Citation: 2010TCC148
Date: 20100312
Docket: 2007-2354(IT)G
2007-2356(GST)G
BETWEEN:
SLX MANAGEMENT INC.,
Appellant,
and
HER MAJESTY THE QUEEN,
Respondent,
2007-2357(IT)G
AND BETWEEN:
PAUL MILLER,
Appellant,
and
HER MAJESTY THE QUEEN,
Respondent,
REASONS FOR JUDGMENT
Rossiter A.C.J.
Introduction
[1] The core issue in
these appeals is categorization of expenses. The Minister reassessed the
Appellants and denied the deduction of several expenses that were made against
business income, alleging that they were personal in nature. The Appellants
argue that all expenses were incurred for the purpose of gaining or producing
income.
[2] SLX Canada Limited
(“Canada”) was incorporated to handle Canadian National Railway’s (“CN”) leased
rolling stock for extended periods of time: to deal with lenders, primarily
insurance companies and equipment suppliers, and to deal with options to
purchase by CN when the equipment came off lease [that intent being to keep the
rolling stock off CN’s balance sheet]. All operational expenses of Canada were
to be the responsibility of SLX Management Inc. (“Management”) pursuant to a Management
Agreement between Management and Canada. Canada was owned 51 percent by CN,
16.66 percent by Management, 16.66 percent by a David Smith and 16.66 percent
by DLG Consulting. The Appellant Paul Miller (“Miller”) was the President, sole
shareholder and director of Management. Smith was Vice-President of Management.
During the period in question, Management’s stream of revenue was 100 percent
derived from Canada; Canada’s stream of income was solely from CN. The stream
of income for Canada and from CN and thereby for Management was time sensitive
and set to expire in 2007.
[3] In 2000, Management
started to look elsewhere for an alternative future revenue stream. Management
had an aircraft for years and used the aircraft to troll North America for
projects and in doing so claimed certain aircraft operating expenses plus
travel. Management also claimed, as a business entertainment expense, a twelve
day cruise by the principals and employees of Management plus their significant
others and other persons, mostly former employees of CN who were familiar with
Canada’s operations with CN over the years. There were also claims by
Management for: (a) a loss of investment in an automatic technology for
underground transportation equipment, (b) expenses associated with Management
renting a condominium in Montreal, (c) expenses of an office in a house in
Florida owned by Miller, (d) expenses for an aircraft hangar where the
Management aircraft was stored on occasion in Florida, and (e) some subscription
magazine expenses.
[4] CRA disallowed the
deduction of these expenses/losses from Management’s income and attributed
certain of them as shareholder’s benefits to Miller. CRA also alleges that
there was a change of use as of September 17, 2001 of Management’s aircraft
such that it triggered a deemed supply under the Excise Act. The
Appellants appealed the reassessments.
Facts
[5] Miller was originally
an employee of CN. Lease residuals on CN rolling stock turned out to be a
problem for CN. Miller developed a method of dealing with this CN problem through
Canada. Canada was a company without employees but with physical assets of up
to $500 million. These assets included rail cars, locomotives and the leases
for this type of equipment. All Canada did was hold assets, but it was a fully
operational lease company borrowing funds, acquiring equipment, refurbishing equipment,
issuing debentures, and also dealing with residual risk and the remarketing of
any equipment coming back to Canada. Management looked after all business
operations of Canada pursuant to an agreement and got paid by:
1. A
percentage of the total amount of transactions completed which were laddered;
2. By
additional monies based upon Management showing that it borrowed monies at
lower than the targeted rate set by CN on a present value basis;
3. By
lease profit sharing with Management, if Management could generate a profit by
taking a packaged lease with debt and selling it to, say, an insurance company.
4. By
additional fees to Management if there was an exceptional deal that served CN’s
interests.
Article 2.01 of this Management/Canada
agreement provides:
The Company appoints Management and
Management agrees to manage, supervise and conduct the business in accordance
with this agreement.
Business was defined to mean the
business of Canada according to its articles of incorporation.
[6] The duties and
services undertaken by Management for Canada were extremely broad and all
inclusive, basically to run all of the operations of Canada. The head offices
of both Canada and Management were in Alberta because Alberta did not have a capital
tax and the cost of operations from Calgary were significantly lower than those
in Toronto or Montreal. Canada was restricted by terms of operations in doing
business with CN and with only A-rated Canadian corporations in order to keep
its credit rating as high as possible. Management was not limited to just doing
business with CN. CN wanted Management to do business with other companies.
Management attempted to do a variety of projects other than those associated
with CN including acquisition of land in the United Kingdom, proposals with
respect to the fast-ferry operations in British Columbia, and P3 projects in
Nova Scotia.
[7] Management had four
employees, the Appellant, Miller, David Smith and two administrative staff on a
part-time basis. Vice-President Smith was the person responsible for Management’s
financial statements and tax returns plus did liaison work with the accountants
and maintained the accounting records. Miller received his designated
shareholder’s benefits annually on his T4 after discussions with Smith. The
shareholder’s benefits related to automobile usage, shareholder’s loans and
other ancillary matters.
[8] Management had a
consulting and participation agreement with DLG Consulting Limited up until
November 1, 1998 to provide consulting on the business of Management.
[9] One hundred percent
of the revenue of Canada during the taxation years in question came from CN.
Management’s stream of income was almost exclusively from Canada. The agreement
between Canada and CN in relation to CN’s residuals of rolling stock, was to
expire in 2007, and as a result, the stream of revenue for Canada and
Management’s stream of income had a sunset of April 1, 2007.
[10] Numerous attempts were
made by Miller to broaden the business of Management including attempts to work
with CN on a number of proposals. During the relevant period of time, the
revenues of Management were roughly $2.5 million dollars annually.
Aircraft:
[11] In carrying out its
operations, Management acquired a Cessna aircraft which was used extensively
for travelling within Canada and the United States and which Miller states was
only used on a personal basis about ten percent of the time. In 2000,
Management acquired an additional aircraft, a TBM-700, and put the Cessna up
for sale. The Cessna was eventually sold by Management in April, 2002 for a
handsome capital gain. The TBM-700 was technologically advanced and higher end
in terms of safety and reliability compared to the Cessna, and had lower
operating costs. According to Miller the TBM-700 was used in the same fashion
as the Cessna in the operations of Management.
[12] The operating expenses for
the TBM-700 included fuel, hangar costs, insurance, maintenance, landing fees,
charts and GPS. Management provided supporting invoices and claimed the
appropriate capital cost allowance for the TBM-700 for the years in question.
[13] With respect to
aircraft use, Miller maintained a log of flights and used this record to
calculate any personal trips which would be attributable to him as a
shareholder’s benefit.
[14] The TBM-700 flight logs
for the taxation years in question were maintained for the purpose of
determining personal usage and maintenance. A summary of these logs for the
2002 taxation year show a total of nineteen trips, seventeen of which were
attributable to business and two which were attributable to Miller personally.
In the 2003 taxation year there were a total of fifteen trips, thirteen
attributed to business and two attributed to personal; for the stub year of
September 16, 2003 to December 31, 2003 there were five trips, one personal and
four attributable to business.
[15] The usage of the
TBM-700 by Management was attributed, to a large extent, to the pursuit of a
distribution agreement with Socata, an aircraft manufacturing company from
France. Socata did not have any distribution outlets for their aircrafts in the
northwestern United States or western Canada. The pursuit for a distribution
agreement involved negotiations of terms. A draft MOU was prepared by
Management for Socata. In pursuing this distribution agreement, Management also
sought information on the depth of pilot availability in their distributorship territory,
as well as reviewed bookings of prospective purchasers for the TBM and had provided
some demonstration flights on the TBM-700.
[16] In anticipation of a
distribution agreement with Socata, Management attempted to solicit people
familiar with the aviation industry and who might be of assistance to
Management in acting as distributors in British Columbia and the northwestern
United States. These persons would not take on any inventory of Socata aircraft
but could be of assistance in distributing the Socata aircraft product.
[17] The TBM-700 was also
used to attend a variety of aircraft conventions or TBM-700 Pilots’ Associate
meetings in places such as New Orleans, Oshkosh, Orlando, and Los Cabos,
Mexico. On numerous occasions the TBM-700 was used to fly to locations where
Miller was investigating business opportunities for Management. These business
opportunities included two visits to Premiere Electric which was a fire damage
company requiring some capital investment in or about Seattle; Dixon Networks
which was a company to supply commercial equipment for installation of supernet
in Alberta; an introduction to a Tyco official for the purpose of petroleum
business with Tyco; numerous trips to meet a Mr. Frick in Florida for the
purpose of scouting out coastal properties, in particular properties which were
investment properties; an opportunity in North Bay, Ontario involving technology
for automated underground mining vehicles; and potential acquisition of an FBO (“Fixed
Base Operation”) aircraft facility in Florida.
[18] During the periods in
question, Management did not generate any revenue from its Socata ventures or
any other business ventures it was investigating at the time for which the
TBM-700 was used.
[19] Many trips on the TBM-700
were purportedly for business purposes, and were corroborated by witnesses other
than Miller including flights to North Bay, Ontario for the automated
underground vehicle technology, the FBO and prospective operations in Florida
and the Premiere Electric possible investment in Seattle. Miller asserted that
the TBM-700 was required to be on an on-call basis with Canada for the purpose
of looking after Canada’s business operations which were tied in with CN.
Miller asserted they needed to be in the air within a one-half hour demand even
though during the relevant time periods, not once were they ever called upon by
CN or by Canada on such an urgent basis. A retired Chartered Accountant for CN
confirmed that when Canada was established and the management agreement was entered
between Canada and Management the potential for Management acquiring a corporate
aircraft was discussed, but CN did not care whether or not Canada or Management
had a corporate aircraft.
[20] Of all the trips in
the TBM-700 claimed for business purposes during the taxation periods in
question, the only trip that was related to CN was a trip to Toronto or a trip
to Halifax to see DLG Consulting. For other trips to Montreal, of which there
might have been two or three in the time period, commercial airlines were used.
No real explanation was given as to why this trip to Halifax was taken with the
TBM-700 as opposed to flying commercially.
[21] Miller asserted that
he and Smith used commercial airlines when it made sense and they used points
as well as trains and automobiles when required.
Cruise:
[22] Management incurred as
an entertainment expense a cruise of $44,818. According to Management, this
cruise was undertaken for two reasons; firstly, as a thank you to key persons
who generated significant revenue for Canada and therefore generated revenue
for Management; secondly, it was an attempt to get some persons together who
were key business architects from Management’s point of view to try to
strategize where Management could go forward for additional business with CN,
if any, given the sunset timelines (2007) of the management agreement between
Management and Canada and Canada’s stream of business from CN. These key
persons who Miller was referring to were a lawyer and accountant from Price
Waterhouse, both of whom declined to attend, former personnel from CN, the
Vice-President of Management and his spouse, as well as Miller and his spouse
and a Mr. Gorveat and his companion from the DLG consulting. An original
director of Management and architect of the documentation of Management did not
attend. The cruise entertainment expense included the cost of the cruise,
return airfare and other transportation costs.
[23] Spouses were invited
especially for the three persons who worked for CN, as Management wanted face
time with the former CN personnel and they could only give them a considerable
length of face time if spouses attend. The three personnel from CN were then
retired and they were not social friends of Miller, employees of Management or
shareholders of Canada. It was explained that when in port, they would go on
tours, and at night, Miller and Smith had dinner with the guests. They would
have five or six hours face time with the guests each day and they also had two
formal meetings while on the ship to discuss how Management had been developed
and grown, what might happen post 2007 in terms of revenue stream and the issue
of residuals of the CN rolling stock. A few proposals and ideas came out of
this cruise but none related to CN business.
Montreal Condo:
[24] Miller owned a condo in
Montreal where he resided before he terminated his employment with CN and
developed Management. Management used this condo since its incorporation when Miller
was doing transactions for Management with CN. Initially the condo was paid for
on a daily basis, then a monthly basis. It sat vacant when not used by
Management. When Management was dealing with CN, facilities of CN were not used
as Miller felt that Management needed space to conduct its own analysis,
whether it be in a hotel or a condo, and they used the condo occasionally.
Miller acknowledged that he kept the Montreal condo partly because of its
investment value and he was hesitant to part with the condo from a personal
point of view (real estate was a building block for assets and he was hesitant
to part with it). During the period of time under review, Miller only flew to
Montreal on one occasion with the TBM-700 and only stayed in the Montreal condo
overnight once.
Medical Expenses:
[25] Miller incurred medical
expenses in 2002 of $4,277 for a visit to the Mayo Clinic and in 2003, $876 for
dental treatment. These medical expenses were not for a pilot’s license
check-up. His family had a history of use of the Mayo Clinic. Miller had no
referral to the Mayo Clinic, nor did he have a family physician in Calgary at
the time. He acknowledged that there was Alberta Health Care Insurance in
existence at the time. Little explanation was given with respect to the medical
expenses except that Miller thought he was important to Canada and Management and
therefore his health was of concern to ensure the continued success of
Management.
Automated Mining
Underground Transportation Equipment (Mintronics):
[26] Glenn Brophy, a friend
of the Appellant Miller, had been working for a North Bay, Ontario company
involved in automated mining underground transportation vehicles. Brophy had
left the company and acquired some automated underground transportation technology.
Management investigated the opportunity presented by this technology and put up
$38,135 to Brophy for the purpose of paying legal fees to acquire the
intellectual property for the automated technology. Management was involved to
the extent of acquiring the sub-surface rights for the technology. Brophy
incorporated a company called 142924 Ontario Inc. when these rights were
acquired. Miller made about three trips to North Bay to examine the
opportunities presented by this technology. They looked at the consumer
possibility of this technology with Canadian Tire as well as some other
possibilities with Laidlaw, a school bus manufacturer, where the technology
would be used for the purpose of transporting children; and Ford Motor Company
with respect to forklift operations, and retailers generally on a “find-it”
system. Miller, Brophy and a third shareholder did not have a shareholders’
agreement, but according to Brophy and Miller, the $38,135 was put up by Miller
while the other shareholder and Brophy carried out other efforts to advance the
use of the technology. The money for the legals, $38,135, was transferred by
Management and wired to the credit of Glenn Brophy, at Canada Trust. When the
business venture was not going to be successful, financial statements were
prepared for 142942 Ontario Inc.. Miller only then noted that he was a
shareholder in 142942 Ontario Inc. and the investment was shown as a
shareholder’s loan for Miller. This was, according to Miller, an error and the
investment had been made on behalf of Management.
Travel Expenses:
[27] There were numerous
travel expenses also claimed by Management which were disallowed. These travel
expenses were travel expenses which tied in almost exclusively with the use of
the TBM-700. These are the amounts of $7,089 for 2002 and $12,799 for 2003.
Subscription Costs of Association
Dues:
[28] There were subscription
costs claimed in 2002 of $1,531 and in 2003 of $2,085 which related mainly to
aviation magazines or memberships in flying or aeronautical associations.
Florida Home Office and Hangar:
[29] Miller purchased a
house in Spruce Creek, Florida, in 2003 near a community airport and a hangar
for the TBM-700 came with the property. Management was charged $1,200 per month
for the use of the hangar as well as $300 per month for the use of the home
office. The charges were only made on per-use basis. Miller asserted that the
usage of the aircraft was not to get to Florida but for access to clients.
Miller asserted that he was able to work from this property in Florida with a
dedicated office with the plane also dedicated. He could go anywhere and in
fact could be off the ground in thirty minutes.
[30] Miller took many
flights to Florida. He would spend only a few hours or maybe a day or two on
business, and then stay in Florida for an extended period of time, with the airplane
close by his side. Miller’s spouse, Barbara, accompanied him on many of the
flights.
Issues
[31] A: Management – Income
Tax Appeal:
1. The deductibility of certain
expenses from Management’s income including:
a) operating
expenses for the TBM-700 owned by Management as well as the CCA claimed for the
aircraft;
b) entertainment cruise
expenses;
c) miscellaneous
travel expenses;
d) Montreal
condo expenses;
e) medical
expenses;
(f) Florida
home office and hangar expenses;
(g) subscription
expenses and association dues.
2. The
deductibility of an investment in what was known as the North Bay Project.
[32] B: Management – GST
Appeal:
1. The timeliness of the GST assessment,
2. Whether
there was a change of use for the TBM-700 on September 17, 2002 such that there
was triggered a deemed supply under the Excise Tax Act.
[33] C: Miller – Income Tax
Appeal:
1. If
any of the expenses claimed by Management as deductible are not properly
deductible, were they shareholders’ benefits under subsection 15(1) of the Income
Tax Act or under section 56(2) of the Income Tax Act and therefore
attributable to the Appellant Miller?
2. An
issue of gross negligence penalties levied against the Appellant Miller was
conceded by the Respondent – that is gross negligence penalties were not
appropriate for 2001, 2002 or 2003.
Analysis
1. A: Management – Income Tax
Appeal
[34] Section
9 – Income Tax Act
Business/Source of Income: The first issue is
whether the expenses incurred by the Management in the years 2002, 2003 and a
stub year ending December 31, 2003, are deductible from Management’s income for
those years. Counsel for the Respondent is of the opinion that these expenses
are not deductible because in its view, Management was not operating as a
business during those years to which the expenses related or there was no
source of income. Management, however, submits that the expenses incurred for
the years in question were for the purposes of operating the Appellant’s
business.
[35] Section 9 of the Income
Tax Act states in part as follows:
9(1) Subject to this Part, a
taxpayer’s income for a taxation year from a business or property is the
taxpayer’s profit from that business or property for the year.
(2) Subject to
section 31, a taxpayer’s loss for a taxation year from a business or property
is the amount of the taxpayer’s loss, if any, for the taxation year from that
source computed by applying the provisions of this Act respecting
computation of income from that source with such modifications as the
circumstances require.
[36] In Stewart v. R.,
2002 SCC 46, the Supreme Court of Canada dealt extensively with a source of
either business or property income. At paragraph [50], the Supreme Court of
Canada stated as follows:
[50] It is
clear that in order to apply s. 9, the taxpayer must first determine whether he
or she has a source of either business or property income. As has been pointed
out, a commercial activity which falls short of being a business, may
nevertheless be a source of property income. As well, it is clear that some
taxpayer endeavours are neither businesses, nor sources of property income, but
are mere personal activities. As such, the following two-stage approach with
respect to the source question can be employed:
(i) Is
the activity of the taxpayer undertaken in pursuit of profit, or is it a personal
endeavour?
(ii) If
it is not a personal endeavour, is the source of the income a business or
property?
The first
stage of the test assesses the general question of whether or not a source of
income exists; the second stage categorizes the source as either business or
property.
[37] According to the Supreme Court of Canada, the purpose of
the first stage of the test is to distinguish between the commercial and
personal activities. In Stewart, supra, at paragraph [60], the
Supreme Court of Canada further stated:
[60] In
summary, the issue of whether or not a taxpayer has a source of income is to be
determined by looking at the commerciality of the activity in question. Where
the activity contains no personal element and is clearly commercial, no further
inquiry is necessary. Where the activity could be classified as a personal
pursuit, then it must be determined whether or not the activity is being
carried on in a sufficiently commercial manner to constitute a source of
income. …
[There was a variety of indicia of commerciality or badges
of trade referred to by former Chief Justice Bowman in Graeme Nichol v. The
Queen, 93 D.T.C. 1216]
[38] In Harquail v. The
Queen, 2001 FCA 320, the Federal Court of Appeal, at paragraph [62] stated
in part as follows:
It is not easy
to delimit the content of the concept of carrying on business. One can see two
outside parameters where the carrying on of business does not occur: on the one
hand, when a company, which has been incorporated, has not actually commenced operation
and, on the other hand, when a company has become dormant and is only holding
annual meetings and filing its returns so as to avoid the forfeiture of its
charter. There are, in between, some activities, however, which are signs that
a company is operating and which should fall within the spectrum of the concept
of carrying on business, even though, for example, the activities are carried
on for the purpose of reaching an agreement which eventually is not reached or
even though they do not result in the earning of income.
[39] In Setchell v. R.,
2006 TCC 37 a taxpayer who after being laid off from her employment, took a
computer course expecting that the computer course would enable her to find
employment or take related freelance work and she claimed the cost of the
course as a tuition expense. Madame Justice Woods stated in part as follows:
[16] … I agree with counsel that the fees are not
deductible unless Mrs. Setchell was carrying on business at the time the course
was taken. I do not agree, however, that it was necessary for Mrs. Setchell to
have entered into business contracts in order to be considered to be carrying
on a business. Judicial decisions make it clear that this is not necessary. If
the capital structure of the business is in place and a taxpayer is actively
pursuing business opportunities, then the business has commenced even if no
business contracts have been entered into. …
[17] I
also note that this test appears to be accepted by the Canada Revenue Agency.
Their administrative policy is of course not law but it is helpful to refer to
when it reflects the judicial decisions. The Agency's administrative policy is
set out in Interpretation Bulletin IT-364, at paragraph 2. According to the
Bulletin, the Agency considers that a business has not commenced if activities
are undertaken in the hope that the information obtained will justify going
into a business and that a business will be considered to have commenced if
there are serious or continuous efforts to begin normal operations.
[40] Also, consideration
must be given to Wacky Wheatley’s TV & Stereo Ltd. v. Minister of
National Revenue, [1987] 2 C.T.C. 2311 (TCC). In that case, the taxpayer
corporations were associated in the business of retail marketing of television,
stereos and related electronic consumer products and were contemplating an
expansion into the Australian market. In doing so, they incurred certain
expenses which they sought to deduct as current business expenses. The Tax
Court of Canada stated, in part, as follows:
[26] …
These expenses were anterior to any business decision to enter the Australian
market and it is my opinion that they were clearly incurred as part of the
current expenses of the appellants' operations.
…
[28] In
the present case, the evidence shows that expansion into new markets was an
on-going concern of the appellants. It is my opinion that the expenditures in
question resulted from the current operations of each of the appellants
"as part of the every day concern of its officers in conducting the
operations of the company in a business-like way."
[29] A
major expenditure of many businesses today is monies expended to maintain or
increase market share under increasingly competitive conditions. To this
purpose, many corporations spend significant amounts each year in advertising,
promotions and market surveys. The expenditures in issue in these appeals, in
my view, related to such an endeavour. They were monies spent to determine the
profit potential of the Australian market and were current expenses of the
appellants. This characterization reflects the "business and commercial
realities of the matter".
[41] I believe that the
activities of Management can certainly be classified as commercial in nature given
the commercial indicia of Management’s operations. I conclude that Management
was carrying on business during the period in question as follows:
1. Management had been in operation
since the early 1990s with revenues on some occasions in excess of $2 million
per year.
2. Management’s operations
surrounded the management of the operations of Canada but were not limited
thereto and Management actively sought out other business ventures or
activities.
3. The principal of Management,
Miller, had professional training as an Engineer as well as Master’s Degree in
Business Administration and had been working in the business environment for
years. He developed Canada and Management and successfully operated both at a
profitable level for a number of years.
4. Management had set out an
intended course of action to develop new sources of revenue other than Canada
because of the sunset of its revenue stream in 2007 from Canada.
5. Management was trawling North
America for business opportunities that would show a profit. There was a
certain personal aspect to the commercial nature of Management, related to the
Appellant Miller’s personal interest in aircraft and aviation in general. The
business prospects of Management in aviation were only part of its business
pursuits being investigated.
[42] I am satisfied on the
evidence and in applying the principles enunciated in Stewart, that,
even though efforts of Management had not brought in revenue with respect to
the ventures for which it was seeking a business deduction, Management was
involved in commercial activity and searching out business opportunities. I
refer to the Harquail, Setchell and Wacky Wheatley cases
as support for finding the proposition that the business activities carried on
by Management were for the purpose of earning income and deriving a profit.
Although this purpose was not reached or attained, the activities were
nevertheless commercial in nature.
[43] The Respondent’s
submission that although there was a desire and an effort by Management, there
was no business is simply not an accurate reflection of the activities of
Management. Management was looking for opportunities and projects while they
were still conducting an ongoing business and this is really no different than
the situation as described in Harquail and Setchell referred to
above.
Section
18 – Income Tax Act
[44] Subsection 18(1) of the Act states in part as
follows:
18.(1) In computing the income of a taxpayer from a
business or property no deduction shall be made in respect of
(a) an
outlay or expense except to the extent that it was made or incurred by the
taxpayer for the purpose of gaining or producing income from the business or
property;
…
(h)
personal or living expenses of the taxpayer, other than travel expenses
incurred by the taxpayer while away from home in the course of carrying on the
taxpayer’s business;
“Personal
or living expenses” under subsection 248(1) are defined as follows:
“Personal or
living expenses” includes
(a) the
expenses of properties maintained by any person for the use or benefit of the
taxpayer or any person connected with the taxpayer by blood relationship,
marriage or common-law partnership or adoption, and not maintained in
connection with a business carried on for profit or with a reasonable
expectation of profit,
(b) the expenses,
premiums or other costs of a policy of insurance, annuity contract or other
like contract if the proceeds of the policy or contract are payable to or for
the benefit of the taxpayer or a person connected with the taxpayer by blood
relationship, marriage or common-law partnership or adoption, and
(c) expenses of properties maintained by an estate or
trust for the benefit of the taxpayer as one of the beneficiaries;
[45] In Symes v. R., [1993] 4 S.C.R. 695 (S.C.C.) the
issue was whether the taxpayer could deduct child care expenses from a business
income. The SCC outlined several factors that may be taken into consideration
in determining whether expenses are incurred for the purposes of producing or
gaining income, which may be summarized as follows:
1. Whether the expense is
deductible according to accounting principles;
2. Whether the expense is normally incurred by
other taxpayers carrying on similar businesses;
3. Whether the expense would have
been incurred were the taxpayer not engaged in pursuit of business or property
income;
4. Whether the taxpayer could
have avoided the expense without affecting gross income;
5. Whether the expense is of “the
trader” of “the trade”. In the latter case, the expense might be considered an
income earning expense.
6. Whether a particular expense
was incurred in order to approach the income producing circle or was it
incurred within the circle itself.
[46] Some expenses may
be considered as dual purpose expenses. These expenses are particularly deductible
pursuant to paragraph 18(1)(a) which prohibits the deduction of expenses
to the extent that they were not income-earning expenses. The Income Tax Act
contains several deeming provisions for expenses that are inevitably
dual-purpose, such as entertainment or travel expenses.
[47] Some other factors that might be considered are the extent
to which a taxpayer can make a lifestyle choice while maintaining the same
capacity to gain or produce income - such choices tend to be seen as personal
consumption decisions and result in expenses as personal expenses. Also, in
terms of need-base, traditionally expenses that simply make the taxpayer
available to the business are not considered business expenses since the
taxpayer is expected to be available to the businesses quid pro quo for
the business income received. This translates into the fundamental distinction
often drawn between the earning or a source of income on one hand and the
receipt or use of income on the other hand.
I. Aircraft Expenses:
[48] There are numerous key assumptions in the Reply of the
Respondent, which relate to aircraft expenses.
32. …
x) the Aircraft was used
primarily or substantially all of the time for the personal purposes of Mr.
Miller;
y) during the years in issue
Mr. Miller devoted substantial time to Aircraft related activities that had no
business purpose and no connection with the Appellant’s management duties;
z) Mr. Miller flew the Aircraft
outside of Canada and North America, which trips were exclusively for his
personal purposes;
…
ff) the Appellant did not
acquire or use the Aircraft to gain or produce income from a business or
property;
gg) the cost of the purchasing
and operating the Aircraft was a personal or living expense of Mr. Miller;
hh) the cost of purchasing and
operating the Aircraft was unreasonable;
[49] Paragraph 27 of the Reply reveals disallowed management aircraft
expenses for 2002 of $151,408 and for 2003 of $103,377. By agreement, the 2002 figures
have been adjusted downwards from $151,408 to $125,722. This reduction would
necessarily lead to an equivalent reduction in the Income Tax appeal of Miller at
paragraph 18(v) of the Reply for 2002 reduced from $151,408 to $145,233 and for
2003 reduced from $103,323 to $97,705.
[50] Management purchased the TBM-700 aircraft as a replacement
for the older Cessna aircraft at the end of the 2000 fiscal year. Management
alleges that the purpose of the aircraft was to gain and produce income for
both its management agreement with Canada and other independent business
ventures. Management deducted expenses related to the Cessna and the TBM-700 for
2002 and also incurred expenses with respect to 2003.
[51] The Respondent alleges that the expenses related to the
TBM-700 are personal living expenses of Miller and pointed out that:
·
The management agreement
with Canada did not require Management to buy or maintain aircraft;
·
Miller was an
experienced pilot;
·
The TBM-700 was
insured for business and pleasure usage; and
·
The Appellant
Miller frequently used the aircraft to fly to Florida for personal use.
[52] The Respondent also alleges that the cost of purchasing
and operating the aircraft was unreasonable. Management concedes that Miller
took three personal flights in the year ending September 16, 2002 and two
personal flights in the year ending September 16, 2003 and one personal flight
for the stub year ending December 31, 2003.
[53] In Stewart v. R., supra, the SCC, in dealing
with a personal element to certain activities, stated:
[56] In
addition to restricting the source test to activities which contain a personal
element, the activity which the taxpayer claims constitutes a source of income
must be distinguished from particular deductions that the taxpayer associates
with that source. An attempt by the taxpayer to deduct what is essentially a
personal expense does not influence the characterization of the source to which
that deduction relates. This analytical separation is mandated by the structure
of the Act. While, as discussed above, s. 9 is the provision of the Act
where the basic distinction is drawn between personal and commercial activity,
and then, within the commercial sphere, between business and property sources,
the characterization of deductions occurs elsewhere. In particular, s. 18(1)(a)
requires that deductions be attributed to a particular business or property
source, and s. 18(1)(h) specifically disallows the deduction of personal
or living expenses of the taxpayer: …
[57] It
is clear from these provisions that the deductibility of expenses presupposes
the existence of a source of income, and thus should not be confused with the
preliminary source inquiry. If the deductibility of a particular expense is in
question, then it is not the existence of a source of income which ought to be
questioned, but the relationship between that expense and the source to which
it is purported to relate. The fact that an expense is found to be a personal
or living expense does not affect the characterization of the source of income
to which the taxpayer attempts to allocate the expense, it simply means that
the expense cannot be attributed to the source of income in question. As well,
if, in the circumstances, the expense is unreasonable in relation to the source
of income, then s. 67 of the Act provides a mechanism to reduce or
eliminate the amount of the expense. Again, however, excessive or unreasonable
expenses have no bearing on the characterization of a particular activity as a
source of income.
[54] I believe the expenses related to the aircraft may be
deductible to the extent that they were incurred for the purposes of gaining or
producing income for Management and are reasonable in that regard, but there
are two limitations on these deductions that surfaced in the evidence. First, I
believe that the aircraft had a dual purpose. I say the aircraft had a dual
purpose because even by the Appellant’s own admission, in the year ending
September 16, 2002 the aircraft was used for at least three personal trips, in the
year ending September 16, 2003 for two personal trips and for the stub year ending
December 31, 2003 for one personal trip and in all likelihood there were more
personal trips therein which I will discuss later.
[55] Second, the aircraft was used in relation to a business other than
Management, SLX Aviation, which is a subsidiary of Management. A distribution
agreement being negotiated with Socata by Miller anticipated that this other
entity and not Management would be the distributor. Miller stated that
Management itself would never be the owner of anything in terms of this venture
with Socata. According to the principles enunciated in Stewart, supra,
any aircraft expenses incurred for the purpose of gaining income for SLX
Aviation are not deductible by Management.
[56] In analyzing the dual purpose, one must consider Miller’s
involvement in Management and the aircraft. Miller was basically Management. It
was essentially a one-man show, albeit he had one other employee and two
part-time staff. He was the brains behind the organization, he was the single
shareholder, the President and sole director of the company. He had an interest
in aviation since childhood, his father was an inventor and involved in the
aviation business for most of his life. Miller watched movies on aviation; he
built models of airplanes; he obtained his private flying license in Canada and
two years later obtained his U.S. license; in 1978 he even obtained his U.S.
commercial pilot’s license; as a summer student, he worked part-time with Canadaair
in a simulation vehicle monitoring the vibration of the vehicle. He was a
founder of the TBM Owners & Pilots’ Association in 2004 and went to
numerous conventions of TBM Owners & Pilots’ Association in July and
August, 2002 and 2003, as well as the National Business Aircraft Association
(“NBAA”) in New Orleans in December, 2001 and the NBAA in Orlando in December,
2002, for a total of four flights for conventions or association meetings during
the years in question.
[57] By any measure Miller had a significant and longstanding
interest in aircraft and aviation on a personal level. I find this interest to
some extent spilled over to these travels for Management in the TBM-700 which I
address as follows.
(i) TBM-700 Usage 2002:
[58] On the usage of the TBM-700 for the year September 17,
2001 to September 16, 2002, I would note as follows:
1. Trip No. 1 - The NBAA New Orleans. This was a trip by
Miller to the NBAA. This association was of a personal interest to Miller and
not really of interest to Management. Miller asserted that the trip was
primarily to introduce maintenance facility personnel to key players at the
NBAA meetings in New Orleans. I believe from the tenure of evidence, that this
was basically a personal trip by Miller because of his personal interest in
aviation. I saw no business venture associated with this trip and the use of
the TBM-700.
2. Trip No. 3 – Socata. This trip included a flight from
Calgary to Wichita, Kansas with a stop-over at U.S. Customs and then on to Fort
Lauderdale, Florida where Miller was in attendance for ten to eleven days. On
this occasion the Appellant was accompanied by his significant other. During these
eleven days, Miller probably had two or three meetings with Socata during which
time he would look at Socata’s maintenance facilities and meet with the
Vice-President of marketing and the CEO of Socata’s North American operations.
They would go to lunch. Miller did not recall how long the meetings were, but
there were to be two or three meetings at most. Miller asserted that there was
a second meeting although he did not recall the duration or the location and he
had no specific documentation with respect to that trip. At most, he had spent
three to four hours with Socata. The balance of the trip was for vacation time that
included a cruise from Fort Lauderdale which lasted for about ten days.
I believe that this trip was more for the personal
convenience of Mr. Miller than for Socata meetings. Of the eleven days that the
plane was actually situated in Florida, he had spent three to four hours, at
most, with Socata representatives where there was “some discussion about the
whole distribution concept of Socata” and the balance of the trip was on
holiday with his significant other on a cruise.
Throughout Miller’s evidence, he spoke many times about his
trips to deal with Socata on a distribution agreement. Almost all of these
trips involved a significant personal aspect such that it appears the Socata
aspect was secondary, was an add-on. [not the personal aspect] His evidence was
vague, not particularized, filled with phrases of “I would have”, “I could
have” “I likely had a meeting” and many times he did not know the duration or
the specifics talked about: he spoke often in generalities. His presentation on
the trips purportedly on business development with Socata was not generally particularly
impressive.
3. Trip No. 4 – Hartzell. This trip involved a flight
from Calgary to North Dakota for the purposes of obtaining a replacement
propeller for the plane, and then to Florida where Miller left the aircraft and
went under Simcom training for approximately one day. He ultimately returned to
Calgary on or about February 27, 2002. During the time in Florida, Miller had
met with a friend of his, a Mr. Frick, purportedly for the purpose of looking
for properties in the area and apparently he and Mr. Frick looked at a business
opportunity with respect to Socata moving part of the manufacturing operation
to the United States. Even though Miller met with Socata officials, the prospect
of a possible move to the United States was never discussed with them, although
he did discuss with them some aspects with respect to their assembly plant in
Stewart, Florida. There were no minutes of the meeting or documentation. Again,
a portion of this trip was strictly business, but also a certain portion of the
trip would appear to be personal in nature. The vagueness of the evidence of
Miller on this particular point where he was using phrases such as “would
have”, “could have” and “probably” was somewhat disconcerting. Of even more
concern was that the business opportunity discussed between Mr. Frick and
Miller was never discussed with Socata.
4. Trip No. 5 – Ed Radu. This was a test flight by
Miller in the TBM-700 with an Ed Radu of Calgary to Red Deer and return.
Apparently Radu was a prospective client for purchase of a TBM-700. No sales
agreement was ever signed, nor was there any distributor agreement between
Management and Radu.
5. Trip No. 6 - Ivan Klispell. This flight was to examine
and tour possible maintenance facilities close to the U.S. border, which could
be used should Management attain a distributorship for Socata for the
northwestern United States and western Canada. Miller flew on to Ohio for
warranty repair work on the TBM-700 propeller and then on to Toronto for a
meeting with Management’s accountants and lawyers. The Ohio stop was for
maintenance of the aircraft while the Toronto stop was clearly for Management
business reasons. I believe this was a business use of TBM-700.
6. Trip No. 7 – Rochester. Miller flew to the Mayo
Clinic for a Mayo Executive Check-up. I do not find there is any evidence to
substantiate that this travel related to business or the business development
of Management or Canada. It was personal in nature. Miller attended the Mayo Clinic
because he liked their Executive Check-up program, and he had favourable
experiences with it in the past. The trip had nothing to do with a pilot
license check-up: Miller’s family had a long history of use of the Mayo Clinic.
Miller had no referral to the Mayo Clinic and the Alberta Health Care Insurance
plan was in existence at the time to deal with any medical issues he may have
experienced. This trip was personal, and not commercial in nature.
7. Trip Nos. 8 and 12 - Everett-Washington and Paine, Washington.
Management was looking into a business opportunity with respect to a fire
damage company in Washington. This opportunity was brought to Miller’s
attention by Glen Toomey. These trips were commercial in nature with Miller
looking at specific business opportunities for Management.
8. Trip Nos. 10, 13 and 15 - Hawker, Dalen and Charon.
In 2002, Miller took several individuals on what he would classify as test
flights on the TBM-700. He invoiced Hawker and Dalen for these flights but
intimated that there was a possible sale or an opportunity for a possible sale
of a Socata aircraft to these individuals; I did not take his evidence in that manner.
I feel that these were basically plane rides, taken by Miller for the purpose
of entertainment of friends and colleagues to show the TBM-700. I find these flights
were personal and not commercial in nature.
9. Trip No. 11 – Mintronics. Management had advanced
approximately $38,000 to cover legal fees to secure certain intellectual
property rights on an IP security tag and it was an investment opportunity
brought to his attention by his friend Ben Brophy for Management. I am of the
view that this trip was business oriented and further reference is made herein
on page 8 of this Judgment.
10. Trip No. 14 - OshKosh and Socata. Miller had picked
up a gentleman named Emsland in B.C. Emsland who was going to be associated
with Management if Management obtained a distribution agreement with Socata.
According to Miller he wanted to introduce Emsland to Socata so flew him and
his son to OshKosh, Wisconsin where there is the world’s largest air show.
Miller asserted that he had a variety of meetings with Socata; he wanted to see
whether or not they were interested in making the distribution agreement. On
cross-examination it became evident that although the OshKosh convention lasted
seven days, the time spent with Socata by the Appellant Miller was very
limited. There were a variety of aircraft vendors present, aircraft on display,
aircraft manufacturers, and an air show, all of which were of great personal
interest to the Appellant Miller. He testified that “he probably met with
Socata as they had a full set of facilities and aircraft outfitted and tents
for marketing to the customers”. He said that he had the opportunity to meet
the Vice-President of Marketing and met with him on at least two days and
“probably” met them the day after they arrived. In total, it would appear that
there may have been a total of four hours of meetings over the six or seven day
period. In my view, although this trip was commercial in nature, it also had a
significant personal element in it in that there were only four hours of
meetings over the entire seven days with Socata, and the meetings all appeared
to have occurred in the first two days after Miller arrived.
11. Trip No. 19 – NBAA – Orlando. This was a follow up
with the NBAA trip to Florida in an attempt to forge a distributor relationship
with Socata. Cross-examination revealed that this trip was for a period of six
days and the purported primary purpose was the NBAA convention where Socata was
announcing a new model of aircraft. According to Miller, of the six day trip, Miller
may have gone to Socata operations and the convention for one or two days and
the rest appeared to be vacation time. Again, part of this trip was commercial
and part of it was personal and vacation time.
12. Trip No. 16 – Halifax and Montreal. This trip was to
meet with Management’s consultants and was business in nature.
[59] For the year ending September 16, 2002, of the nineteen
trips for which the TBM-700 was used, there were three which were indicated by
Miller as being personal. Upon my review of the evidence, I find that nine
trips were totally personal, that is Trip Nos. 1, 2, 7, 9, 10, 13, 15, 17 and
18. On the evidence, I find that four trips were partially personal in nature,
that is, Trip Nos. 3, 4, 14 and 19. Based upon the evidence, I am of the view
that these four trips should be apportioned forty/sixty, that is, forty percent
commercial and sixty percent personal. The balance of the trips, based on the
evidence, were commercial in nature – Trip Nos. 5, 6, 8, 11, 12 and 16. Based
upon the foregoing apportionment of the nineteen trips in the TBM-700 trip
summary for the year ending September 17, 2002, 11.4 of the nineteen trips
would be personal and these expenses are not deductible.
(ii) TBM-700 Usage 2003:
[60] On the usage of the TBM-700 for the year ending September
16, 2003, I would note as follows:
1. Trip No. 2 - Dixon Networks – This trip was
commercial in nature. This trip was an attempt by Management to promote its
abilities to supply communications equipment for the installation of a super
net in Alberta with a Mr. Glen Hawker.
2. Trip No. 4 – Tyco – This trip was for a meeting with
Tyco officials to discuss business opportunities and, again was commercial in
nature.
3. Trip No. No. 9 – Mintronics – This trip was
commercial in nature being a follow up on Trip No. 11 for 2002 year as noted
earlier.
4. Trip No. 11 – Premiere Electric – This trip related
to a meeting with a Mr. Toomey over a business opportunity with Premiere
Electric – much the same as Trip Nos. 8 and 12 for the year ending September
16, 2002.
5. Trip No. 3 - Los Cabos – Miller and his significant
other attended a specific convention where Management was to be named as Socata’s
newest distributor, although there was no such announcement. This was to be a
significant trip for Management because of the prospective announcement. On the
whole, I believe it to be commercial in nature.
6. Trip No. 6 - Stewart, Florida - Miller described this
trip as a property viewing trip to Florida with Mr. Frick. Mr. Frick was a
personal friend of Miller and Miller stayed at Frick’s residence for an
extended period of time. Frick owned a TBM-700 so they had some interests in
common, that is, their interest in TBM-700’s and aviation. Miller’s significant
other traveled with him to Florida on this occasion and although they may have
looked at some coastal properties this trip certainly appears to be vacation
and personal in nature as opposed to commercial oriented. In fact, Mr. Miller
took a tour of a property at Spruce Creek where he ultimately bought a personal
residence that had a hangar for the TBM-700.
7. Trip No. 7 – Orlando – This trip was purportedly for
the purpose of having a Simcom training for Miller. It appears that Miller
stayed in Florida in total from February 5, 2003 until April 7, 2003. Miller was
in Orlando for a total of five days, two of which were for Simcom training. Miller
continued on to Spruce Creek, Florida where he closed his personal residence
purchase. Aside from two days of Simcom training, the travel was a personal
holiday.
[61] 8. Trip No. 13 – Florida - This trip was purportedly for
the purpose of taking a flight from France to the United States with Socata,
but a significant portion of the time was spent by Miller at his new home in
Spruce Creek, Florida; the trip was mainly personal in nature.
[62] 9. Trip No. 14 – OshKosh - This flight was for attendance
at the OshKosh convention. There was no evidence given that the convention had
anything to do with the Socata distributorship agreement. This trip was personal
in nature as was the similar OshKosh convention the previous year.
[63] 10. Trip No. 15 – Boise, Idaho - This flight was associated
with the exhaust system on the TBM-700 and can be considered as either
maintenance for the aircraft or a business venture.
11. Trip No. 1 – Dalen – Miller asserted that this was a
flight with Mr. Dalen whom he invoiced for the trip. No particulars were given
for the trip. This flight was similar to Trip No. 15 in the year ending 2002
and for the same reasons, I find it personal in nature.
12. Trip No. 5 – Miller described this flight as a test
flight for maintenance or checking for something. No particulars were given.
Again, I am of the view that this was just a flight for Miller’s enjoyment of
flying. I find this trip was personal in nature.
13. Trip No. 10 – Toronto - This was a trip to Toronto by
Miller to meet with Management company advisors and accountants and was
commercial in nature.
[64] For the year ending September 16, 2003 based on the
evidence I find that six trips were personal based on the evidence before the
Court and Miller’s acknowledgment that Trip Nos. 8 and 12 were personal: Trip
Nos. 1, 5, 6, 8, 12 and 14. I found that Miller in his evidence attempted to
play down the personal use of the TBM-700 but in essence used the aircraft as a
personal taxi while either going on vacation or pursuing his lifelong love of
aviation.
[65] I further find, on the evidence, that Trip Nos. 7 and 13
were partly personal and partly commercial in nature. I believe the evidence
revealed that the commercial nature of these trips were significantly lower
than the personal aspects of the trips. I apportion each of these trips as
ninety percent personal and ten percent commercial.
[66] For the year ending September 16, 2003, of the fifteen
trips for the TBM-700, six were personal, Nos. 1, 5, 6, 8, 12 and 14, seven were
commercial, Nos. 2, 3, 4, 9, 10, 11 and 15 and two were partly personal, Nos. 7
and 13, and partly commercial. Based on the foregoing apportionment of the
fifteen TBM-700 trips for this period, 7.8 are personal in nature and these
expenses are not deductible.
(iii) TBM-700 Usage stub year 2003:
[67] On the usage of the TBM-700 in the stub year ended
December 31, 2003, I note the following:
1. Trip No. 18 - Calgary-Daytona – This was acknowledged
to be a personal trip.
2. Trip No. 16 - Calgary-Santa-Fe - This trip was
commercial in nature as it was for a meeting with respect to the Socata
distributorship.
3. Trip No. 17, Santa Fe-Daytona-Calgary – This trip was
partially commercial and partially personal. Miller left Calgary to Montana,
then flew to Santa Fe where for two days he assisted Socata in setting up their
next convention. He then went from Santa Fe to Naples ferrying a Socata
official, Bill Alberts, and Miller stayed in Florida for several days at his
house. I would apportion this trip, on the evidence, at seventy percent commercial
and thirty percent personal.
4. Trip No. 19 – Lacombe – This trip was an annual
certification and inspection of the aircraft and therefore commercial.
5. Trip No. 20 – Daytona to Spruce Creek – This trip was
primarily personal in nature with one meeting with respect to an FBO facility
as a business opportunity. Based on the evidence I would apportion this trip at
eighty-five percent personal and fifteen percent commercial.
[68] For the stub year ending December 31, 2003, of the five
trips for the TBM-700, there were 2.55 personal in nature and 2.45 were
commercial in nature and these expenses are not deductible.
[69] This is not the end of the matter of deductibility of the
aircraft expenses. Although the intent appeared to be to obtain a
distributorship to sell new and used Socata planes, it is not clear that Management
was a party to this business arrangement either as an authorized sales
representative for Socata or as a distributor. An agreement made on March 5,
1996, that subsequently lapsed, authorized a company called SLX Aviation Inc. to
be the sales representative for Socata. Management was apparently the sole
shareholder of SLX Aviation Inc. but Management was not party to this agreement,
and had no enforceable rights to it whatsoever. The agreement contained the
following clause at paragraph 12(j):
NO THIRD PARTY BENEFICIARIES:
This agreement does not create, and shall not be
construed as creating any right enforceable by any person not a party to this
agreement.
[70] Management was not intended to be the distributor for
Socata. Miller stated that this was the intention throughout the documentation
stage. On cross-examination, Miller acknowledged that the distribution
agreement which he negotiated with Socata, could not be between Management and
Socata but had to be with another party. Miller acknowledged that it was
anticipated that another entity would be the distributor and that he never said
SLX Management would be the legal owner of anything and that draft discussion
points regarding the buying and settling of aircrafts, show Paul J.D. Miller as
the proposed new distributor. There was no reference whatsoever to Management.
[71] Given the foregoing, it appears that all the travel in the
TBM-700 associated with the Socata distributorship was not in fact for
Management, but was for the benefit of another entity to be incorporated or for
the benefit of Miller. Having reached this conclusion, I believe the number of
TBM-700 trips which are deductible as a business trip for Management is
somewhat altered, as follows:
[72] For the year ending September 16, 2002 Trip Nos. 3, 4,
part of 5, and 19 were incurred for some other entity other than Management and
therefore the expenses associated with same are not attributable to Management,
but those portions of those trips identified as personal are still for the
personal benefit of Miller and shall be treated as such. Only 6 trips that were
commercial in nature are deductible by Management.
[73] For the years ending September 16, 2003 Trip Nos. 3 and
part of 13 were incurred for some other entity other than Management and
therefore the expenses associated with same are not attributable to Management
but the portion of those trips identified as personal are still for the
personal benefit of Miller and shall be treated as such. Only 6.1 trips that were
commercial in nature are deductible by Management.
[74] For the stub year ending December, 2003, Trip Nos. 16 and
part of 17 were no longer commercial but were incurred for some other entity
other than Management and therefore the expense associated with same are not
attributable to Management but the portion of those trips identified as
personal are still for the personal benefit of Miller and shall be treated as such.
One (1) trip is deductible by Management.
Section 67: - Income Tax Act
[75] A section 67 Income Tax Act analysis is not
otherwise required on the expenses allowed as deductible as I am satisfied on
the evidence the expenses presented were reasonable in quantum.
II. Capital Cost
Allowance:
[76] In closing argument the Respondent moved to amend its
Reply to include reference to section 13(7) of the Income Tax Act which
would allow it to argue that there was a deemed disposition of the aircraft and
a reacquisition, such that the new date of reacquisition would be September 17,
2001 and not the original date as suggested by the Appellant. The Appellant
naturally objects to such a motion and I must agree with the Appellant. The
trial for all real purposes had concluded except for closing argument of the
Appellant. The timing of the motion could not have been worse – how could the
Appellant not be severely prejudice by the granting of such a motion? The
Appellant lead its case based on the Reply put forth by the Respondent. It
would be totally unfair and highly prejudicial to the Appellant to allow this
motion at such a late stage in the trial and the motion is therefore dismissed.
[77] The capital cost allowance is available to the Appellant,
Management, under section 20(1).
[78] In Hickman
Motors Ltd. [1997] 2 S.C.R. 336, the Supreme Court of Canada laid out the
legal test to determine whether CCA deductions are permitted on an item of
property :
57 Once
the "income from a business source" is established, the next step is
to determine what, if anything, can be deducted therefrom in order to arrive at
the taxable income. Section 20(1) provides that,
20.(1)
...there may be deducted ... such of the following amounts as are wholly
applicable to that source ... or such part of the ... amounts ... as applicable
thereto....
58 The
"following amount" may be either "wholly applicable" or
"partly applicable" to "that source", that is, the business
source. So a specific amount could be "partly applicable" to income
from a business source, and "partly applicable" to income from
another source such as, for example, income from a property source. Or a
specific amount could be "wholly applicable" to the business source
only. Here, this distinction is not at issue: the amount sought to be deducted
would be "wholly applicable" to income from the business source
identified above.
…
65 The
second part of the test is: where the item of property does not produce income,
was it acquired for the purpose of producing income? This is determined by an
objective evaluation of the specific facts and circumstances of each case in
relation to appropriate jurisprudence, having regard to whether the taxpayer
acted in accordance with reasonably acceptable principles of commerce and
business practices. In the affirmative, the deduction is allowable. In the
negative, the deduction is not allowable.
[79] I believe that
the aircraft was acquired for the primary purpose of gaining or producing
income for Management and not for Miller's personal use. Nonetheless, Miller
did often use the aircraft for personal use so the CCA deductions are not
wholly allowed but are permitted only to the extent that they are attributable
to Management's ventures. In 2002, this proportion is 6 of 19 flights. In
2003, this proportion is 6.1 of 15 flights. In the stub year of 2003, this
proportion is 1 out of 5 flights. CCA deductions should be permitted
accordingly
III. Entertainment Expenses:
[80] There are several key assumptions in the Respondent’s
Reply with respect to entertainment expenses:
32. …
ss) the cost of the cruise was
not incurred for the purposes of earning income from a business or property;
tt) the cost of the Cruise was
a personal or living expense;
uu) the cost of the Cruise was
unreasonable;
[81] I am of the view, that the costs of the cruise, as
presented by Management, were incurred for the purpose of earning income for business
and that the cost of the cruise was not a personal or living expense. One must
look to the history of Management to clarify this finding. Management was an
entity created by Miller to look after all the operational expenses of Canada.
Canada was established for the purpose of handling all the rolling stock of CN.
CN had this problem which they encountered on a regular basis of how to deal
with the rolling stock. CN wanted the rolling stock to be off balance sheet so
the arrangement was for Canada to lease the rolling stock of CN and provide it
to CN with a certain revenue stream up until the year 2007. Canada then
offloaded its operational expenses to Management with Miller playing a key role
in both these entities. His personal relationships with the personnel of CN, as
well as his own educational experience and intricate knowledge of CN, were key to
the success enjoyed by Canada and Management. This relationship obviously grew
and there appeared to be a significant confidence placed by CN officials in the
abilities of Miller and the operation of Canada and Management. Without these
key relationships with Ken White, who was Assistant Treasurer for CN at the
time, as well as a Treasurer and Accountant of Finance, it is fair to say that
neither Canada nor Management would have been as successful as they were, even
given the obvious business prowess of Miller. At the same time, these
individuals would be of assistance to the Appellant in developing ideas and
opportunities for business development. Ken White, the then Assistant Treasurer
of CN, since retired, gave evidence as to his relationship with Miller,
Management and Canada and the types of things which were discussed on this
cruise. Miller said the reason for the cruise was that he and Smith wanted an
opportunity to corral these individuals into one location, for an extended
period of time, to get an extended period of face time with them in order to
pick their brains with respect to expanded business opportunities for
Management. Out of these particular discussions came the possibility of having
a similar arrangement which Canada had with CN, with the Go-Train fleet in
Toronto. Also, there was a proposal with respect to oil well supply in Sarnia
on which a specific proposal had been presented, but was not successful. There
was also detailed discussion about capital self insurance programs which was explained
in detail by Miller and which he followed up on after the cruise. I believe
that this expense was for the purpose of developing business and income for
Management.
[82] It is to be noted that the expense put forward was as an
entertainment expense and not as a business development expense. The cruise
expense was for a total of $44,818. The evidence disclosed that a total of ten
persons attended the cruise, that is, Mr. White and his spouse, the former
Treasurer of CN and his spouse, the accountant from CN and his spouse, Mr.
Miller and his significant other and Mr. Smith and his significant other for a
total of ten. The cost of the cruise, which included the cruise itself, return
airfare and transportation costs was certainly reasonable in the circumstances.
I also agree with the suggestion that the spouses of the individuals had to
attend, otherwise, the individuals likely would not have been able to attend given
the time duration of the cruise, (as it may have been difficult to be away for
such a cruise without their spouses in attendance) and this certainly would
have affected the ability of Miller and Smith, on behalf of Management, to have
a significant block of face time with these persons to discuss the business
opportunities.
IV. Montreal Condo
Expenses:
[83] In the Reply, there were some significant assumptions
relied upon by the Respondent with respect to the Montreal condo expenses:
32. …
yy) the condominium was not used
by the Appellant in 2001 or 2003 for any business purpose;
zz) the rent expenses were not
incurred for the purpose of earning income from a business or property;
aaa) the rent expenses paid for
personal or living expense of Mr. Miller;
bbb) the rent for the Montreal
condominium was unreasonable;
[84] I do not believe that the expenses associated with the
Montreal condo were expenses incurred for the purposes of gaining or producing
income; therefore, they are not deductible. As indicated, Miller owned a condo
in Montreal where he resided before he terminated his employment with CN and
developed Management. During the periods in questions, the condo was used on
only one overnight stay and this was over a span of twenty-seven months –
hardly something which was going to be actively used for the purpose of gaining
or producing income. If so, it was certainly a poor investment. Miller himself
acknowledged that he kept the condo in part because of its investment value and
he was hesitant to part with the condo. From his personal point of view, he
thought it would be nice to spend more time in Montreal, especially in the
summertime as it is much like Europe and also that real estate was a building
block for assets and he was hesitant to part with it. All of this particular
evidence rings to me that this was a matter of a personal expenditure, for
personal pleasure, and not one incurred for the purpose of gaining or producing
income and I find it as such.
V. Medical Expenses:
[85] In the Reply, the
following were the key assumptions in relation to medical expenses:
32. …
iii) the medical expenses were
not incurred to earn income from a business or property;
jjj) the medical expenses were
personal or living expenses;
[86] I conclude that medical
expenses incurred by the Appellant were not incurred for the purpose of earning
or producing income from the business. The medical expenses were associated
with a visit to the Mayo Clinic as well as some dental treatment. These
expenses were not for pilot license check-up, but rather were associated with
Miller’s personal choice to have a check-up done at the Mayo Clinic as opposed
to using the medical services available through the Alberta Health Care
Insurance plan which was certainly in existence at the time. There was little
or any explanation given with respect to the medical expenses except that he
thought that he was important for Canada and Management and therefore his
health care was of concern to ensure continued success of Management – even if
his health was of concern to ensure the continued success of Management, his
health could have been looked after through a public health program, just as
well as it could be looked after through such clinic as the Mayo Clinic. Miller
also felt that his family had a long successful history using the Mayo Clinic
which reinforces the finding that this is a personal expenditure and not for
the purpose of earning income from a business.
VI. Subscription:
[87] In the Reply, there
were several key assumptions with respect to subscription expenses:
32. …
lll) the
subscriptions expenses were not incurred to earn income from a business or
property;
mmm) the subscription
expenses were personal or living expenses;
I am of the view that the
subscription expenses incurred by the Appellant were not incurred to earn
income for business. I have already reviewed in detail the lengthy personal and
significant interest which Miller had in aviation and these subscription
expenses were in relation to that life long personal interest.
VII. Travel Expenses:
[88] The Reply refers to
several key assumptions with respect to travel expenses:
32. …
cc) the Appellant
claimed $11,789.89 and 12,799.58 in travel expenses for its 2002 and 2003
taxation years, respective;
dd) the amounts the
Appellant claimed as travel expenses were incurred to enable Mr. Miller to
attend air shows, aircraft conventions, medical services at the Mayo Clinic,
airplane owners’ gatherings, pleasure trips, and training;
Given my findings with respect to
the personal aspect of Miller using the TBM-700, for air shows, aircraft
conventions, medical appointments, airplane owners’ gatherings and pleasure
trips and training, I believe that the only portion of the travel expenses
which could be used for the purpose of gaining or producing income were the
expenses associated with Simcom training. All of these other attendances,
whether they be air shows or aircraft conventions or airplane owners’
gatherings, as I indicated, were as a result of Miller’s lifelong interest in
aviation and flying and the business aspects of the trips, if any, were simply the
add-ons to accommodate his personal interest in aviation and flying. As such, I
am not of the view that these travel expenses were for the purpose of gaining
or producing income.
VIII.North Bay Project:
[89] There are several key
assumptions relied upon by the Respondent:
32. …
qqq) Paul Miller was a
shareholder of 1429424 Ontario Inc. in the taxation years at issue;
rrr) the $38,135.00
was not paid or incurred to earn income from a business or property;
sss) the $38,135.00
related to personal or living expenses of Mr. Miller;
I believe the evidence is clear
that this expense was not a personal or living expense, but rather, was an
investment opportunity for Management in acquiring technology associated with
automated mining underground transportation equipment. This business
opportunity was brought up to him by a friend, Ben Brophy, and Management put
up approximately $38,000 for the purpose of paying legal fees to acquire the
intellectual property for this automated technology. The monies came from the
account of Management and were wired to the credit of Mr. Brophy. Miller had
taken a couple of trips to North Bay to discuss and investigate this business
opportunity and canvass the possible uses of the technology, including possible
sales through Canadian Tire or Laidlaw and Ford Motor Company. Management and
Brophy, and one other shareholder, were the ones that were involved in the
company 1429424 Ontario Inc. Miller did not even realize that he was put down
as a shareholder in 1429424 Ontario Inc. until the business venture became
unsuccessful and the financial statements were prepared. I accept the evidence
of Miller on this particular point, that the investment had been made on behalf
of Management and not on behalf of Miller, and was recorded in error. I find, that
this investment was done for the purpose of gaining or producing income and was
not a personal expense.
IX. Florida Residence and
Hangar:
[90] There were several key
assumptions in the Reply relating to the Florida residence and hangar and those
were:
32. …
www) Mr. Miller’s
Florida condominium and the hangar were not used by the Appellant for any
business purpose;
xxx) Mr. Miller stored
the Aircraft in Florida for his personal use;
yyy) the rent paid by
the Appellant paid for personal or living expense of Mr. Miller; and
zzz) the rent paid by
the Appellant for the Florida condominium and hangar was unreasonable.
Miller asserted that he used the
Florida condominium as he was able to work in the house every day, using the
internet, satellite TV and telephone and with a dedicated office with the plane
also dedicated and parked very close by. I am of the view that this Florida property
and hangar were for personal use and were personal living expenses for the
Appellant and not for the purpose of gaining or producing income. Furthermore,
in the type of business operated by Management there is really no reference at
any time to Miller requiring a particular office facility for any purpose
anywhere. The internet is available virtually anywhere; satellite TV is not
something which is required for the purpose of gaining or producing income in
the business that Management was involved, telephones are also available
virtually anywhere. Miller testified he could go anywhere and in fact could be
off the ground in thirty minutes, There was no evidence whatsoever that there
was any requirement for him to be off the ground in thirty minutes. I reviewed
in detail the use of the TBM-700 for the purpose of going to and from Florida
and the significant time spent in Florida while having the TBM-700 available to
him, whether it be to conduct Management’s business, or Canada’s business, or
at the request of CN or anyone else. Miller basically flew the TBM-700 where he
wanted, when he wanted and the attendances in Florida were very much tied in to
his personal holidays, whether it be on a cruise, or time spent at Spruce
Grove. I was not particularly impressed with the explanation given by Miller
with respect to his use of the Florida condominium and the hangar, and the
necessity that it was used for the purpose of gaining or producing income.
Quite the contrary, the Florida property and hangar were for his own personal
pleasure and enjoyment and to satisfy interest in aviation and flying, and as
such, I find that the expenses related to the Florida property and hangar were
not for the purpose of gaining or producing income.
[91] In summary, in relation
to the Management Income Tax appeal, I find:
1. Management was involved in
the years in question in commercial activity and conducting an ongoing
business.
2. Aircraft expenses:
- for
year ending September 16, 2002 of the 19 trips for the TBM—700 – 11.4 trips
were personal and 7.6 were commercial;
- for
the year ending September 16, 2003 of the 15 trips for the TBM-700 – 7.8 trips
were personal and 7.2 were commercial;
- for
the stub year ending December 31, 2003,, of the 5 trips for the TBM-700 – 2.55
were personal and 2.4 were commercial;
- However,
due to the fact that Management was never going to be a distributor of Socata
but rather some other entity – the figures for 2002 are adjusted to 11.4 trips
personal and 6 trips deductible to Management.
- the
figures for 2003 are adjusted to 7.8 trips personal and 6.1 deductible to
Management;
- the
figures for December 31, 2003 are adjusted to 2.58 personal and 1 deductible to
Management.
3. Capital Cost Allowance: The
capital cost allowance expenses are deductible in the same proportions as the
aircraft expenses for the years in issue, as noted above.
4. Entertainment Expenses of
cruise are allowed as a business expense.
5. Montreal condo expenses are
not allowed as a business expense.
6. Medical expenses are not
allowed as business expenses.
7. Subscriptions are not allowed
as business expenses.
8. Travel expenses are not
allowed as business expenses.
9. North Bay project was a
business investment for Management and business expenses are allowed.
10. Florida residence and hangar
was not a business expense.
B: Management – GST Appeal:
[92] The key assumptions
with respect to the GST appeal were sections 16(pp) and (qq) of the Reply.
16. …
pp) during the
reporting periods at issue the Appellant did not use or resupply the Aircraft
in the course of a commercial activity;
qq) beginning on
September 17, 2001, the Appellant used the Aircraft primarily for purposes
other than commercial activities (the “change in use”):
I have reviewed the facts in detail
in terms of the usage of the TBM-700 in the taxation years of 2002, 2003 and
the stub year ending December 31, 2003. The personal usage of the plane was
quite high in each of the taxation years – certainly more personal than
commercial – this was good reason on the facts to open up the prior tax
assessment. The Appellant should have recognized readily the GST problem which
arises from the amount of personal use that the plane was put to in 2002. The
Minister is entitled to make these reassessments beyond the normal reassessment
period by evidencing the inaccuracies in the Appellant’s returns.
[93] I believe that
Management originally acquired the TBM-700 for use primarily in its commercial
activities. However, for the GST relief the Appellant seeks, I have to consider
the use of the aircraft during the reporting period ending on September 30,
2001. For the years in question, the numbers show that the majority of flights
were, in fact, taken for Miller’s personal usage. As a result, I find that
during the period in question the aircraft was not used primarily in commercial
activities of Management. The Minister’s reassessment with respect to the
deemed change in use under section 200 of the Excise Tax Act stands.
[94] The Minister’s
reassessment with respect to the disallowed input tax credits on hangar
expenses also stands. The Florida hangar was not a business expense. The Appellant
is entitled to claim input tax credits on aircraft maintenance expenses to the
extent I have found that the aircraft flights were commercial.
C: Miller - Income Tax Appeal
[95] With respect to the
expenses in the Management appeal, the results of those finding on expenses
flows directly to the Miller appeal. Where I have found expenses not to be for
the purposes of gaining or producing income, they are held to be shareholder
benefits or indirect payments to Miller in amounts as apportioned above.
D: As both parties were
partially successful in the positions they had taken on the issues under
appeal, there will be no order as to costs.
Signed at Ottawa,
Canada, this 12th day of March, 2010.
“E.P. Rossiter”
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