Date: 20100326
Docket: T-828-08
T-244-07
Citation: 2010 FC 337
Ottawa, Ontario, March 26, 2010
PRESENT: The Honourable Mr. Justice O'Reilly
BETWEEN:
MICKEY COCKERILL AND
HARRY COCKERILL
Applicants
and
FORT MCMURRAY FIRST NATION
#468
AND CHIEF ALBERT CREE, BERNADETTE DUMAIS
AND NANCY CREE
Respondents
Docket: T-244-07
AND
BETWEEN:
BETTY
WOODWARD
Applicant
and
CHIEF AND COUNCIL OF THE FORT MCMURRAY
NO. 468 FIRST NATION AND THE
FORT MCMURRAY NO. 468 FIRST NATION
Respondents
REASONS FOR JUDGMENT AND
JUDGMENT
I. Overview
[1]
These
two applications for judicial review raise the question whether a First Nation
band can limit voting rights to residents on its reserve, or whether such a
limitation violates the right to equality in s. 15 of the Canadian Charter
of Rights and Freedoms.
[2]
The
applicant in the first application, Ms. Betty Woodward, is a member of the Fort
McMurray First Nation (FMFN), but has been unable to vote in elections for the
Chief and Council because she lives just off the reserve in the village of
Anzac. Similarly, the applicants in the second application, Mickey and Harry
Cockerill, are also members of the FMFN living in Anzac. They, too, have not
been allowed to vote in band elections.
[3]
The
FMFN’s Customary Election Regulations, enacted in 1993, define an “elector” as
someone who is a member of the band, is eighteen years of age or older, and is
a resident (s. 2.7). A “resident” is a person who maintains a place of
residence on one the band’s reserves for at least six months of the year (s.
2.8).
[4]
Ms.
Woodward seeks an order quashing a decision of the band’s Chief and Council
refusing to amend the Regulations to remove the residency requirement, or an
order requiring the Chief and Council to make the amendment. The Cockerills
seek an order requiring the band to allow non-residents to vote and an order
quashing the last election on April 28, 2008. One of the respondents, Ms.
Bernadette Dumais, made a brief appearance through counsel to make clear that
she fully supports the applicants, Mickey and Harry Cockerill.
[5]
I
conclude that the residency requirement does breach s. 15, but I find that it
represents a reasonable limit under s. 1 of the Charter. In any case, I must
dismiss Ms. Woodward’s application for judicial review because the decision on
which she purported to ground it was not within the jurisdiction of the Chief
and Council to make. I dismiss the Cockerills’ application for judicial review
based on s. 1 of the Charter. The issues arising in this case are the
following:
1. Are the
Band’s decisions amenable to judicial review?
2. Are the
Regulations in keeping with the band’s customs?
3. Are customs
reviewable under the Charter?
4. Do the
Regulations violate s. 15?
5. Are the
Regulations justified under s. 1 of the Charter?
II. Analysis
A. Factual
Background
[6]
Experts
called by the Minister and Ms. Woodward gave consistent views of the social
organization of peoples living in the Fort Chipewyan region, on the fringe of
which resides the Fort McMurray First Nation. Dr. Patricia McCormack, an
anthropologist at the University of Alberta, has studied the Fort Chipewyan
region and peoples extensively. She explained that, unlike the situation in the
south, in Northern Alberta there were no tribes. People gathered mainly in small,
local bands, living together and sharing the proceeds of their labours. The
leaders of these small groups were generally chosen by informal consensus on
the basis of their skills as hunters, trappers, orators, or spiritual leaders.
There also existed regional bands that were essentially a temporary gathering
of local bands but, still, these had no formal leadership structure. This
situation remained in place until, with the decline in the fur trade, people
started gathering into communities in the 1950s and 1960s.
[7]
Treaty
8 had an effect, too. The process of negotiating the Treaty, signed in 1899,
required the band to identify its members and its leaders. Chiefs signed the
Treaty on behalf of everybody, but the band list identified those who would
become status Indians for purposes of the Indian Act, R.S. c. I-6.
Obviously, this was an administrative exigency which may have borne little
relationship with how people actually lived. For example, while the Treaty
delineated reserve lands, people were not expected to move onto the reserve
lands and residency on the reserve was not a significant issue.
[8]
Dr.
Carl Beal, Professor of Indigenous Studies, First Nations University of Canada,
confirmed that native peoples in northwestern Alberta lived in family or extended
family groups prior to Treaty 8. He agreed that these could be called “local
bands”. These bands would have a leader, but not in the sense that we might use
the term. There was no formal leadership structure.
[9]
Dr.
Beal explained that, after Treaty 8 was signed, the existence of reserves did
not necessarily mean that members of the band were actually living there. The
surveyors who identified the reserve lands often did not speak to the local
people to find out what lands were actually being used. Still, as time went on,
more and more people moved onto the reserves, in part because government
officials would encourage them to do so for administrative ease.
[10]
Dr.
Beal also noted that the Fort McMurray First Nation is actually a modern
creation, set up in 1954, when the Clearwater River reserve and three Gregoire
Lake reserves became reserves of the FMFN. Other lands were severed off for the
Fort McKay band.
[11]
I
also heard evidence from two elders, Ms. Harriet Janvier and Mr. Roland
Woodward.
[12]
Ms.
Janvier was born on the reserve in 1936. She lived at home until she was 12,
when she left to attend a residential school after her mother died in 1949. She
also lived in Fort St. John between 1976 and 1986. Ms. Janvier was on the Band Council
at various times - in 1971 for 2 years, in 1986 for 2 years, and in 2005 for 3
years. She now sits on the Elders Committee, which is comprised of elders
living on and off the reserve and includes the applicant, Ms. Betty Woodward.
The Elders Committee gives advice to the chief and council on a variety of
issues relating to the band, for example, in relation to the activities of oil
companies in the area.
[13]
Ms.
Janvier’s recollection is that chiefs were selected by the residents of the
reserve (but only men) at a tea dance. They were chosen on the basis of their
hunting skills and, especially in recent times, ability to speak English. Since
there were no telephones, notice of the tea dance was spread by word of mouth.
Members of the band who lived off the reserve would no doubt hear about the
gatherings, but she believed they usually did not attend them. She thought that
in the 1940s, there were only about 10 families on the reserve, less than a
hundred people. She believes that the practice she remembers is consistent with
how chiefs were chosen in the past, according to what her parents told her.
[14]
Mr.
Roland Woodward is a historian. He has lived both on the reserve and in the village
of Anzac, just off the reserve. He explained that his brother, Jim, was Chief
of the band for a brief time in 1996. Jim had wanted to restore the custom of
the band according to which everyone, residents and non-residents, were allowed
to vote, but he did not succeed.
[15]
Mr.
Woodward explained that he is a member of the band and now a resident on the
reserve. However, his name has been removed from the membership list so he
cannot vote.
III. Issues
1. Are the
band’s decisions amenable to judicial review?
[16]
The
applicants based their applications for judicial review on separate decisions.
Ms. Woodward challenges a decision of the FMFN Chief and Council not to amend
the Customary Election Regulations. The Cockerills challenge the election of
April 28, 2008 in which they were denied the right to vote.
[17]
FMFN
points out that the Chief and Council did not have the jurisdiction to make the
decision Ms. Woodward sought. The Regulations contain a mechanism for passing
amendments. The Chief and Council cannot amend them on their own.
[18]
I
agree with FMFN on this point. Ms. Woodward has not based her application for
judicial review on a decision amenable to judicial review. On that ground
alone, I must dismiss her application for judicial review. The remainder of my
judgment relates to the application for judicial review brought by the
Cockerills. However, where appropriate, I refer to facts and arguments raised
by Ms. Woodward in her application.
2. Are the
Regulations in keeping with the band’s customs?
[19]
FMFN
argues that the current Regulations are consistent with the band’s customs. As
discussed above, aboriginal people living in Northern Alberta typically lived
in small, local bands. The members of those bands would choose a leader. All of
the members were, by definition, residents of the band, and vice versa.
Accordingly, it is natural that the election regulations require residence on
the reserve because residence was always an inherent criterion for
participation in the selection of a chief.
[20]
According
to Dr. McCormack, band members did not occupy the reserve lands until the 1950s
when they started having difficulty living off the land. Ms. Janvier’s
recollection is that during this time frame, residents on the reserve would
have chosen a chief at a tea dance, and non-residents were probably not
involved.
[21]
In
my view, the evidence does not support a custom of allowing only residents on
the reserve to participate in selecting a chief. Historically, members of local
bands would choose a leader by consensus. Being a member of a local band meant
the same thing as being a resident. There was no custom of distinguishing
between residents and non-residents because there was no need for such a rule.
[22]
In
later years, as Ms. Janvier recounted, people who lived off the reserve mostly
kept to themselves, and tended not to attend the tea parties where a chief
would be chosen. But again, it seems there was no entrenched custom along these
lines. She did not say that non-residents were unwelcome, or that non-resident
members could not have played a role if they did attend.
[23]
In
my view, therefore, the band’s custom election regulations are not founded on
an established custom of differentiating between residents and non-residents.
3. Are
customs reviewable under s. 15 of the Charter?
[24]
FMFN
maintains that there is no authority for the proposition that customary means
of choosing a band’s leadership must comply with s. 15 of the Charter.
[25]
First,
the Band points out that s. 25 of the Charter protects against any derogation
from aboriginal and treaty rights. In effect, therefore, it insulates customary
practices from Charter scrutiny. Accordingly, the Fort McMurray First Nation’s
customs are protected under s. 25 and cannot be challenged on s. 15 grounds.
[26]
As
discussed above, the Band’s customary election regulations do not reflect, in
my view, a customary practice. Therefore, there are not protected by s. 25, and
they are amenable to challenges under s. 15 of the Charter.
[27]
FMFN
also points out, according to s. 2 of the Indian Act, where a band does
not follow the election process provided in s. 74 of the Act, the council (or
chief) is chosen according to the custom of the band. Accordingly, the band
gets its authority from its own custom, not from the Indian Act. So, if
a band determines its leadership by custom, it is not relying on the Indian Act
for its authority to do so. A band in that situation is not reliant on any
delegated authority from Parliament and cannot be considered “government” for
purposes of s. 32 of the Charter. The Charter applies to the power the
band council exercises, because those derive from the Indian Act, but
the actual creation of the band council is another thing, FMFN says.
[28]
In
my view, FMFN’s position is not supported by the case law. The leading case on
the issue was decided by Justice Barry Strayer (Thompson v. Leq’à:mel
First Nation Council,
2007 FC 707).
Justice Strayer held that the Charter applies to customary election regulations
enacted by a band (para. 8). However, FMFN points out that the parties in that
case had agreed that the Charter applies, so Justice Strayer’s analysis was not
essential to his conclusion. While it is true that the parties accepted that a
band’s election regulations are subject to the Charter, Justice Strayer
expressly found that “a band council elected under Band Regulations still
exercises its powers of governance under the Indian Act and therefore if
admission to, or the right to vote for, that council is discriminatory within
the meaning of subsection 15(1) of the Charter such discriminatory results
arise under an act of Parliament” (para. 8).
[29]
Further,
Justice Strayer agreed with Justice John O’Keefe’s decision in Clifton v.
Hartley Bay Indian Band, 2005 FC 1030. There, Justice O’Keefe
concluded that band councils acting according to custom and those operating
under the Indian Act both derive their authority from the Indian Act
and, therefore, both are subject to the Charter (para. 45).
[30]
The
applicants also rely on Scrimbitt v. Sakimay Indian Band Council,
[2000] 1 F.C. 513 (T.D.). There, Justice Andrew MacKay decided that a band
policy regarding the voting rights of its members violated the Indian Act,
as well as the Charter. In particular, Justice MacKay found that
disallowing a woman to vote because she had married someone outside the band
offended her equality rights. The Sakimay Band had argued that its policy was
rooted in custom, but that did not prevent Justice MacKay from finding a
Charter violation.
[31]
FMFN
sought to distinguish Scrimbitt on the basis that it involved a
membership code, not an election code, and membership codes are regulated under
the Indian Act (s. 10). Election codes are not. So, FMFN argues that Scrimbitt
cannot stand for the proposition that the Charter applies to custom
election codes. In my view, however, Scrimbitt supports the applicants’
position given that it involved an application of the Charter to a practice
that was said to have a basis in custom.
4. Do the
Regulations violate s. 15?
[32]
The
Supreme Court of Canada has found the requirement that electors be residents on
a reserve violates s. 15 (Corbière v. Canada (Minister of Indian and Northern
Affairs), [1999] 2 S.C.R. 203). FMFN argues that the
circumstances in this case are different than in Corbière because
off-reserve members are now allowed to vote on many things, just not for the
chief and council of the band. Also, members have the option of moving onto the
reserve. Non-residence is not an immutable characteristic, nor one achieved
only at a high personal cost. In Corbière, there was evidence of
crowding, which is not the case on this reserve.
[33]
I
cannot agree with the FMFN’s position. I see no reason to depart from the
analysis of Justice Strayer in Thompson, above, where he concluded that:
• limiting
the right to vote based on residence makes a distinction that denies equal
protection or equal benefit of the law;
• that
distinction is based on grounds analogous to those set out in s. 15 because it
involves characteristics that the government has no legitimate interest in
expecting the person to change (citing Corbière);
• a
distinction based on residence on the reserve is discriminatory because it
implies that off-reserve members are lesser members of the band, infringes
their dignity by denying them a full opportunity to participate in the band’s
affairs, and restricts their ability to maintain a connection with the band;
• the
fact that a person may choose voluntarily to live off the reserve is
irrelevant.
[34]
Accordingly,
I find that the residency requirement in the FMFN’s Customary Election
Regulations (s. 2.7) offends s. 15 of the Charter.
5. Are the
Regulations justified under s. 1 of the Charter?
[35]
FMFN
argues that the band is a local government whose purpose is to serve the needs
of its residents (like a municipality). The Customary Election Code is
consistent with that purpose. Accordingly, the Code serves a pressing and
substantial objective – to provide local government to residents. The residency
rule ensures that those most affected by the band’s governance have the most
say in choosing their representatives. Further, the law is proportionate. The
residency requirement is rationally connected to its purpose of ensuring that the
local population is well-served by the band’s activities. The rights of
non-residents are minimally impaired, unlike in Corbière, where
non-residents were completely excluded from the right to vote. Here, non-residents
can still vote on many measures that affect their interests. In fact, though, the
Council does little that affects non-residents. Off-reserve members make up 60%
of the membership. If allowed to vote, they would make up a majority.
[36]
The
FMFN points out that the situation in this case is different from Thompson,
above, where Justice Strayer found no rational connection between a requirement
that voters live within a traditional area (not confined to the reserve) and
the goal of allowing residents to play a role in local governance. In this
case, there clearly is a rational connection between the residency requirement
and the role of the band, given that most of the band’s activities relate to
the administration of the reserves for the benefit of the people residing there.
[37]
I
agree with FMFN’s position. The evidence shows that the FMFN operates many
programs, the majority of which are for the benefit of residents. Further,
since Corbière, First Nations must allow off-reserve members to vote on
issues relating to the surrender or designation of reserve lands. In addition,
non-residents can vote on decisions relating to other aspects of band
governance (e.g., the membership of the band, amalgamations, etc.).
Finally, non-resident elders are welcome to serve on the FMFN Elder Committee,
which advises the Chief and Council on matters affecting the band.
[38]
In
my view, FMFN has satisfied its burden of showing that the residency
requirement is justified as a reasonable limit under s. 1 of the Charter. The
FMFN has very limited resources. In fact, at the moment its finances are being
co-managed. The vast majority of its programs are run for the benefit of
reserve residents. In matters seriously affecting the interests of
non-residents, members of the band living off the reserve do play a role.
However, it would not be reasonable, in an election for Chief and Council, to
give a majority vote to non-residents, which would be the effect of finding
that the definition of “elector” in the Regulations was unconstitutional.
[39]
While
the burden is clearly on FMFN to justify the infringement of s. 15, I note that
there is almost no evidence before me as to the effect of the residency
requirement on the applicants. Ms. Woodward states in her affidavit that she
wants “to participate in the political life of the Nation including the
nomination process and to vote in the upcoming election”. The Cockerills do not
put forward any evidence of the effect of the residency requirement on them.
IV. Conclusion and Disposition
[40]
The
residency requirement in the FMFN Customary Election Regulations (s. 2.7)
violates the right to equality in s. 15 of the Charter. However, it is a
reasonable limit on equality rights because it serves the important
purpose of ensuring that the Chief and Council of the FMFN focus
their attention primarily on the needs of residents on the reserve. Further, it
is a proportionate means of achieving that objective in the circumstances of
the FMFN. These applications for judicial review are dismissed, with costs.
JUDGMENT
THIS COURT’S JUDGMENT IS
that
1.
The
applications for judicial review are dismissed with costs.
“James
W. O’Reilly”
Annex “A”
|
Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, R.S. 1982,
c. C-00
Rights and freedoms in Canada
1. The Canadian
Charter of Rights and Freedoms guarantees the rights and freedoms set out in
it subject only to such reasonable limits prescribed by law as can be
demonstrably justified in a free and democratic society.
Equality before and under law and equal protection
and benefit of law
15. (1) Every individual is equal before
and under the law and has the right to the equal protection and equal benefit
of the law without discrimination and, in particular, without discrimination
based on race, national or ethnic origin, colour, religion, sex, age or
mental or physical disability.
Aboriginal rights and freedoms not affected by
Charter
25. The guarantee in
this Charter of certain rights and freedoms shall not be construed so as to
abrogate or derogate from any aboriginal, treaty or other rights or freedoms
that pertain to the aboriginal peoples of Canada including
(a) any rights or
freedoms that have been recognized by the Royal Proclamation of October 7,
1763; and
(b) any rights or
freedoms that now exist by way of land claims agreements or may be so
acquired.
Application of Charter
32. (1) This Charter
applies
(a) to the Parliament
and government of Canada in respect of all matters within the authority of
Parliament including all matters relating to the Yukon Territory and
Northwest Territories; and
(b) to the legislature and
government of each province in respect of all matters within the authority of
the legislature of each province.
Exception
(2) Notwithstanding subsection (1), section 15 shall not
have effect until three years after this section comes into force.
Indian Act, R.S., c. I-6
Definitions
2. (1) In this
Act,
“Council of the band”
“council of the band” means
(a) in the case of a
band to which section 74 applies, the council established pursuant to that
section,
(b) in the case of a
band to which section 74 does not apply, the council chosen according to the
custom of the band, or, where there is no council, the chief of the band
chosen according to the custom of the band;
Band control of membership
10. (1) A band
may assume control of its own membership if it establishes membership rules
for itself in writing in accordance with this section and if, after the band
has given appropriate notice of its intention to assume control of its own
membership, a majority of the electors of the band gives its consent to the
band’s control of its own membership.
Membership
rules
(2) A band may, pursuant to the consent of a majority of
the electors of the band,
(a) after it has given
appropriate notice of its intention to do so, establish membership rules for
itself; and
(b) provide for a
mechanism for reviewing decisions on membership.
Exception relating to consent
(3) Where the council of a band makes a by-law under
paragraph 81(1)(p.4) bringing this subsection into effect in respect of the
band, the consents required under subsections (1) and (2) shall be given by a
majority of the members of the band who are of the full age of eighteen
years.
Acquired
rights
(4) Membership rules established by a band under this
section may not deprive any person who had the right to have his name entered
in the Band List for that band, immediately prior to the time the rules were
established, of the right to have his name so entered by reason only of a
situation that existed or an action that was taken before the rules came into
force.
Idem
(5) For greater certainty, subsection (4) applies in
respect of a person who was entitled to have his name entered in the Band
List under paragraph 11(1)(c) immediately before the band assumed control of
the Band List if that person does not subsequently cease to be entitled to
have his name entered in the Band List.
Notice to the Minister
(6) Where the conditions set out in subsection (1) have
been met with respect to a band, the council of the band shall forthwith give
notice to the Minister in writing that the band is assuming control of its
own membership and shall provide the Minister with a copy of the membership
rules for the band.
Notice to band and copy of Band List
(7) On receipt of a notice from the council of a band
under subsection (6), the Minister shall, if the conditions set out in
subsection (1) have been complied with, forthwith
(a) give notice to the
band that it has control of its own membership; and
(b) direct the Registrar
to provide the band with a copy of the Band List maintained in the
Department.
Effective date of band’s membership rules
(8) Where a band assumes control of its membership under
this section, the membership rules established by the band shall have effect
from the day on which notice is given to the Minister under subsection (6),
and any additions to or deletions from the Band List of the band by the
Registrar on or after that day are of no effect unless they are in accordance
with the membership rules established by the band.
Band to maintain Band List
(9) A band shall maintain its own Band List from the
date on which a copy of the Band List is received by the band under paragraph
(7)(b), and, subject to section 13.2, the Department shall have no
further responsibility with respect to that Band List from that date.
Deletions and additions
(10) A band may at any time add to or delete from a Band
List maintained by it the name of any person who, in accordance with the
membership rules of the band, is entitled or not entitled, as the case may
be, to have his name included in that list.
Date
of change
(11) A Band List maintained by a band shall indicate the
date on which each name was added thereto or deleted therefrom.
Elected
councils
74. (1) Whenever
he deems it advisable for the good government of a band, the Minister may
declare by order that after a day to be named therein the council of the
band, consisting of a chief and councillors, shall be selected by elections
to be held in accordance with this Act.
Composition of council
(2) Unless otherwise ordered by the Minister, the council
of a band in respect of which an order has been made under subsection (1)
shall consist of one chief, and one councillor for every one hundred members
of the band, but the number of councillors shall not be less than two nor
more than twelve and no band shall have more than one chief.
Regulations
(3) The Governor in Council may, for the purposes of
giving effect to subsection (1), make orders or regulations to provide
(a) that the chief of a
band shall be elected by
(i) a majority of the votes of
the electors of the band, or
(ii) a majority of the votes of
the elected councillors of the band from among themselves,
but the chief so elected shall
remain a councillor; and
(b) that the councillors
of a band shall be elected by
(i) a majority of the votes of
the electors of the band, or
(ii) a majority of the votes of
the electors of the band in the electoral section in which the candidate
resides and that he proposes to represent on the council of the band.
Electoral
sections
(4) A reserve shall for voting purposes consist of one
electoral section, except that where the majority of the electors of a band
who were present and voted at a referendum or a special meeting held and
called for the purpose in accordance with the regulations have decided that
the reserve should for voting purposes be divided into electoral sections and
the Minister so recommends, the Governor in Council may make orders or
regulations to provide for the division of the reserve for voting purposes
into not more than six electoral sections containing as nearly as may be an
equal number of Indians eligible to vote and to provide for the manner in
which electoral sections so established are to be distinguished or
identified.
|
Charte canadienne des droits et
libertés, L.R., 1982, ch. C-00
Droits et libertés au Canada
1. La Charte canadienne des droits et libertés garantit les droits
et libertés qui y sont énoncés. Ils ne peuvent être restreints que par une
règle de droit, dans des limites qui soient raisonnables et dont la
justification puisse se démontrer dans le cadre d'une société libre et
démocratique.
Égalité devant la loi, égalité de
bénéfice et protection égale de la loi
15. (1) La loi ne fait acception de personne et s'applique également
à tous, et tous ont droit à la même protection et au même bénéfice de la loi,
indépendamment de toute discrimination, notamment des discriminations fondées
sur la race, l'origine nationale ou ethnique, la couleur, la religion, le
sexe, l'âge ou les déficiences mentales ou physiques.
Maintien des droits et libertés des autochtones
25. Le fait que la présente charte garantit
certains droits et libertés ne porte pas atteinte aux droits ou libertés —
ancestraux, issus de traités ou autres — des peuples autochtones du Canada,
notamment :
a) aux droits ou
libertés reconnus par la proclamation royale du 7 octobre 1763;
b) aux droits ou
libertés existants issus d'accords sur des revendications territoriales ou
ceux susceptibles d'être ainsi acquis.
Application de la charte
32. (1) La présente charte s'applique :
a) au Parlement et au gouvernement du Canada, pour tous les
domaines relevant du Parlement, y compris ceux qui concernent le territoire
du Yukon et les territoires du Nord-Ouest;
b) à la législature et au gouvernement de chaque province, pour
tous les domaines relevant de cette législature.
Restriction
(2) Par dérogation au paragraphe (1),
l'article 15 n'a d'effet que trois ans après l'entrée en vigueur du présent
article.
Loi sur les Indiens., S.R., ch. I-6,
Définitions
2. (1) Les définitions qui suivent s’appliquent à la présente loi.
« conseil de la bande »
« conseil de la bande »
a) Dans le cas d’une bande à laquelle s’applique l’article 74, le
conseil constitué conformément à cet article;
b) dans le cas d’une bande à laquelle l’article 74 n’est pas
applicable, le conseil choisi selon la coutume de la bande ou, en l’absence
d’un conseil, le chef de la bande choisi selon la coutume de celle-ci.
Pouvoir de décision
10. (1) La bande peut décider de l’appartenance à ses effectifs si
elle en fixe les règles par écrit conformément au présent article et si,
après qu’elle a donné un avis convenable de son intention de décider de cette
appartenance, elle y est autorisée par la majorité de ses électeurs.
Règles d’appartenance
(2) La bande peut, avec l’autorisation de
la majorité de ses électeurs :
a) après avoir donné un avis convenable de son intention de ce
faire, fixer les règles d’appartenance à ses effectifs;
b) prévoir une procédure de révision des décisions portant sur
l’appartenance à ses effectifs.
Statut administratif sur l’autorisation
requise
(3) Lorsque le conseil d’une bande
prend, en vertu de l’alinéa 81(1)p.4), un règlement administratif mettant en
vigueur le présent paragraphe à l’égard de la bande, l’autorisation requise
en vertu des paragraphes (1) et (2) doit être donnée par la majorité des
membres de la bande âgés d’au moins dix-huit ans.
Droits acquis
(4) Les règles d’appartenance fixées par
une bande en vertu du présent article ne peuvent priver quiconque avait droit
à ce que son nom soit consigné dans la liste de bande avant leur
établissement du droit à ce que son nom y soit consigné en raison uniquement
d’un fait ou d’une mesure antérieurs à leur prise d’effet.
Idem
(5) Il demeure entendu que le paragraphe
(4) s’applique à la personne qui avait droit à ce que son nom soit consigné
dans la liste de bande en vertu de l’alinéa 11(1)c) avant que celle-ci
n’assume la responsabilité de la tenue de sa liste si elle ne cesse pas
ultérieurement d’avoir droit à ce que son nom y soit consigné.
Avis au ministre
(6) Une fois remplies les conditions du
paragraphe (1), le conseil de la bande, sans délai, avise par écrit le
ministre du fait que celle-ci décide désormais de l’appartenance à ses
effectifs et lui transmet le texte des règles d’appartenance.
Transmission de la liste
(7) Sur réception de l’avis du conseil
de bande prévu au paragraphe (6), le ministre, sans délai, s’il constate que
les conditions prévues au paragraphe (1) sont remplies :
a) avise la bande qu’elle décide désormais de l’appartenance à ses
effectifs;
b) ordonne au registraire de transmettre à la bande une copie de la
liste de bande tenue au ministère.
Date d’entrée en vigueur des règles
d’appartenance
(8) Lorsque la bande décide de
l’appartenance à ses effectifs en vertu du présent article, les règles
d’appartenance fixées par celle-ci entrent en vigueur à compter de la date où
l’avis au ministre a été donné en vertu du paragraphe (6); les additions ou
retranchements effectués par le registraire à l’égard de la liste de la bande
après cette date ne sont valides que s’ils sont effectués conformément à ces
règles.
Transfert de responsabilité
(9) À compter de la réception de l’avis
prévu à l’alinéa (7)b), la bande est responsable de la tenue de sa
liste. Sous réserve de l’article 13.2, le ministère, à compter de cette date,
est dégagé de toute responsabilité à l’égard de cette liste.
Additions et retranchements
(10) La bande peut ajouter à la liste de
bande tenue par elle, ou en retrancher, le nom de la personne qui, aux termes
des règles d’appartenance de la bande, a ou n’a pas droit, selon le cas, à
l’inclusion de son nom dans la liste.
Date du changement
(11) La liste de bande tenue par celle-ci
indique la date où chaque nom y a été ajouté ou en a été retranché.
Conseils élus
74. (1) Lorsqu’il le juge utile à la bonne administration d’une
bande, le ministre peut déclarer par arrêté qu’à compter d’un jour qu’il
désigne le conseil d’une bande, comprenant un chef et des conseillers, sera
constitué au moyen d’élections tenues selon la présente loi.
Composition du conseil
(2) Sauf si le ministre en ordonne
autrement, le conseil d’une bande ayant fait l’objet d’un arrêté prévu par le
paragraphe (1) se compose d’un chef, ainsi que d’un conseiller par cent
membres de la bande, mais le nombre des conseillers ne peut être inférieur à
deux ni supérieur à douze. Une bande ne peut avoir plus d’un chef.
Règlements
(3) Pour l’application du paragraphe (1),
le gouverneur en conseil peut prendre des décrets ou règlements prévoyant :
a) que le chef d’une bande doit être élu :
(i) soit à la
majorité des votes des électeurs de la bande,
(ii) soit à
la majorité des votes des conseillers élus de la bande désignant un d’entre
eux,
le chef ainsi
élu devant cependant demeurer conseiller;
b) que les conseillers d’une bande doivent être élus :
(i) soit à la
majorité des votes des électeurs de la bande,
(ii) soit à
la majorité des votes des électeurs de la bande demeurant dans la section
électorale que le candidat habite et qu’il projette de représenter au conseil
de la bande.
Sections électorales
(4) Aux fins de votation, une réserve se
compose d’une section électorale; toutefois, lorsque la majorité des
électeurs d’une bande qui étaient présents et ont voté lors d’un référendum
ou à une assemblée spéciale tenue et convoquée à cette fin en conformité avec
les règlements, a décidé que la réserve devrait, aux fins de votation, être
divisée en sections électorales et que le ministre le recommande, le
gouverneur en conseil peut prendre des décrets ou règlements stipulant qu’aux
fins de votation la réserve doit être divisée en six sections électorales au
plus, contenant autant que possible un nombre égal d’Indiens habilités à
voter et décrétant comment les sections électorales ainsi établies doivent se
distinguer ou s’identifier.
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