, (5th supp.), as amended (the “Act” ), by the
Minister of National Revenue (the “Minister”) concerning the appellant’s 2011
and 2012 taxation years.
[2]
By way of the reassessments, Minister disallowed
claimed business expenses of $73,742 and $95,756 in respect of the appellant’s
2011 and 2012 taxation years and the Minister applied gross negligence
penalties pursuant to subsection 163(2) of the Act.
[3]
In determining the appellant’s tax liability for
the 2011 and 2012 taxation years, the Minister made the following assumptions
of fact, as set out in paragraph 13 of the Reply to the Notice of Appeal:
a)
the appellant was incorporated on March 10,
2003;
b) at all material times, the shareholders of the appellant were:
Ismail
Sheikhani 25% share
Sikander
Sheikhani 25% share
Siraj
Sheikhani 25% share
Saad Sheikhani 25%
share
c)
the appellant is in the business of importing
and exporting textile products;
d)
the appellant imports and exports products that
are manufactured in Karachi, Pakistan by Naeem Enterprise (“Naeem”);
e)
the manufactured products were shipped directly
from Pakistan to the appellant’s customers;
f)
the appellant maintained a separate account
named Naeem Account, where it recorded all invoices received from Naeem and all
payments made to Naeem by the appellant;
g)
the Naeem account also included payments
received by Naeem directly from customers, which reduced the amounts payable to
Naeem;
Other
expenses
h)
the appellant claimed other expenses of $71,895
and $92,195 for the 2011 and 2012 taxation years;
i)
the amounts claimed as other expenses were
classified by the appellant as Management Expenses–Overseas;
j)
the other expenses claimed by the appellant did
not relate to the distribution/ shipment of merchandise to customers;
k)
the invoices issued by Naeem did not contain
descriptions or a breakdown of the amounts;
l)
the appellant paid service charges of US $55,000
and US $ 71,000 to Naeem in the 2011 and 2012 taxation years and claimed them
as part of the cost of goods sold;
m) the appellant and Naeem were not at arm’s length;
n)
the appellant did not pay or incur the other
expenses of $71,895 and $92,195 to earn business income for the 2011 and 2012
taxation years;
Travel
expenses
o)
the appellant claimed travel expenses of $7,860
and $8,654 for the 2011 and 2012 taxation years;
p)
the appellant did not incur travel expenses of
$1,847 and $3,561 for the 2011 and 2012 taxation years (the “disallowed travel
expenses”); and
q)
the appellant did not incur travel expenses of
more than $6,013 and $5,093 for the 2011 and 2012 taxation years; and
r)
the appellant did not incur the disallowed
travel expenses to earn business income for the 2011 and 2012 taxation years.
[4]
In determining that the appellant was liable to
penalties pursuant to subsection 163(2) of the Act for the 2011 and 2012
taxation years, the Minister relied on the following facts, set out in
paragraph 14 of the Reply to the Notice of Appeal:
a)
those facts assumed in paragraph 13;
b)
the disallowed other expense of $71,895 is
material, and represents 478% of the income of $15,045 reported by the
appellant for the 2011 taxation year;
c)
the disallowed other expense of $91,195 is
material, and represents 498% of the income of $18,501 reported by the
appellant for the 2012 taxation year;
d)
the corporation is a family owned business;
e)
the shareholders are actively involved in the
business;
f)
the shareholders handle the day-to-day
transactions themselves;
g)
the appellant has been in business for more than
10 years;
h)
the appellant retained the services of a
chartered accountant to compile the financial statements based on information
given by the appellant;
i)
the appellant had a chartered accountant prepare
their income tax returns;
j)
the appellant had the opportunity to review its
income tax return for correctness prior to forwarding the returns to the Canada
Revenue Agency;
k)
all the imports are from Naeem;
l)
the Appellant knowingly, or under circumstances
amounting to gross negligence, made or participated in, assented to or
acquiesced in the making of a false statement or omission in his income tax
return filed for the 2011 and 2012 taxation years in relation to the disallowed
other expenses.
[5]
At the opening of the hearing, the appellant
informed the Court that the disallowed travel expenses were not contested
anymore.
[6]
Mr. Muhammad Ismail Sheikhani (“Mr. Sheikhani”),
one of the four appellant’s shareholders, testified at the hearing. He stated
that he worked in the textile business for 30 years in Pakistan. Before
immigrating to Canada in 2001, he held 50% of the shares of Naeem Enterprise, an
import and export textile company in Pakistan doing business around the world
including Canada and the United States of America. The other shareholders of
Naeem Enterprise were his nephew Naeem, a Canadian citizen and his brothers.
[7]
Mr. Sheikhani with three of his four sons started
up Celeste Resources Canada Inc. in 2003, to act as an intermediary between
Naeem Enterprise and its clients in Canada and the United States of America.
The appellant takes orders from clients and passes them over to Naeem
Enterprise. The goods ordered are usually delivered directly to the clients
after the appellant clears customs. The clients pay the cost of the goods to
the appellant who then pay Naeem Enterprise. Sometimes, the clients pay Naeem Enterprise
directly. For his services, the appellant charges a 10% to 15% profit margin.
[8]
Mr. Sheikhani explained that there is no formal
agreement between the appellant and Naeem Enterprise, except for the Service
and Funding Agreement entered into on July 2, 2007. Under that agreement, Naeem
Enterprise was appointed by the appellant as its agent in Pakistan for the
purposes of marketing, procuring goods/material/manufacturing facilities and
accounting/bookkeeping services in Pakistan. Based on this agreement, the
appellant had to pay for the services provided by Naeem Enterprise on a monthly
basis upon receipt of invoices made at the end of each month effective from January
1, 2007. The appellant maintained a separate account named “Naeem Account”
where it recorded all invoices received from Naeem Enterprise and all payments it
made to Naeem Enterprise. The “Naeem Account” also included payments received
by Naeem Enterprise directly from clients which reduced the appellant’s amounts
payable to Naeem Enterprise.
[9]
Mr. Sheikhani further explained that in 2011 and
2012, the appellant paid Naeem Enterprise two types of expenses: one for the physical
overseas office and the other for management of the overseas office, all
classified by the appellant as “Management Expenses – Overseas”. The appellant
had no permanent staff at Naeem’s Enterprise’s office but may have from time to
time between 8 to 12 employees there depending on the number of orders
received. All travel expenses to Pakistan made by the appellant’s employees
were initially paid by Naeem Enterprise and were reimbursed to Naeem Enterprise
by the appellant. The reimbursed expenses included airfares, the expenses for
the use of Naeem Enterprise’s offices, the cost of rental apartments, the medical
insurances, the local transportation costs, the utilities expenses (hydro, gas,
water, sewer) and the entertainment expenses. The expenses assumed by the
appellant were not part of the costs of goods.
[10]
During Mr. Sheikhani’s testimony, the unaudited
appellant’s balance sheet and statement of income and expenditures for the year
ended June 30, 2011 were filed as exhibits. The financial statements showed
that the appellant had total sale revenues of $1,960,155, composing of the cost
of the goods sold in the amount of $1,718,225 and a gross profit of $241,930.
The operating expenses for that year amounted to $227,592 which included the
overseas management fee of $71,895 and salaries and benefits of $103,000. The net
income for the year was only $14,338. These statements showed that the
appellant was paying a lot of expenses but reported a very low income for tax
purposes.
[11]
Mr. Sheikhani explained that the interval
financial books and records were kept by his son, Siraj, and consisted mainly
of spreadsheets for various types of expenses. No computer program was used by
the appellant for this purpose. The internal control was done through the bank
account statements. The financial information was transmitted to the external
accountant for the preparation of the annual financial statements and the tax
returns of the appellant.
[12]
The second witness who testified on behalf of
the appellant was Mr. Saalman Alvi, a partner of BDO Canada LLP. The
services of Mr. Alvi were retained by the appellant after the Canada Revenue
Agency (“CRA”) sent the appellant a proposal letter dated January 7, 2015 which
included adjustments disallowing the claim of “Other Expenses” of $71,895 and
$92,195 for the taxation years ended June 30, 2011 and June 30, 2012,
respectively, and after a post-proposal meeting with the appellant and his then
external accountant who did not have any grounds to oppose the adjustments made
by CRA. BDO replied by a letter dated March 12, 2015. The proposal letter and BDO’s
reply were filed as exhibits.
[13]
Mr. Alvi explained that Naeem Enterprise’s ledger
provided by the appellant for the audit period reflected total purchases of
$1,660,343.60 from Naeem Enterprise for the June 30, 2011 taxation year which
included both the purchase of goods as well as other expenses charged by Naeem
Enterprise. Total purchases from Naeem Enterprise were reconciled to the
financial statements and the overseas expenses were included in this
reconciliation. The same exercise was done for the taxation year ending June
30, 2012 and the total purchases from Naeem Enterprise were reconciled to the
financial statements and the overseas expenses were included in this
reconciliation. Mr. Alvi’s view was that there was sufficient proof to support
the overseas expenses being included in Naeem Account and proofs of payment have
also been provided.
[14]
During his cross-examination, Mr. Alvi
recognized that his reply was based on the ledger provided. As he did not
prepare the ledger, he could not certify that the ledger was accurate. Mr. Alvi
admitted that if the ledger is not accurate, it will not be reliable.
[15]
The CRA’s auditor, Mr. Anil K. Agnihotri,
testified at the hearing and he explained why BDO’s reply was considered to not
bring any new information which may help change the proposed adjustments
relating to the appellant’s “Other Expenses” claim.
[16]
The CRA’s auditor reiterated the fact that at
the beginning of the audit, the appellant submitted only two spreadsheets
outlining various expenses to substantiate the amounts of the “Other Expenses”
account. After being asked for more documentation to support these amounts, the
appellant submitted the quarterly invoices of the Naeem Enterprise’s ledger and
advised that those expenses were incurred by Naeem Enterprise on the
appellant’s behalf. The appellant also provided a copy of the Naeem Account so
that it can be verified that the invoices were accounted for and paid.
[17]
The CRA’s auditor did not accept BDO’s reply as
he could not rely on the ledger submitted and as no documentation to substantiate
the amounts in each separate category of expenses included in the “Other
Expenses” claim was provided. Furthermore, the Naeem Account showed a debit
balance of $234,993.51 as of July 1, 2010 which means that Naeem Enterprise owed
$234,993.51 to the appellant on that date. A review of appellant’s balance
sheet for the year ended June 30, 2010 showed that no such amount was receivable.
The appellant and its auditors did not provide any explanation for this
inconsistency.
[18]
The CRA’s auditor noted that four invoices
pertaining to the account “Clearance Invoice-Export” totalling $13,394.48 were
not included in the purchase figures in BDO’S reply. This means that the four
invoices were not paid. The CRA’s auditor also pointed out that the Naeem
Enterprise’s invoices were not paid every time an invoice was received.
[19]
The CRA’s auditor also stated that he had not
seen during the audit, the Naeem Enterprise’s payment vouchers contained in the
four volumes of the Book of Documents that were submitted to the respondent on
May 19, 2017, a few days before the hearing of the appellant’s appeal and filed
in court as Exhibit A-1 on the day of the hearing.
[20]
Concerning the gross negligence penalties, the
CRA’s auditor stated that the appellant is a sophisticated taxpayer involved in
international import and export of textile products. The appellant had a knowledgeable
chartered accountant. The appellant initially provided the spreadsheets with no
supporting documentation and advised that the expenses were incurred by Naeem Enterprise
and that it had paid the said amounts to Naeem Enterprise. Then, the appellant
provided invoices from Naeem Enterprise which could not be accounted for payment
in Naeem Account. Finally, the expense amounts involved are substantial, e.g. 478%
of its reported income.
Legislation
[21]
The following provisions of the Act are
relevant for the purposes of this appeal:
9(1) Income:
Subject to this Part, a taxpayer's income for a taxation year from a
business or property is the taxpayer's profit from that business or property for the year.
18(1) General
limitations: In computing the income of a taxpayer from a business or
property no deduction shall be made in respect of
(a)
an outlay or expense except to the extent
that it was made or incurred by the taxpayer for the purpose of gaining or
producing income from the business or property;
. . .
(h) personal or living expenses of the
taxpayer, other than travel expenses incurred by the taxpayer while away from
home in the course of carrying on the taxpayer's business;
163(2) False statements or omissions
Every person who, knowingly, or under circumstances
amounting to gross negligence, has made or has participated in, assented to or
acquiesced in the making of, a false statement or omission in a return, form, certificate, statement or answer (in
this section referred to as a “return”) filed or made in respect of a taxation year for the purposes of this Act, is
liable to a penalty of the greater of $100 and 50% of the total of
. . .
248(1) “Personal
or living expenses” includes
(a)
the expenses of properties maintained by any
person for the use or benefit of the taxpayer or any person connected with the
taxpayer by blood relationship, marriage or common-law partnership or adoption,
and not maintained in connection with a business carried on for profit or with
a reasonable expectation of profit,
. . .
Analysis
and Conclusion
[22]
The income tax system is based on self-monitoring
and the burden of proof of deductions and claims properly rests with the
taxpayers. The taxpayers must maintain and have detailed information and
documentation available in support of the claims they make.
[23]
In this instance, the books and records
maintained by the appellant were deficient in many aspects. No computer program
was used for accounting purposes and the internal controls were weak as they
were only done through bank account statements.
[24]
The appellant initially provided spreadsheets
with no substantiating documentation and advised that the amounts claimed, were
paid by Naeem Enterprise and were reimbursed to Naeem Enterprise. Thereafter,
it provided quarterly invoices from Naeem Enterprise which could not be
accounted for in Naeem Account for payment.
[25]
The appellant did not provide any document to substantiate
the amounts in each category of expenses included in the “Other Expenses” claim
and did not explain how these expenses were incurred for the purpose of earning
income from its business.
[26]
The appellant did not provide the names of the employees
who worked at Naeem Enterprise’s office in Pakistan during the 2011 and 2012
taxation years, the length of their stays and the purpose of their trips
(business, personal or a combination of business and personal).
[27]
Concerning the penalty imposed, it is well
established that the burden of proof rests on the respondent to establish on a
balance of probabilities that misrepresentation by the appellant was
attributable to the appellant’s neglect or carelessness.
[28]
In this instance, the respondent has met her
burden. The appellant operated an international trade business for many years
and used the services of a chartered accountant to prepare its financial
statements and its tax returns. The appellant and its shareholders knew or
ought to have known that they were not dealing at arm’s length with Naeem Enterprise
and that one of the purposes of the Service and Funding Agreement entered into
with Naeem Enterprise was to reduce the appellant’s income in Canada.
[29]
The appellant knowingly misrepresented its
reported income or has been grossly negligent by not paying attention to the
claimed expenses. The amounts subject to penalty are material to the reported
income.
[30]
For all these reasons, the appeal is dismissed.
Signed at Ottawa, Canada, this 14th day of November 2017.
Réal Favreau
Email this Content