Citation: 2008 TCC 351
Date: 20080616
Docket: 2004-1682(IT)G
BETWEEN:
NEIL FILIPEK,
Appellant,
and
HER MAJESTY THE QUEEN,
Respondent.
REASONS FOR JUDGMENT
Miller J.
[1]
Mr. Filipek is a pilot
for Air Canada. He maintains that for the taxation years
1996, 1997 and 1998 and for the first month of 1999 (the “relevant period”) he
was a non-resident of Canada for income tax purposes. The Respondent
assessed Mr. Filipek as a resident of Canada, not on the basis of any deemed
residence as a result of sojourning in Canada,
but on the basis he ordinarily resided in Canada
throughout the relevant period. Cases on residence are entirely fact-driven and
Mr. Filipek’s circumstances are certainly unique to him. The parties made
it clear at the outset that the only issue before me is the determination of
Mr. Filipek’s Canadian residency status. If I determined he was a non-resident,
then I was not to proceed to calculate the amount, if any, of income taxable in
Canada, as Mr. Filipek would then be one of many pilots
who are collectively in the throes of attempting to settle that issue with the
Government.
[2]
Case law has provided
some considerable guidance as to what the Court is to consider in determining
residence. The Income Tax Act itself stipulates in subsection 250(3)
that a person resident in Canada includes a person who was at the relevant time
ordinarily resident in Canada. There are many judicial pronouncements on
the meaning of ordinarily resident (see for example Thomson v. Minister of
National Revenue,
Her Majesty the Queen v. Reeder,
and Reed v. The Minister of National Revenue).
What do these cases tell us?
(i) Every person has a residence.
(ii)
A person may have more
than one residence and can be simultaneously resident in more than one place
for tax purposes.
(iii)
Residence is determined
by ascertaining the spatial bounds within which an individual spends his life
or where in the settled routine of his life he regularly, normally and
continuously lives.
(iv)
Factors to consider in
determining residency are connections in Canada
regarding property, investments, employment, family, business, cultural, social
- a non-exhaustive list.
[3]
The difficulty with a
pilot such as Mr. Filipek is that there does not appear to be any “settled
routine” in his life – it is decidedly unsettled. Yet from his hectic,
itinerant existence, I find there were two centres of stability where he
regularly returned: the Vancouver area and the Turks and Caicos.
[4]
The question before me
is not whether the Turks and Caicos constitutes residence, but whether Canada does, so I must pay particular attention to his
activities in the Vancouver area.
[5]
What are Mr. Filipek’s
unique circumstances? I will review them in the context of the following
factors:
(i) the circumstances of leaving Canada;
(ii)
lifestyle, including
employment, businesses, hobbies, friends, financial ties, vacations, and the
amount of time spent in different jurisdictions; and
(iii)
family ties.
Circumstances of Leaving Canada
[6]
Mr. Filipek has been
flying for Air Canada since 1974. In the 1980s he applied to
both Canadian Pacific and Singapore Airlines as he wanted to, as he put it, go
non-resident. He considered living in Hawaii. In 1979, he
and his parents (primarily his parents), bought a significant property on the
Big Island of Hawaii. He contributed around $50,000 towards the $2.5 million purchase
price of the property. From 1985 to 1992, he was involved in litigation with
the Northland Bank, in connection with the financing of this property,
resulting ultimately in losing the property. This evidently soured Mr. Filipek
on Hawaii.
[7]
Mr. Filipek and his
wife Janice were married in 1984 at the Hawaii
property. After 1992, they explored several possible warmer locations as
potential residences. Mr. Filipek had applied for U.S.
citizenship in 1991, though was unsuccessful. Janice was upset when she found
out he had done this, since with her parents in Vancouver, she became more
rooted to Vancouver. Indeed, in 1994, Janice bought a
townhouse in Richmond, British Columbia. Mr.
Filipek was not put on title, though was a guarantor of the mortgage and made
monthly payments. He was unhappy with this development.
[8]
At this stage, Mr.
Filipek and his wife’s relationship was deteriorating. She was unhappy
with the Hawaii financial fiasco, especially since her
parents, the Ruhls, had lent a considerable amount of money to help Mr.
Filipek’s family, and Janice Filipek did not see her family recouping
those loans.
[9]
Another Air Canada
pilot suggested that Mr. Filipek look at Turks and Caicos as a possible
residence. He did, and he fell in love with it. Mr. Filipek testified that in
1994, he took Janice to the Turks and Caicos: she did not share his love of the
place. Interestingly, she testified that she did not go to the Turks and Caicos
until 1996 after she and Mr. Filipek had separated. This is one of many
discrepancies in their testimony.
[10]
Mr. Filipek made a
decision. If he was going to move to the Turks and Caicos it was clear his
marriage would not survive. He moved out of the townhouse in Richmond in November 1994. In December 1994, he and Janice
signed a brief separation agreement, drawn up by Janice’s father, Mr. Ruhl. Mr.
Filipek was free to pursue his move.
[11]
Mr. Filipek took the
following steps in late 1994 and early 1995:
(i) He contacted a
Turks and Caicos lawyer and obtained a Turks and Caicos residency permit.
(ii) He searched the island of Providenciales looking for property to rent or
buy. He found a property to rent from his lawyer commencing in June 1995 and
his lawyer also lived on the property.
(iii) He sold his 1964
Land Rover, a vehicle in which he had prospected with his father. It was
evident there was some considerable attachment to the Rover.
(iv) He sold his father’s gun
collection.
(v) He arranged for his
father-in-law to take over the guarantee of the mortgage on the Richmond property.
(vi) Later in 1995, he
had his name removed from the title to his mother’s home in Edmonton, though continued to make mortgage payments as the
money had been borrowed to finance the Northland Bank litigation.
(vii) He advised friends,
family, his employer and the bank of his impending move.
(viii) He removed his name
off the phone listing in Richmond and changed all the utilities to Janice’s
name.
(ix) He shipped his few
possessions to a friend in Florida, and then on to the Turks and Caicos.
(x) He cancelled his
medical insurance and obtained insurance outside Canada,
first in United States, then through the United Kingdom and finally, with an organization connected to
American Express.
(xi) He let his Canadian
car insurance lapse.
(xii) He obtained a post
office box in Richmond, British Columbia, in Point Roberts, Washington, in
Oregon and in the Turks and Caicos.
(xiii) Later in 1995, he
obtained a Turks and Caicos driver’s licence, though he had also obtained an
international driver’s licence before leaving Canada.
(xiv) He disposed of some
investments though retained his RRSP, maintaining he made no contributions
during the relevant period.
(xv) He applied in the
Turks and Caicos for an American Express credit card.
(xvi) He applied for a
Citibank credit card in the United
States, but was unable to
obtain one as he had no permanent address in the United States. He did open a Bank of America chequing account in Point Roberts, Washington.
(xvii) He retained his CIBC
chequing account in Canada for electronic deposits of his Air Canada
salary.
(xviii) He also retained a
personal credit card with Canadian Imperial Bank of Commerce, using the post
office box in Richmond, British Columbia.
[12]
He took appropriate
steps to establish residence in the Turks and Caicos. Whether these steps were
sufficient to sever his residency status in Canada
depends on his behaviour after taking these steps.
Lifestyle
[13]
It was difficult to get
an accurate picture of Mr. Filipek’s lifestyle, particularly when he was in the
Vancouver/Point Roberts area, for a couple of reasons. Firstly, he was vague
regarding how he spent his time in the area. Secondly, he changed his testimony
on the third day of giving evidence to contradict his earlier testimony causing
me to doubt his credibility generally.
[14]
Mr. Filipek produced a
monthly calendar covering the relevant period, indicating his whereabouts on a
daily basis throughout that period. He also produced banking records showing
numerous automatic teller cash withdrawals in the Vancouver area during the same period. His story is that his employment with Air
Canada was centred in Vancouver; that was where he flew out of. But he
claims that in coming in and out of Vancouver for
employment purposes, he never actually stayed in Vancouver but caught a bus, often
through downtown, to Point Roberts in the United States where he would camp in a tent in the bush.
[15]
Point Roberts is a
peculiarity of geography and international relations. It is a peninsula just
south of the Vancouver area that is a part of the State of
Washington, yet to get to the rest of the State of Washington requires coming back into Canada and then
returning south into the main part of the state. A brief review of any map of
the area makes this quite clear.
[16]
Mr. Filipek’s calendar,
presented in examination-in-chief, suggested approximately 60 to 70 days a year
were in the Vancouver/Point Roberts area, presumably camping just across the
border in the United States. I harbour some serious doubts about whether this
is entirely accurate for the following reasons. First, throughout his time in
the Vancouver area, Mr. Filipek’s banking records show a great number of the
ATM withdrawals mentioned earlier, at a variety of Vancouver locations. Why, I ask, does he go from the airport north into downtown
to make withdrawals in Canadian dollars to then go south back past the airport
across the border into Point Roberts. For two days on the stand, he was adamant
that he made considerable withdrawals at various ATMs in Vancouver during the relevant period, even though in
cross-examination it was pointed out that some of these withdrawals took place
at times that his calendar suggested he was out of the country. His response was
that his calendar for the three-year period, which he had tendered into
evidence, was wrong, and indeed the next day he provided me with an amended
calendar. Again he was adamant his estranged wife was not withdrawing funds. On
the third day, he asked to make a statement and he informed me that it was
possible that his wife had kept a bank card and might have been withdrawing
funds from his account. Not surprisingly, later that day, his wife testified to
exactly that – yes, she withdrew about $1,000 a month in small withdrawals on
Mr. Filipek’s card during their separation, but she presumed that he would not
notice, and she felt some entitlement to that money.
[17]
On presenting his
revised calendar, Mr. Filipek added “BC” to an additional 40 to 50 days in 1996
and 1997, though less in 1998, bringing his time in the Vancouver area to well
over 100 days a year. Even considering that Mrs. Filipek made a number of
withdrawals, the suggested routine of going into downtown and then out to camp
in Point Roberts is unusual. The claim was given some credence, however, by
correspondence from a business associate remarking on Mr. Filipek’s camping
arrangement. It is the time spent camping that worries me. There were a few
invoices of purchases in Point Roberts, but some were unusual. For example, a
purchase of 48 rolls of toilet paper for someone who only camped a few days,
purportedly, at a time, and then stored his tent and camping equipment under
a cedar and a rock outcropping. I just find this suspect. It is more likely
such purchases may have been for his in-laws just across the border on the
Canadian side.
[18]
What did Mr. Filipek do
with his time while in Point Roberts? Clearly, he was in Vancouver a good part of the time, even discounting the many
cash withdrawals of his estranged wife, there were still numerous withdrawals
that would put him in Vancouver. What he was doing is just not clear. He
claims that in Point Roberts he would go to the library and occasionally to the
marina for a shower. I do not feel I have heard the complete story of his
life in the Vancouver/Point Roberts area.
[19]
When he was not in the
Vancouver area, he was flying internationally for Air Canada,
vacationing outside Canada, spending time in the Northwest United States gambling, or living in the Turks and Caicos. Based on
the revised calendar which he provided, he averaged approximately 190 days a
year flying, travelling or vacationing, 55 days in the Turks and Caicos and 100
plus days in the Vancouver/Point Roberts area. Time spent in a place is only
one factor and must be viewed in context of the social, business, cultural and
other ties connecting the individual to the place where the time is spent.
Regrettably, I have been left with a very fuzzy picture of the 100 days in the
Vancouver/Point Roberts area. Camping in a tent in the bush just over the
border, within walking distance of the in-laws (on the Canadian side),
does not constitute any settled way of life that could possibly lead to a
conclusion he was resident in the United States. That
question is not before me however.
[20]
Mr. Filipek’s time in
the Turks and Caicos amounted to an average of just under two months a year. My
impression of his time there was one of a social, holiday‑like
environment. He clearly enjoyed the benefits of the warmer climate. Whether he
had sufficient ties to the Turks and Caicos to constitute that place as his
residence is not for me to determine. As mentioned earlier, an individual may
have two residences. My impression of the Turks and Caicos was that for Mr.
Filipek it was a place of rest and relaxation and social engagements with an
element of some business activity which I find has been exaggerated. I turn to
that next.
[21]
Mr. Filipek described
several business ventures which he attempted to get going while in Turks and
Caicos. None of these yielded any income to Mr. Filipek.
(i) Supermarket in
the Turks and Caicos - Mr. Filipek indicated he spent three hours a week
for three years attempting to put business associates in contact with one
another to purchase an IGA supermarket. One of the associates was the lawyer, Mr.
C. Papachristou, who was Mr. Filipek’s landlord and, indeed, lived on the
same property that Mr. Filipek rented. Mr. Filipek provided two letters,
one in November 1996 from a Mr. Nelson, a potential buyer, and one in March
1997 from Mr. Papachristou’s colleague, that no further information regarding
the supermarket is available. A fax from Mr. Krieg, another potential
associate, in March 1997 also sought information on the supermarket. This
suggests to me that this project went nowhere. I find Mr. Filipek’s estimate of
three hours per week for a three-year period is simply not credible.
(ii) A Conch Farm
– Mr. Filipek provided a brochure for a conch farm in the Turks and Caicos,
along with two letters between Mr. Krieg and the Select University
Technologies Inc. in California that dealt with ceramic technology.
Frankly it was not made clear to me how these two matters come together, though
none of them made any mention of any involvement of Mr. Filipek. His role
appears to have been to act as something of a broker putting investors and a
business together. He maintained he spent five hours a week for three
years on this project. Again, there is little to corroborate this time and
effort. This does nothing to establish a customary or settled way of life
outside Canada. Mr. Filipek’s hours per week were
estimated over the entire year, so presumably a good many of these hours were
spent outside the Turks and Caicos - in Canada.
(iii)
The third business Mr.
Filipek described was a combination bed and breakfast and a dive shop. He
claims to have sought sites in Turks and Caicos and to have introduced U.S. contacts to the possibility, but ultimately decided
the market was saturated with diving operations. Mr. Filipek tendered a
two-page proposal along with some information of an existing dive shop. He
suggested he spent five to ten hours per week for three years on this project.
Again there is meagre support for such a considerable amount of time.
(iv) Mr. Filipek’s
father was involved in the mining industry, an interest Mr. Filipek also
developed. His friend, Mr. Bremner, developed a machine, a Hy-G that Mr.
Filipek described as a sophisticated pan. Mr. Filipek said that he and Mr. Bremner
would test concentrates in Point Roberts. He estimated he spent five
to ten hours a week in pursuing this mining interest. This business does not
appear to connect Mr. Filipek to any one jurisdiction over another.
(v) Finally, Mr. Filipek
suggested he had some involvement with two other possible projects – a
hydropower project in China and establishing a new airline in South Africa. He estimated he spent less than five hours a week
throughout 1996 to 1998 on these projects.
[22]
Mr. Filipek estimated
he was working on these projects for 30 hours a week, presumably while in the Vancouver area and while travelling. The materials provided by
him to prove that he was working 30 hours a week on these ventures fall far
short in convincing me he had anything other than some peripheral contact with
individuals who may have been more involved, and certainly was not spending
that amount of time. The three businesses (supermarket, conch farm and a bed
and breakfast) that had any tie with the Turks and Caicos go perhaps to establishing
that Turks and Caicos may well have been a residence, but do not go to satisfy
me he was not resident of Canada. Given the significant number of days he spent
in the Vancouver/Point Roberts area, he must have done considerable work on
these matters there. All to say, I put no weight on his business activities as
a factor in determining his Canadian residence. What his explanations do,
however, is further muddy an already murky picture of his lifestyle, and cast
greater doubt on his credibility.
[23]
With respect to his
finances, Mr. Filipek’s principal account remained with the CIBC. His pay went
into that account and it appears he relied heavily on that account for cash
withdrawals. Due to financial problems and his family’s investment in Hawaii, his family needed to borrow money and Mr. Filipek made
payments on the mortgage registered on his parents’ home. They also borrowed
funds from his in-laws and Mr. Filipek promised to make good on such borrowed
funds to the Ruhls. As well, Mr. Filipek also relied on a Scotia Gold Card.
These represent an ongoing financial tie to Canada.
[24]
With respect to
hobbies, Mr. Filipek enjoyed camping and gambling. He indicated he spent
his time in Washington and Oregon
gambling, but it was again unclear from his revised calendar how much time was
spent at these locations pursuing that hobby.
Family Ties
[25]
The Filipeks had no
children. The family ties to be considered are therefore Mr. Filipek’s
estranged wife, Janice, her parents the Ruhls, and his family. I have been
satisfied from both Mr. Filipek’s and Janice Filipek’s testimony, corroborated
to some extent by evidence of Mr. Rogerson, a lawyer and friend from the
Turks and Caicos, and also by a fellow pilot, Mr. Kaluta, that Mr. and
Mrs. Filipek were separated during the relevant period, though the separation
was not permanent as they are now back together. There remains some doubt in my
mind as to the terms of the separation. I raise this because of Mr. Filipek’s
testimony surrounding his many ATM withdrawals in the Vancouver area.
[26]
There are three
conclusions I could reach from the story of Mrs. Filipek’s withdrawals from Mr.
Filipek’s account during the relevant period:
(i) He really did not know,
and she was simply stealing the money and she confessed this to him two days
into the trial.
(ii) He knew, but let
her get away with it as he too may have felt she had some entitlement.
(iii) He and Mrs.
Filipek actively arranged for such access for her.
So, while normally a separated spouse remaining in
Canada would not constitute such a significant family tie in Canada for purposes of determining residence, under these
circumstances, I do not completely discount that tie.
[27]
I turn to the remaining
family ties. Mrs. Filipek’s parents, the Ruhls, were certainly a part of Mr.
Filipek’s life. They had lent the Filipek family money, which Mr. Filipek
assured them, after his split with Janice, would be repaid. Mr. Filipek
did not disclose until cross-examined that the Ruhls lived walking distance
from the Canada-U.S. border near Point
Roberts, Washington. He claims to have spent most of his time in the Vancouver area in Point Roberts. Regrettably, Mr. Ruhl’s health
didn’t permit him to testify, and Mrs. Ruhl died the week before trial. Mr.
Filipek testified that he visited them every couple of months but did not stay
with them. He had his Air Canada uniform shipped to them.
[28]
My impression was that
Mr. Filipek was indeed quite close to his in-laws. I do not believe Mr.
Filipek that all his time in the Vancouver/Point Roberts area was spent camping
in Point Roberts on the United
States side. I find it is
more likely he spent considerable time with his in-laws, walking distance from
the border.
[29]
With respect to his own
family, Mr. Filipek confirmed he spent little or no time with his brother. This
was verified by his brother. He did however make payment on his mother’s home
in Edmonton, though my impression was that he did not
spend much time visiting.
[30]
With respect to family
ties, I conclude that this is not a neutral factor, but shows some degree of
ongoing connection to Canada.
Summary
[31]
The overall picture I
am left with is of a pilot whose work routine was centred out of Vancouver. Wherever else he might go – Turks and Caicos, or
gambling in the Northwest United States, he always returned to the Vancouver area for work purposes. He maintains that his routine
in the Vancouver area was to camp in Point Roberts, yet his
bank records, his calendar and his association with his in-laws and common
sense suggests this is not entirely accurate. Mr. Filipek’s counsel drew
parallels between Mr. Filipek’s situation and that of Mr. Laurin, an Air Canada
pilot who was found by Chief Justice Bowman in Laurin v. Her Majesty the
Queen
not to be resident in Canada. There are certainly some similarities,
but there is a significant difference. Chief Justice Bowman stated, in noting
inconsistencies in Mr. Laurin’s testimony:
34 I do not regard these alleged discrepancies in the
appellant’s evidence as justifying rejection of his entire testimony. His
testimony was supported by the credible testimony of the other witnesses. It is
the responsibility of a trial judge to make findings of fact on the basis of
all of the evidence and not fasten on a few contradictions as a justification
for rejecting an appellant’s case outright. In this case it would require
rejecting all of the evidence which destroyed the central assumptions on which
the assessments were based.
[32]
That is not the case
before me. Truth is a powerful concept: when you tell it, the future most often
unfolds as you would like – when you don’t, life can get messy. I do not
believe all that Mr. Filipek told me. He outright admitted to misleading the
Court on day one of his testimony, under the guise of not remembering. His
calendar was fraught with errors he also acknowledged. His tale of regularly
camping in Point Roberts is beyond belief – and was told in
examination-in-chief without informing the Court that his in-laws lived within walking
distance across the border. His emphasis on Turks and Caicos business ventures
and particularly time spent on those ventures, I find is grossly exaggerated.
What this all does to Mr. Filipek is cast serious doubt on the truth of any of
his testimony. Frankly, in attempting to paint a positive picture of having
gone non-resident, he entangled himself in a web of exaggerations,
falsehoods and deception. This is regrettable. Had he simply told the truth,
the truth may, I will not say definitely it would have, but it may have
supported a finding of non-residence. But now Mr. Filipek has made it
difficult, indeed impossible for me to discern the truth.
[33]
The onus is on Mr.
Filipek to demolish the Crown’s assumptions. I find that the approach Mr.
Filipek has taken in this case has dealt a death blow to successfully
demolishing the assumptions. I find on balance that his time in the Vancouver
area was primarily in Vancouver, and less in Point Roberts. I find his
routine of life, as an Air Canada pilot working out of Vancouver, was indeed centred in Vancouver. His banking, his time spent in the area,
his ongoing relationship with his in-laws, his financial commitments to them
and his own family, combined with his evasive, contradictory evidence of what
he was really doing while in Vancouver for well over 100 days each year cause
me to conclude that any settled way of life was primarily in Vancouver. I
recognize he does not have his own home or physical residence in Canada, and
while that is troubling, it is not fatal to a finding that he can still be
ordinarily resident in Canada. If such a physical space is
required, I have no difficulty concluding that he had ready access to his
in-laws’ home, and did, in fact, rely on that access.
[34]
This has been an
unusual case in that three days of testimony by Mr. Filipek had the opposite
effect of clarifying his residency – it confused the issue to the point that he
has been unable to demolish the Crown’s assumptions that he had an established
pattern of life in Canada, that he spent regular and frequent periods of time
in Canada, and that at no time did he cease to be a resident of Canada.
Mr. Filipek has truly been hoisted by his own petard. The appeal is
dismissed, with costs.
Signed at Ottawa, Canada, this 16th day of June 2008.
“Campbell J. Miller”
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