REASONS
FOR JUDGMENT
Woods J.
Introduction
[1]
The appellant, Kavoos Abhar, operates a painting
business under the name Peacock Painting in Victoria, British Columbia. Mark
Ahern worked for Mr. Abhar as a painter for about 16 years.
[2]
This appeal concerns a determination by the
respondent that Mr. Ahern was engaged by Mr. Abhar in insurable and
pensionable employment from January 1 until November 14, 2012 when the relationship
ended. Mr. Abhar has appealed this determination and submits that Mr. Ahern
was engaged as an independent contractor.
[3]
By way of background, this Court previously
heard a similar appeal regarding another painter engaged by Mr. Abhar, Mr.
Cartier. The decision in that matter, heard by A.C.J. Rossiter (as he then
was), was that Mr. Cartier was engaged as an independent contractor.
[4]
I have reviewed a transcript of the oral reasons
in the earlier appeal, and have concluded that the decision is not helpful to
this appeal because the facts are materially different. In particular, Mr.
Cartier was paid “by the job” as opposed to Mr. Ahern’s compensation which was “by the hour.”
[5]
I would comment at the outset that Mr. Abhar and
Mr. Ahern were both self-interested witnesses and I have viewed their testimony
with the caution that is customary in these circumstances.
Background facts
[6]
Peacock Painting is a relatively small business
with residential and some commercial customers. In the relevant period, Mr.
Abhar himself worked as a painter in addition to managing the business. He also
engaged other painters, either as employees or independent contractors. Mr.
Abhar paid them either on an hourly or per job basis.
[7]
Mr. Ahern first started working for Mr. Abhar about
16 years ago and the two men had a good working relationship until it ended,
apparently over a dispute as to the nature of Mr. Ahern’s engagement.
[8]
The evidence was not as detailed as I would like
on some of the details of the relationship. Based on the evidence as a whole, I
find that Mr. Ahern was engaged on a per job basis, and in the period at issue
he was paid $22 per hour. During the busy time of the year, roughly March to
October, there was a significant amount of work that Mr. Ahern undertook for
Mr. Abhar.
[9]
When working for Peacock Painting, Mr. Ahern
generally worked 8 hours per day from Monday to Friday, although he did take
time off. Mr. Ahern was not willing to work more than 8 hours per day or on
weekends.
Discussion
[10]
The legal principles that are relevant for this
appeal were usefully summarized in Pareto Corp. v. M.N.R., 2015 TCC 47. I
understand that this decision is currently under appeal to the Federal Court of
Appeal but the summary of legal principles set out in the decision, and
reproduced below, are well established. Footnotes have been excluded.
[…]
[9] Distinguishing
employment from an independent contractor arrangement can be challenging
because working conditions and relationships are unique to every workplace and
are constantly evolving.
[10] The
distinction turns on the following definitions of “employment”:
(a) Paragraph 5(1)(a)
of the EIA defines it as:
employment in Canada by one or more employers, under any express or
implied contract of service or apprenticeship, written or oral, whether the
earnings of the employed person are received from the employer or some other
person and whether the earnings are calculated by time or by the piece, or
partly by time and partly by the piece, or otherwise.
(b) Subsection 2(1) of the
CPP provides as
follows:
“employment” means the state of being employed under an express or
implied contract of service or apprenticeship, and includes the tenure of an
office.
[11] The leading case on this issue is Wiebe Door Services Ltd. v.
M.N.R. which was confirmed by the Supreme Court of Canada in 671122
Ontario Ltd. v. Sagaz Industries Canada Inc. The question is always whether
or not the person “is performing [the services] as a person in business on his
own account”. Sagaz summarizes the test enunciated in Wiebe Door
as follows:
In making this determination, the level of control the
employer has over the worker’s activities will always be a factor. However,
other factors to consider include whether the worker provides his or her own equipment,
whether the worker hires his or her own helpers, the degree of
financial risk taken by the worker, the degree of responsibility for
investment and management held by the worker, and the worker’s opportunity
for profit in the performance of his or her tasks.
It bears repeating that the above factors constitute a
non-exhaustive list, and there is no set formula as to their application. The
relative weight of each will depend on the particular facts and circumstances
of the case.
[12] In addition to these factors, the subjective intention of the
parties must also be considered. Where one can establish a common intent of the
parties with regard to the type of working relationship they wished to
establish, this intent must be considered in the Court’s analysis of the
foregoing factors.
[13] It is important to bear in mind, however, that the intention of the
parties is only relevant to the extent that it is reflected in the facts of the
case. The subjective intention of the parties is not determinative on its own.
Justice Mainville of the Federal Court of Appeal made the following
clarification in 1392644 Ontario Inc. o/a Connor Homes v. Minister of
National Revenue:
37 the legal status of independent contractor or of employee is
not determined solely on the basis of the parties[’] declaration as to their
intent. That determination must also be grounded in a verifiable objective
reality.
[14] Connor Homes mandates a two-step
analysis. First, the intention of the parties must be ascertained in order to
determine what kind of relationship they wished to create. In the light of that
intent, the second step is to analyze the facts of the case to determine
whether the expression of the parties’ intent conforms to the objective reality
of their relationship. In this second step, the Court must apply the four Wiebe
Door factors, namely: (i) control, (ii) ownership of tools,
(iii) chance of profit and (iv) risk of loss, to determine whether
the factual reality reflects the subjective intention of the parties.
[…]
Intention of the parties
[11]
The intention of the parties should be
considered first.
[12]
Although Mr. Abhar and Mr. Ahern did not
explicitly discuss whether Mr. Ahern was to be an employee or independent
contractor until near the end of their relationship, the intention of Mr. Abhar
was manifest from his actions. In particular, Mr. Abhar did not take source
deductions, he issued tax slips evidencing a subcontractor relationship (T5018),
and he arranged for pay cheques which sometimes contained the word “contract” on the face
of the cheque.
[13]
Mr. Ahern testified that he believed throughout
his engagement with Peacock Painting that he was an employee. This testimony is
self-serving because Mr. Ahern has applied for employment insurance benefits,
and accordingly the testimony should be viewed with caution, especially if it
is inconsistent with the objective facts.
[14]
I would first comment that the actions of Mr.
Abhar above clearly signalled to Mr. Ahern that the relationship was intended
to be an independent contractor relationship. Mr. Ahern worked under these
conditions for many years. This strongly suggests that Mr. Ahern was aware that
he was not intended to be an employee.
[15]
The evidence also reveals that Mr. Ahern
deducted business expenses on his income tax returns. As far as the evidence
reveals, it appears that this was on the basis that Mr. Ahern was an
independent contractor.
[16]
Second, Mr. Ahern had ready answers to explain
away the objective facts that pointed to a common intention of a contractor
relationship. I did not find these explanations to be believable.
[17]
Counsel for the respondent suggests that Mr.
Ahern did not have the sophistication to understand that he was not intended to
be an employee. Although this is possible, I find it unlikely. Mr. Ahern may
not have experience in financial and business matters, but I formed the
impression that Mr. Ahern was an astute individual who would have understood
that this was intended to be an independent contractor relationship.
[18]
Overall, Mr. Ahern’s testimony that he thought
he was an employee does not stack up with the evidence as a whole and I find
that it is not reliable.
[19]
I would conclude that the parties formed a
mutual intention that Mr. Ahern be an independent contractor. I now turn to the
factors in Wiebe Door to determine if the relationship was consistent
with the intention.
Level of control
[20]
The control test is whether the payer has the
ability to control the manner in which the work is done. This is often a
critical factor in determining the nature of the relationship.
[21]
Mr. Ahern was an experienced and very skilled
painter and he did not require detailed supervision.
[22]
Mr. Ahern was engaged on a per job basis and
there was no obligation on either party beyond that. The evidence also suggests
that Mr. Ahern had considerable freedom to take time off in the middle of a job
and he refused to work overtime.
[23]
The control factor favours an independent
contractor relationship.
Whether worker provides own
equipment
[24]
The evidence was that Mr. Ahern could have used
equipment provided by Mr. Abhar, but he chose to use his own tools. This factor
tilts slightly to an independent contractor relationship.
Whether worker manages and
assumes financial risk
[25]
The evidence suggests that Mr. Ahern did not
generally manage or assume financial risk as an entrepreneur would. This
slightly favours employment.
Whether worker has
opportunity for profit
[26]
Since Mr. Ahern was paid on an hourly basis, he
did not have an opportunity for profit as an entrepreneur would. This factor
slightly favours employment.
Conclusion
[27]
The key factor in this case is the loose
relationship between the parties. Neither party had a commitment to the other
for a period of time as there often is in a traditional employment
relationship. In addition, Mr. Ahern had considerable freedom in deciding his
hours of work. In my view, the objective facts are consistent with the parties’
mutual intention that Mr. Ahern be an independent contractor.
[28]
The appeal will be allowed.
Signed
at Toronto, Ontario this 26th day of June 2015.
“J.M. Woods”
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