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Person in need of protection 97 (1) A person in need of protection is a person in Canada whose removal to their country or countries of nationality or, if they do not have a country of nationality, their country of former habitual residence, would subject them personally (a) to a danger, believed on substantial grounds to exist, of torture within the meaning of Article 1 of the Convention Against Torture; or (b) to a risk to their life or to a risk of cruel and unusual treatment or punishment if (i) the person is unable or, because of that risk, unwilling to avail themself of the protection of that country, (ii) the risk would be faced by the person in every part of that country and is not faced generally by other individuals in or from that country, (iii) the risk is not inherent or incidental to lawful sanctions, unless imposed in disregard of accepted international standards, and (iv) the risk is not caused by the inability of that country to provide adequate health or medical care. ... Application for protection 112 (3) Refugee protection may not be conferred on an applicant who (a) is determined to be inadmissible on grounds of security, violating human or international rights or organized criminality; (b) is determined to be inadmissible on grounds of serious criminality with respect to a conviction in Canada of an offence under an Act of Parliament punishable by a maximum term of imprisonment of at least 10 years or with respect to a conviction outside Canada for an offence that, if committed in Canada, would constitute an offence under an Act of Parliament punishable by a maximum term of imprisonment of at least 10 years; (c) made a claim to refugee protection that was rejected on the basis of section F of Article 1 of the Refugee Convention; or (d) is named in a certificate referred to in subsection 77(1).   Demande de protection 112 (3) L’asile ne peut être conféré au demandeur dans les cas suivants: a) il est interdit de territoire pour raison de sécurité ou pour atteinte aux droits humains ou internationaux ou criminalité organisée; b) il est interdit de territoire pour grande criminalité pour déclaration de culpabilité au Canada pour une infraction à une loi fédérale punissable d’un emprisonnement maximal d’au moins dix ans ou pour toute déclaration de culpabilité à l’extérieur du Canada pour une infraction qui, commise au Canada, constituerait une infraction à une loi fédérale punissable d’un emprisonnement maximal d’au moins dix ans; c) il a été débouté de sa demande d’asile au titre de la section F de l’article premier de la Convention sur les réfugiés; d) il est nommé au certificat visé au paragraphe 77(1).   ...

Any gain or profit realized therefrom was taxable in the jurisdiction where the property was located and Articles VI and XII 1(1) of the Tax Convention applied. ... This letter purported to inform the recipient that the defendant was not a Swiss corporation, that it was unknown to the Swiss authorities and that it was nota Swiss resident under the double taxing provisions of the Canada-Switzerland Tax Convention. ... On that basis, therefore, the defendant fell within the definition of residence" in Article IV.1 of the Tax Convention and could avail itself of the limitations set out in Article VI 1.1 of the Convention. ...

The officer’s decision also violates sections 7 and 12 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, Part I of the Constitution Act, 1982, being Schedule B to the Canada Act 1982 (UK), 1982, c 11 [Charter] and Article 3 of the 1984 United Nations Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment. [3]   No intervention is warranted in this case. [4]   PRRA applications involve questions of mixed fact and law, so the standard of review applicable to them is reasonableness (Flores Carillo v Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration), 2008 FCA 94 at para 36; Huang v Canada (Citizenship and Immigration), 2018 FC 940 at para 10). ...

SIMON NOËL     BETWEEN:     MALIKA BELANI     Applicant   And       THE MINISTER OF CITIZENSHIP AND IMMIGRATION     Respondent       REASONS FOR ORDER AND ORDER     [1] This is an application for judicial review of a decision rendered by the Refugee Protection Division (the “tribunal”) of the Immigration and Refugee Board (the “IRB”) on December 29, 2003, in which the IRB ruled that the applicant was not a Convention refugee. ... The applicant’s situation, if true, was not covered by the Convention against Torture.     ...

The Claim also alleges that the Alberta justice system actively, knowingly, and willfully participated in harming the plaintiff. [10] The Claim alleges that the plaintiff’s Charter rights have been infringed, and also relies on international conventions, including the United Nations Convention Against Torture and other Cruel, Inhumane or Degrading Treatment or Punishment. [7] The law applicable to a strike motion was summarized and the following underlying principles were identified by the Associate Judge: To strike a claim on the basis it discloses no reasonable cause of action, it must be plain and obvious that the claim, assuming the pleadings to be true, has no reasonable prospect of success, or that the action is certain to fail due to a radical defect (R v Imperial Tobacco Canada Ltd, 2011 SCC 42 at paras 17, 19); In a pleading, a plaintiff is required to plead all material facts forming the basis of the claim and relief sought. ...

On June 14, 2016, under subsection 111(1) of the IRPA, the RAD dismissed the applicant’s appeal, confirming the decision of the Refugee Protection Division [RPD] of August 21, 2015, according to which he is neither a Convention refugee nor a person in need of protection under sections 96 and 97 of the IRPA. ... Relevant provisions [27]            In the present case, the applicable provisions are as follows. [28]            With respect to Convention refugee status and the status of a person in need of protection, sections 96 and 97 of the IRPA: Convention refugee Définition de « réfugié » 96. A Convention refugee is a person who, by reason of a well-founded fear of persecution for reasons of race, religion, nationality, membership in a particular social group or political opinion, 96. ...

Fleury was not a Convention refugee or a person in need of protection within the meaning of section 96 and section 97 of the IRPA, respectively. ... Convention refugee Définition de réfugié 96  A Convention refugee is a person who, by reason of a well-founded fear of persecution for reasons of race, religion, nationality, membership in a particular social group or political opinion, 96  A qualité de réfugié au sens de la Convention — le réfugié — la personne qui, craignant avec raison d’être persécutée du fait de sa race, de sa religion, de sa nationalité, de son appartenance à un groupe social ou de ses opinions politiques :   (a)  is outside each of their countries of nationality and is unable or, by reason of that fear, unwilling to avail themself of the protection of each of those countries; or   a)  soit se trouve hors de tout pays dont elle a la nationalité et ne peut ou, du fait de cette crainte, ne veut se réclamer de la protection de chacun de ces pays;   (b)  not having a country of nationality, is outside the country of their former habitual residence and is unable or, by reason of that fear, unwilling to return to that country.   ... Decision Décision 107  (1) The Refugee Protection Division shall accept a claim for refugee protection if it determines that the claimant is a Convention refugee or person in need of protection, and shall otherwise reject the claim. 107   (1)  La Section de la protection des réfugiés accepte ou rejette la demande d’asile selon que le demandeur a ou non la qualité de réfugié ou de personne à protéger.   ...

Relevant Dispositions [17]   The following provisions of the IRPA are relevant in this application: Convention refugee Définition de réfugié 96 A Convention refugee is a person who, by reason of a well-founded fear of persecution for reasons of race, religion, nationality, membership in a particular social group or political opinion, 96 A qualité de réfugié au sens de la Convention — le réfugié — la personne qui, craignant avec raison d’être persécutée du fait de sa race, de sa religion, de sa nationalité, de son appartenance à un groupe social ou de ses opinions politiques : (a) is outside each of their countries of nationality and is unable or, by reason of that fear, unwilling to avail themself of the protection of each of those countries; or a) soit se trouve hors de tout pays dont elle a la nationalité et ne peut ou, du fait de cette crainte, ne veut se réclamer de la protection de chacun de ces pays; (b) not having a country of nationality, is outside the country of their former habitual residence and is unable or, by reason of that fear, unwilling to return to that country. b) soit, si elle n’a pas de nationalité et se trouve hors du pays dans lequel elle avait sa résidence habituelle, ne peut ni, du fait de cette crainte, ne veut y retourner. Person in need of protection Personne à protéger 97 (1) A person in need of protection is a person in Canada whose removal to their country or countries of nationality or, if they do not have a country of nationality, their country of former habitual residence, would subject them personally 97 (1) A qualité de personne à protéger la personne qui se trouve au Canada et serait personnellement, par son renvoi vers tout pays dont elle a la nationalité ou, si elle n’a pas de nationalité, dans lequel elle avait sa résidence habituelle, exposée : (a) to a danger, believed on substantial grounds to exist, of torture within the meaning of Article 1 of the Convention Against Torture; or a) soit au risque, s’il y a des motifs sérieux de le croire, d’être soumise à la torture au sens de l’article premier de la Convention contre la torture; (b) to a risk to their life or to a risk of cruel and unusual treatment or punishment if b) soit à une menace à sa vie ou au risque de traitements ou peines cruels et inusités dans le cas suivant : (i) the person is unable or, because of that risk, unwilling to avail themself of the protection of that country, (i) elle ne peut ou, de ce fait, ne veut se réclamer de la protection de ce pays, (ii) the risk would be faced by the person in every part of that country and is not faced generally by other individuals in or from that country, (ii) elle y est exposée en tout lieu de ce pays alors que d’autres personnes originaires de ce pays ou qui s’y trouvent ne le sont généralement pas, (iii) the risk is not inherent or incidental to lawful sanctions, unless imposed in disregard of accepted international standards, and (iii) la menace ou le risque ne résulte pas de sanctions légitimes — sauf celles infligées au mépris des normes internationales — et inhérents à celles-ci ou occasionnés par elles, (iv) the risk is not caused by the inability of that country to provide adequate health or medical care. ... Principle of Non-refoulement Principe du non-refoulement Protection Principe 115 (1) A protected person or a person who is recognized as a Convention refugee by another country to which the person may be returned shall not be removed from Canada to a country where they would be at risk of persecution for reasons of race, religion, nationality, membership in a particular social group or political opinion or at risk of torture or cruel and unusual treatment or punishment. 115 (1) Ne peut être renvoyée dans un pays où elle risque la persécution du fait de sa race, de sa religion, de sa nationalité, de son appartenance à un groupe social ou de ses opinions politiques, la torture ou des traitements ou peines cruels et inusités, la personne protégée ou la personne dont il est statué que la qualité de réfugié lui a été reconnue par un autre pays vers lequel elle peut être renvoyée. ...

It is necessary to set out Article XIIIA 2 of the Convention:* [1] ARTICLE XIII A 1.... 2. ... This brings me to the final point which is whether the Article of the Convention prevents the application of subsection 110(5) to this case. ... The appeal is therefore allowed with costs and the assessment referred back to the Minister accordingly. 1 *The Canada-United States of America Tax Convention Act, SC 1943, pro vides that in the event of inconsistency between the Convention “and the operation of any other law” the Convention shall prevail (section 3). 2 *The words used in subsection 20(1) and defined in paragraph 20(5)(e). 3 Pioneer Envelopes Limited v MNR (1962), 28 Tax ABC 225; 62 DTC 16; Powell Rouyn Gold Mines Limited v MNR (1959), 22 Tax ABC 281; 59 DTC 401. ...

Procedural History [5]   The Refugee Protection Division [RPD] heard the Applicants’ claims and concluded they were not Convention Refugees in a decision published August 29, 2016. ... They argue that returning the Applicants would be contrary to the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms and the Convention Against Torture. ...