Citation: 2013TCC130
Date: 20130429
Docket: 2011-3753(IT)I
BETWEEN:
TONY L. WONG,
Appellant,
and
HER MAJESTY THE QUEEN,
Respondent.
REASONS FOR JUDGMENT
V.A. Miller J.
[1]
This appeal relates to
the Appellant’s 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007 and 2008 taxation years. The 2004
and 2005 taxation years were reassessed beyond the normal reassessment period
pursuant to subparagraph 152(4)(a)(i) of the Income Tax Act (the
“Act”).
[2]
The only issue raised
by the Appellant in this appeal is whether his gains and loss from his sale of
securities was on account of income or capital.
[3]
When he filed his
income tax returns for the years at issue, the Appellant did not report any
amount from the sale of his securities.
[4]
On December 29, 2010,
the Minister of National Revenue (the “Minister”) reassessed the Appellant’s
2004, 2005, 2006 and 2007 taxation years to include unreported gains from
securities as net business income in the amount of $13,771, $28,898, $21,296
and $17,436 respectively. On the same date, she reassessed the Appellant’s 2008
taxation year to include a net business loss of $11,710. On January 17, 2011,
the Minister initially assessed the Appellant’s 2003 taxation year to include
unreported net business income of $17,884.
Preliminary Matters
[5]
At the beginning of the
hearing, counsel for the Respondent brought a motion to quash the appeal for
the 2008 year on the basis that the assessment for that year was a “nil
assessment”. He also brought a motion to amend the Reply to the Notice of
Appeal. The Appellant had been given notice of these motions prior to the
hearing of the appeal and he opposed them.
[6]
In support of the
motion to quash the appeal for the 2008 year, the Respondent relied on the
affidavit of May Yu, an Officer of the Canada Revenue Agency (the “CRA”) in the
Vancouver Tax Services Office. The affidavit contained reconstructed copies of
the original assessment and the reassessment for the Appellant’s 2008 year.
Both of these documents disclosed that no tax, interest or penalty was assessed
for the 2008 year. The reassessment for the 2008 year is a nil assessment.
[7]
The jurisprudence is
clear that a taxpayer can neither object to nor appeal from a nil assessment: Bormann
v. Canada, 2006 FCA 83, F.C.J. No. 283, at paragraph 8. As a result, the
appeal for the 2008 year is quashed.
[8]
As stated earlier, the
Minister relied on subsection 152(4) of the Act to reassess the
Appellant’s 2004 and 2005 years. In the Reply, the Respondent failed to plead
that the Minister relied on subsection 152(4) to reassess the 2005 year.
Counsel made a motion to amend the Reply to correct this omission.
[9]
In his “Reply to the
Respondent’s Motion and Amended Reply” the Appellant objected to the motion on
the basis that the “2005 taxation year was already mentioned several times in
the Reply” and there was no need to amend the Reply.
[10]
I agree with the
Appellant that the 2005 year was mentioned several times in the Reply. However,
for the sake of completeness, I allowed the Amended Reply to be filed.
[11]
The witnesses at the
hearing were the Appellant and Luann Huynh, the auditor with the Canada Revenue
Agency (“CRA”) who performed the audit which resulted in the reassessments at
issue.
Facts
[12]
The Appellant is
licensed as a real estate and insurance broker in the Province of Ontario.
[13]
He has bought and sold
securities since 1988. He completed levels I and II of the Canadian Securities
Program and at some time in the past (no date was given) he held a mutual funds
licence.
[14]
The Appellant and his
former spouse, Margaret Wai Ching Tong, jointly held various investment
accounts. It was his evidence that, when they divorced, his former spouse
received the matrimonial home and he received the investment accounts. It is
the sale of securities from these accounts which is at issue in this appeal and
the Appellant agreed that he executed all the securities transactions in these
accounts.
[15]
When he filed his
income tax returns, the Appellant reported the following amounts of income:
|
INCOME
|
2003
|
2004
|
2005
|
2006
|
2007
|
2008
|
|
Employment
|
|
$16,000
|
|
|
|
|
|
Other
|
|
|
|
$1,800
|
|
|
|
Employment
Insurance
|
|
|
$7,874
|
|
|
|
|
Business
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
TOTAL
|
$0
|
$16,000
|
$7,874
|
$1,800
|
$0
|
$0
|
[16]
In July 2008, he made a
request under the Voluntary Disclosures Program (“VDP”) to include unreported
capital gains from the sale of his securities in each of his 2003 to 2007
years. In respect of this request, he submitted a T1 Adjustment Request which
showed his unreported taxable capital gains to be $777, $7,063, $9,916, $7,305
and $8,985 for 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006 and 2007 respectively. The request was
refused on the basis that it did not meet all of the conditions of the VDP
guidelines. One of those conditions was that the Appellant had not filed his
2003 income tax return.
[17]
I found the
Appellant’s testimony to be vague, inconsistent and at times evasive. I did not
find him to be a credible witness.
[18]
One example of an
inconsistency in his evidence related to how he earned money to support his
lifestyle. At first he stated that he made his living from gambling and he
reported this income in the United States. When cross examined about his
gambling activities, he changed his position to state that he made very little
money from gambling. He then testified that he supported his lifestyle from his
lines of credit with the bank and the casinos. In cross examination, he stated
that he also supported himself from his business as a real estate broker. I
note that during the years in issue, he reported no income from his business as
a real estate broker or an insurance broker. However, he was reassessed for the
2006 and 2007 taxation years to include unreported income which he had earned
from the sale of real estate. The amount included for each year was $10,000.
Appellant’s Position
[19]
For the years 1996 to
2000, the Appellant had been reassessed on the basis that he had incurred a
capital loss from the sale of his securities. As of the end of the 2002
taxation year, he had a net capital loss of $61,641 available for carry
forward. It was the Appellant’s position that he bought and sold securities in
the years at issue so that he could claim the capital gains he made in these
years against the capital loss which had been assessed to him in 2001.
[20]
The Appellant testified
that his investment style did not change from 1996 to the present and it is
misleading for the CRA to reach different conclusions with respect to the same
investor and the same investment account.
[21]
The Appellant stated
that he was not a professional investor. He travelled extensively to gamble and
he invested in securities by instinct. He watched the news on CNN and BNN to
assist him with his purchases and sales of securities.
[22]
During the years at
issue, it was his intention to earn his income from the sale of real estate and
insurance. It cost him thousands of dollars each year to keep current in these
fields so that he could keep his licences.
[23]
He did not report a
gain or loss from his sale of securities when he filed his income tax returns
because he knew he had the capital loss from prior years and he thought he had
no taxes payable. He was also waiting for the settlement of the Enron and
WorldCom class actions.
[24]
The Appellant also
disputed the method used by the auditor to calculate the gain.
[25]
In conclusion, it was
his opinion that the auditor with the VDP agreed with him that his gain from
securities was on account of capital.
Analysis
Income vs. Capital
[26]
It is a question of
fact whether one’s gain or loss from selling securities is on account of income
or capital. The gain or loss is on account of income, if it is found that the
transactions are part of the Appellant’s business. “Business” is broadly
defined in the Act to include an adventure in the nature of a trade.
[27]
In Vancouver Art
Metal Works Ltd. v. Canada, [1993] 2 F.C. 179 (FCA), Letourneau J.A. listed
some of the factors to consider when determining whether a taxpayer’s gains
from securities are on account of income or capital. Those factors are:
a)
the frequency of the
transactions;
b)
the duration of the
holdings;
c)
the intention to
acquire the securities for resale at a profit;
d)
the nature and quantity
of the securities; and,
e)
the time spent on the
activity.
[28]
The critical factor in
determining whether a taxpayer’s gains from securities are on account of income
or capital is the intention of the taxpayer at the time he acquired the
securities: Rajchgot v The Queen, 2004 TCC 548, 2004 D.T.C. 3090, at
paragraph 17. The taxpayer’s intention is ascertained from his entire course of
conduct. Rip J., as he then was, stated it as follows in Rajchgot:
[18] …In determining Mr. Rajchgot's intention,
factors such as the frequency of the transactions, the duration of the holdings
(whether, for instance, it is for a quick profit or a long term investment),
the nature and quantity of the securities held or made, the subject matter of
the transaction, whether the securities are heavily financed, the time spent on
the activity, motive and the particular knowledge he possessed all have to be
taken into consideration. It is not the lack or presence of one or more factors
that will determine whether a transaction is on capital or income account; it
is the combined force of all of the factors that is important There is no magic
formula to determine which factors are more or less important. Some factors
compliment each other. Each case is different. A judge must balance all the
factors. …
[29]
According to the
“Trading Summaries” produced as exhibits, the Appellant engaged in more than 90
transactions in 2003, 69 transactions in 2004, 136 transactions in 2005, 154
transactions in 2006 and 168 transactions in 2007. In total the Appellant
engaged in excess of 600 transactions over the 5 year period and I note that
only a portion of the “Trading Summary” was given for the 2003 taxation year.
[30]
A review of the
exhibits shows that the Appellant did buy some of the securities prior to the
years under appeal, but he gave no evidence with respect to these purchases.
The “Trading Summaries” submitted disclosed that the Appellant held most of the
securities for a short time with some being purchased and sold within a few
days and a few being purchased and sold the same day.
[31]
Most of the securities
held by the Appellant were blue chip stocks. However, very few of these stocks
were held for any length of time. During the period he purchased more than
226,000 shares and he sold more than 216,000 shares.
[32]
The Appellant stated
that he spent very little time on his activity with securities. He stated that
he watched television to decide whether he would purchase or sell securities. I
find this testimony to be implausible. The number of securities which he traded
during the period and the duration of the holdings do not support his
statement. It is my view that he watched the market to make his decisions and
he spent a significant time on this activity.
[33]
I have concluded from
the number of transactions and the frequency with which the Appellant purchased
and sold securities that he had the intention to trade in securities.
[34]
I find that the
Appellant’s number of trades, the short duration of the holdings, the number of
shares purchased and sold definitively indicate that he was engaged in trading
in securities during the period. I conclude that the Appellant’s gain from his
trading in securities was on account of income and was properly assessed by the
Minister. This is a classic example of someone engaged in an adventure in the
nature of trade: Mittal v Canada, 2012 TCC 417, [2012] T.C.J. No. 328.
Assessment of Prior Years
[35]
The fact that, in prior
years, the Minister assessed the Appellant’s transactions with securities on
account of capital does not preclude the Minister from taking a different view
of the matter in later years: Schumaker v The Queen, [2002] 3 C.T.C.
2206 (TCC). As stated by Cattanach J in Admiral Investment Ltd. v Minister
of National Revenue, [1967] 2 Ex. CR 308 at paragraph 42:
There
is nothing inconsistent with the Minister altering his decision according to
the facts as he finds them from time to time. An assessment is conclusive as
between the parties only in relation to the assessment for the year which it
was made.
[36]
The reassessments for
the 1996 to 2000 years were not appealed. Those years are not before me and I
have no jurisdiction to consider the correctness of those reassessments or to
grant a remedy based on the position the Minister may have taken when he
reassessed the 1996 to 2000 years.
Calculation of Income
[37]
Counsel for the
Respondent conceded that the Minister made an error of $11,244 in her
calculation of the amount which should be included in income for the 2005 year.
The Appellant’s income for 2005 will therefore be reduced by $11,244.
[38]
The auditor calculated
the gain using zero as the cost of the securities for three transactions in
2003. She explained that she had asked the Appellant for the Transfer Summaries
which showed his purchase of these securities. This he failed to do.
[39]
The auditor used the
weighted mean to calculate the Appellant’s gain from his transactions. The
Appellant disputed this method but he did not submit another method or any evidence
on this position.
Subsection 152(4)
[40]
On a review of the
evidence, I have concluded that the Appellant made a misrepresentation
attributable to wilful default when he filed his 2004 and 2005 income tax
returns. He knew that he was making gains from his transactions with securities
and yet he did not report these gains. The Appellant is well educated. He had
been audited for prior years for failure to report. He was fully aware of his
responsibility to report the gains or losses from his trading activities.
[41]
The Minister was
correct to reassess the Appellant for the 2004 and 2005 years.
[42]
In conclusion, the
appeal for the 2008 year is quashed. The appeal for the 2005 year is allowed
and the Appellant’s income is to be reduced by $11,244. The appeal for the 2003,
2004, 2006 and 2007 years is dismissed.
Signed at Ottawa, Canada, this 29th
day of April 2013.
“V.A. Miller”
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