Date: 20081219
Docket: A-181-08
Citation: 2008 FCA 412
CORAM: SEXTON
J.A.
EVANS
J.A.
RYER
J.A.
BETWEEN:
HER MAJESTY THE QUEEN
Appellant
and
LISE C. COUTURE
Respondent
REASONS FOR JUDGMENT
RYER J.A.
[1]
This is an appeal by Her Majesty the Queen from
a decision of Justice Boyle (the “Tax Court Judge”) of the Tax Court of Canada
(2008 TCC 171) allowing the appeal of Lise C. Couture, under the informal
procedure in the Tax Court of Canada Act, R.S.C. 1985, c. T-2, against
reassessments issued pursuant to the Income Tax Act, R.S.C. 1985,
c. 1 (5th Supp.) (the “ITA”), for her 2003 and 2004 taxation years.
Unless otherwise indicated, a reference to a statutory provision in these
reasons is a reference to the corresponding provision of the ITA for those
years.
[2]
Ms.
Couture claimed a tax credit under subsection 118.2(1) (the “medical expense
tax credit”) that was calculated by reference to certain amounts that she paid
to Professor Cedric Cheung for acupuncture treatments that he provided to her
in London, Ontario, in 2003 and 2004. The reassessments denied her claim for
the medical expense tax credit on the basis that the amounts she paid to
Professor Cheung were not medical expenses, within the meaning of paragraph
118.2(2)(a), because he did not qualify as a medical practitioner, for
the purposes of that provision, in those years.
Legislative Overview
[3]
In
computing the amount of income tax payable under Part I of the ITA, subsection
118.2(1) permits individuals to deduct a medical expense tax credit with
respect to the total of their medical expenses, within the meaning of
subsection 118.2(2) (a “medical expense”), that they can establish that they
have paid within the time period specified in that provision.
[4]
Under
paragraph 118.2(2)(a), an amount paid to a medical practitioner in
respect of medical services provided to a person will qualify as a medical
expense of that person for the taxation year in which the expense was incurred.
While the ITA does not contain a specific definition of the term “medical
practitioner”, subsection 118.4(2) effectively provides one, for the purposes
of several provisions of the ITA, including section 118.2, which contains an enumeration
of the types of costs that qualify as medical expenses.
[5]
The
relevant statutory provisions for the purposes of this appeal are reproduced in
an appendix hereto.
The Decision of the Tax Court of Canada
[6]
The Tax
Court Judge concluded that Professor Cheung was a medical practitioner within
the meaning of that term in subsection 118.4(2). He determined that the
interpretation of that provision required a “two-step analysis”. In the first
step, the Tax Court Judge held that Professor Cheung, as an acupuncturist,
could be considered to be a medical practitioner “within the accepted meaning
of that term outside the Income Tax Act”. He then found, in the second
step, that the laws of Ontario, the jurisdiction in which
Professor Cheung provided his services as an acupuncturist, authorized him to
practise as an acupuncturist.
[7]
In
reaching his conclusion on the “second step”, the Tax Court Judge found that
the Crown had not shown, and he was unable to find, anything in the Regulated
Health Professions Act, 1991, S.O. 1991, c. 18, that prohibited the
practice of traditional Chinese medicine or acupuncture in Ontario in 2003 and 2004. He further
stated that he did not see anything in that legislation that suggested that Professor
Cheung was not authorized to practise traditional Chinese medicine and
acupuncture in 2003 and 2004. Finally, the Tax Court Judge found that the
removal of a prohibition against acupuncture, as a controlled act under
subsection 27(1) of the Regulated Health Profession Act 1991, by
virtue of section 8 of the Controlled Acts, O. Reg. 107/96 (the
“Controlled Acts Regulations”), meant that in the relevant years, anyone was
allowed to perform acupuncture in Ontario. Specifically, at paragraph 31 of his
reasons, the Tax Court Judge stated:
A specific
provincial law which allows a person to do something authorizes a person to do
it. There is no reason not to equate “authorized” with “permitted”.
Issue
[8]
The issue
in this appeal is whether the Tax Court Judge erred in finding that Professor
Cheung qualified as a medical practitioner, within the meaning of subsection
118.4(2), in 2003 and 2004.
Standard of Review
[9]
In my
view, the interpretation of subsection 118.4(2) and, in particular, the meaning
of the term medical practitioner, is a question of law. Accordingly, the
standard of review of the decision of the Tax Court Judge on that question is
correctness (see Housen v. Nikolaisen, [2002] 2 S.C.R. 235, 2002 SCC
33).
Analysis
[10]
At the
outset, I observe that in reaching his decision, the Tax Court Judge applied a
novel approach to the matter that was before him, having regard to other
jurisprudence in the Tax Court of Canada, in particular the decisions in Pagnotta
v. Canada, [2001] 4 C.T.C. 2613, Laurie v. Canada, 2003TCC105, Noddin
v. Canada, 2004TCC687, and Davar v. Canada, 2005TCC715.
Unfortunately for Ms. Couture, I am of the view that the decision of the Tax
Court Judge cannot be sustained.
[11]
While I am
not convinced of the appropriateness of the “two-step analysis” that the
Tax Court Judge applied in interpreting subsection 118.4(2), that is not a
matter that must be decided in order to dispose of this appeal. In my view, the
appeal must be allowed for reasons that relate the analysis of the Tax Court
Judge with respect to the matter of whether Professor Cheung was authorized to
practise acupuncture under Ontario law in 2003 and 2004.
[12]
With
respect, I do not agree with the proposition that the phrase “authorized to
practise” in subsection 118.4(2) is synonymous with permitted to practise or
not prohibited from practising. In my view, the dictionary definitions of the
term “authorize” that are contained in paragraphs 20 and 21 of the respondent’s
factum establish the plain meaning of that term in the present circumstances. The
Shorter Oxford English Dictionary, 3d ed., defines authorize as follows:
1. To
set up or acknowledge as authoritative;
2. To
give legal force to; and
3. To
give formal approval to; to sanction, countenance.
Black’s Law Dictionary, 7th ed., defines authorize
as follows:
1. To
give legal authority; to empower; and
2. To
formally approve; to sanction.
[13]
Each of
these definitions states that “authorize” can be taken to mean “to give formal
approval to” or “to formally approve”. In my view, those meanings are
appropriate with respect to the interpretation of the phrase “authorized to
practise” in subsection 118.4(2). Thus, some formality or formal recognition of
acupuncture as a discipline that is legally countenanced under Ontario law must be shown.
[14]
The Tax
Court Judge found that the removal of a prohibition against performing the act
of acupuncture by virtue of section 8 of the Controlled Acts Regulations
provides a sufficient level of provincial authorization for the practice of
acupuncture. In my view, that conclusion is unwarranted having regard to the
ordinary meaning of that term, as adopted above in relation to the
interpretation of subsection 118.4(2). The mere fact that an action is no
longer prohibited does not lead to the conclusion that such action has been
formally approved.
[15]
The Crown
argues that specific legislative approval and regulation of a particular area of
practice or profession, in this case acupuncture, is required to demonstrate
that such practice had been authorized by the applicable law. In support of that
contention, the Crown refers to a passage from Noddin, in which Bowie J.
states, at paragraph 8:
Clearly the
policy objective is that the credit is to be available only where there is some
legislated assurance of competence of the person administering the service.
[16]
In my
view, the level of legislative approval put forward by the Crown would be
clearly sufficient to demonstrate the requisite legislative authorization. However,
I would not rule out the possibility that something else might be sufficient in
other circumstances. In the present circumstances, the only legislative
reference to acupuncture was its inclusion in the Controlled Acts Regulations
as something that is no longer prohibited as a controlled act. As previously
stated, I am of the view that this level of legislative reference is
insufficient to establish that the practice of acupuncture was formally
approved by Ontario law in 2003 and 2004.
[17]
Having
concluded that the Tax Court Judge erred in finding that Professor Cheung was a
medical practitioner, within the meaning of that term in subsection 118.4(2),
it follows that the amounts paid by Ms. Couture to Professor Cheung in 2003 and
2004 are not medical expenses. Accordingly, those amounts cannot form the basis
of a valid claim for the medical expense tax credit by Ms. Couture in those
years.
Disposition
[18]
For the
foregoing reasons, I would allow the appeal, set aside the judgment of the Tax
Court Judge and reinstate the reassessments of Ms. Couture for her 2003 and
2004 taxation years. Pursuant to section 18.25 of the Tax Court of Canada
Act, Ms. Couture is entitled to reasonable and proper costs in respect of this
appeal.
“C.
Michael Ryer”
“I
agree
J.
Edgar Sexton J.A.”
“I
agree
John
M. Evans J.A.”
APPENDIX
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118.2(1) For the purpose of
computing the tax payable under this Part by an individual for a taxation
year, there may be deducted the amount determined by the formula
A x [(B - C) + D]
where
A
is the appropriate percentage for the taxation year;
B
is the total of the individual’s medical expenses in respect of the
individual, the individual’s spouse, the individual’s common-law partner or a
child of the individual who has not attained the age of 18 years before the
end of the taxation year
(a)
that are evidenced by receipts filed with the Minister,
(b)
that were not included in determining an amount under this subsection,
section 64 or subsection 122.51(2), for a preceding taxation year,
(c)
that are not included in determining an amount under this subsection, section
64 or subsection 122.51(2), by any other taxpayer for any taxation year, and
(d)
that were paid by the individual or the individual’s legal representative
within any period of 12 months that ends in the taxation year or, if those
expenses were in respect of a person (including the individual) who died in
the taxation year, within any period of 24 months that includes the day of
the person’s death;
C
is the lesser of $1,813 and 3% of the individual’s income for the taxation
year; and
D
is the total of all amounts each of which is, in respect of a dependant of
the individual (within the meaning assigned by subsection 118(6), other than
a child of the individual who has not attained the age of 18 years before the
end of the taxation year), the lesser of $10,000 and the amount determined by
the formula
E - F
where
E
is the total of the individual’s medical expenses in respect of the dependant
(a)
that are evidenced by receipts filed with the Minister,
(b)
that were not included in determining an amount under this subsection, or
subsection 122.51(2), in respect of the individual for a preceding taxation
year,
(c)
that are not included in determining an amount under this subsection, or
subsection 122.51(2), by any other taxpayer for any taxation year, and
(d)
that were paid by the individual or the individual’s legal representative
within the period referred to in paragraph (d) of
the description of B; and
F
is the lesser of $1,813 and 3% of the dependant’s income for the taxation
year.
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118.2(1) La
somme obtenue par la formule ci-après est déductible dans le calcul de
l’impôt payable par un particulier en vertu de la présente partie pour une
année d’imposition :
A x [(B - C) + D]
où :
A représente le taux de base pour l’année;
B le total des frais médicaux du particulier, engagés
à son égard ou à l’égard de son époux ou conjoint de fait ou de son enfant
qui n’a pas atteint l’âge de 18 ans avant la fin de l’année et qui, à la
fois :
a) sont
attestés par des reçus présentés au ministre,
b) n’ont pas
été inclus dans le calcul d’un montant selon le présent paragraphe, l’article
64 ou le paragraphe 122.51(2) pour une année d’imposition antérieure,
c) ne sont
pas inclus dans le calcul d’un montant selon le présent paragraphe, l’article
64 ou le paragraphe 122.51(2) par un autre contribuable pour une année
d’imposition quelconque,
d) ont été
payés par le particulier ou par son représentant légal au cours de toute
période de 12 mois se terminant dans l’année ou, s’ils ont été engagés à
l’égard d’une personne, y compris le particulier, qui est décédée dans
l’année, au cours de toute période de 24 mois comprenant le jour du décès;
C 1 813 $ ou, si elle est moins élevée, la somme
représentant 3 %
du revenu du particulier pour l’année;
D le total des sommes dont chacune représente, à
l’égard d’une personne à charge du particulier, au sens du paragraphe 118(6),
à l’exception d’un enfant du particulier qui n’a pas atteint l’âge de 18 ans
avant la fin de l’année, 10 000 $ ou, si elle est moins élevée, la somme
obtenue par la formule suivante :
E - F
où :
E représente le total des frais médicaux du
particulier, engagés à l’égard de la personne à charge et qui, à la
fois :
a) sont
attestés par des reçus présentés au ministre,
b) n’ont pas
été inclus dans le calcul d’un montant selon le présent paragraphe ou le
paragraphe 122.51(2) à l’égard du particulier pour une année d’imposition
antérieure,
c) ne sont
pas inclus dans le calcul d’un montant selon le présent paragraphe ou le
paragraphe 122.51(2) par un autre contribuable pour une année d’imposition
quelconque,
d) ont été
payés par le particulier ou par son représentant légal au cours de la période
visée à l’alinéa d) de l’élément B,
F 1 813 $ ou, si elle est moins élevée, la somme
représentant 3 % du revenu de la personne à charge pour l’année.
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118.2(2)
For the purposes of subsection 118.2(1), a medical expense of an individual
is an amount paid
(a)
to a medical practitioner, dentist or nurse or a public or licensed private
hospital in respect of medical or dental services provided to a person (in
this subsection referred to as the “patient”) who is the individual, the
individual’s spouse or common-law partner or a dependant of the individual
(within the meaning assigned by subsection 118(6)) in the taxation year in
which the expense was incurred;
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118.2(2) Pour l’application du paragraphe (1), les frais
médicaux d’un particulier sont les frais payés :
a) à un médecin, à un dentiste, à une infirmière ou un
infirmier, à un hôpital public ou à un hôpital privé agréé, pour les services
médicaux ou dentaires fournis au particulier, à son époux ou conjoint de fait
ou à une personne à la charge du particulier (au sens du paragraphe 118(6))
au cours de l’année d’imposition où les frais ont été engagés;
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118.4(2)
For the purposes of sections 63, 64, 118.2, 118.3 and 118.6, a reference to
an audiologist, dentist, medical doctor, medical practitioner, nurse,
occupational therapist, optometrist, pharmacist, physiotherapist,
psychologist, or speech-language pathologist is a reference to a person
authorized to practise as such,
(a)
where the reference is used in respect of a service rendered to a taxpayer,
pursuant to the laws of the jurisdiction in which the service is rendered;
(b)
where the reference is used in respect of a certificate issued by the person
in respect of a taxpayer, pursuant to the laws of the jurisdiction in which
the taxpayer resides or of a province; and
(c) where the
reference is used in respect of a prescription issued by the person for
property to be provided to or for the use of a taxpayer, pursuant to the laws
of the jurisdiction in which the taxpayer resides, of a province or of the
jurisdiction in which the property is provided.
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118.4(2) Tout audiologiste, dentiste, ergothérapeute,
infirmier, infirmière, médecin, médecin en titre, optométriste,
orthophoniste, pharmacien, physiothérapeute ou psychologue visé aux articles
63, 64, 118.2, 118.3 et 118.6 doit être autorisé à exercer sa
profession :
a) par la législation applicable là où il rend ses
services, s’il est question de services;
b) s’il doit délivrer une attestation concernant un
particulier, soit par la législation applicable là où le particulier réside,
soit par la législation provinciale applicable;
c) s’il doit délivrer une ordonnance pour des biens à
fournir à un particulier ou destinés à être utilisés par un particulier, soit
par la législation applicable là où le particulier réside, soit par la
législation provinciale applicable, soit enfin par la législation applicable
là où les biens sont fournis.
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