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Balderramos to be credible, it concluded the Applicants were not convention refugees and dismissed their claim for asylum. With respect to its s. 96 analysis, the RPD concluded that fear based upon criminality does not constitute a fear of persecution based on a Convention ground.   ... Richard Bell"   blank Judge   SCHEDULE   Immigration and Refugee Protection Act, S.C. 2001, c. 27 Loi sur l’immigration et la protection des réfugiés, L.C. 2001, ch. 27 Convention Refugee Définition de réfugié 96 A Convention refugee is a person who, by reason of a well-founded fear of persecution for reasons of race, religion, nationality, membership in a particular social group or political opinion, 96 A qualité de réfugié au sens de la Convention — le réfugié — la personne qui, craignant avec raison d’être persécutée du fait de sa race, de sa religion, de sa nationalité, de son appartenance à un groupe social ou de ses opinions politiques :   (a) is outside each of their countries of nationality and is unable or, by reason of that fear, unwilling to avail themself of the protection of each of those countries; or   a) soit se trouve hors de tout pays dont elle a la nationalité et ne peut ou, du fait de cette crainte, ne veut se réclamer de la protection de chacun de ces pays;   (b) not having a country of nationality, is outside the country of their former habitual residence and is unable or, by reason of that fear, unwilling to return to that country   b) soit, si elle n’a pas de nationalité et se trouve hors du pays dans lequel elle avait sa résidence habituelle, ne peut ni, du fait de cette crainte, ne veut y retourner Person in need of protection Personne à protéger 97 (1) A person in need of protection is a person in Canada whose removal to their country or countries of nationality or, if they do not have a country of nationality, their country of former habitual residence, would subject them personally 97 (1) A qualité de personne à protéger la personne qui se trouve au Canada et serait personnellement, par son renvoi vers tout pays dont elle a la nationalité ou, si elle n’a pas de nationalité, dans lequel elle avait sa résidence habituelle, exposée :   (a) to a danger, believed on substantial grounds to exist, of torture within the meaning of Article 1 of the Convention Against Torture; or   a)  soit au risque, s’il y a des motifs sérieux de le croire, d’être soumise à la torture au sens de l’article premier de la Convention contre la torture;   (b) to a risk to their life or to a risk of cruel and unusual treatment or punishment if   b)  soit à une menace à sa vie ou au risque de traitements ou peines cruels et inusités dans le cas suivant :   (i)  the person is unable or, because of that risk, unwilling to avail themself of the protection of that country,   (i)  elle ne peut ou, de ce fait, ne veut se réclamer de la protection de ce pays   (ii) the risk would be faced by the person in every part of that country and is not faced generally by other individuals in or from that country,   (ii)  elle y est exposée en tout lieu de ce pays alors que d’autres personnes originaires de ce pays ou qui s’y trouvent ne le sont généralement pas,   (iii) the risk is not inherent or incidental to lawful sanctions, unless imposed in disregard of accepted international standards, and   (iii)  la menace ou le risque ne résulte pas de sanctions légitimes — sauf celles infligées au mépris des normes internationales — et inhérents à celles-ci ou occasionnés par elles,   (iv) the risk is not caused by the inability of that country to provide adequate health or medical care.   ...

Income Tax Convention (the “Convention”). Under Article IV of the Convention, he is therefore “an individual” who “has a substantial presence, permanent home or habitual abode in the United States ...

As such, he maintains the appropriate withholding rate under the Canada-Germany Tax Convention (the "Treaty") is 15% and not the 25% determined by the Minister. ... (q)         a payment out of or under a registered retirement income fund that would, if the non-resident person had been resident in Canada throughout the taxation year in which the payment was made, be required by section 146.3 to be included in computing the non-resident person's income for the year, other than the portion thereof that (i)          has been transferred by the payer on behalf of the non-resident person pursuant to an authorization in prescribed form (A)        to a registered retirement savings plan under which the non-resident person is the annuitant (within the meaning assigned by subsection 146(1)), (B)        to acquire an annuity described in subparagraph 60(l)(ii) under which the non-resident person is the annuitant, or (C)        to a carrier (within the meaning assigned by subsection 146.3(1)) as consideration for a registered retirement income fund under which the non-resident person is the annuitant (within the meaning assigned by subsection 146.3(1)), and (ii)         would, if the non-resident person had been resident in Canada throughout the year, be deductible in computing the non-resident person's income for the year by reason of paragraph 60(l); [6]      Before considering the Treaty provisions, it is necessary to look to the Income Tax Conventions Interpretation Act for the definition of "pension" and "periodic pension payment": " pension " means, in respect of payments that arise in Canada, (a)         if the convention does not include a definition of "pension", a payment under any plan, arrangement or contract that is (i)          a registered pension plan, (ii)         a registered retirement savings plan, (iii)        a registered retirement income fund, (...) ... The Income Tax Conventions Interpretation Act specifically captures payments from a RRIF in the definition of "pension". ...

  [22]            Canada is a member of the World Customs Organization and has subscribed to the International Convention on the Harmonized Commodity Description and Coding System (the International Convention) which was made part of the domestic law of Canada by the Customs Tariff, S.C. 1997, c. 36, whose preamble reads as follows:   An Act respecting the imposition of duties of customs and other charges, to give effect to the International Convention on the Harmonized Commodity Description and Coding System, to provide relief against the imposition of certain duties of customs or other charges, to provide for other related matters and to amend or repeal certain Acts in consequence thereof. ...     [23]            The International Convention does not deal with the duties to be applied to imported goods. ...   [51]            Finally, counsel relies upon Article 3 of the International Convention. ...

With respect to section 3 of the Convention Against Torture, Justice Martineau stated the following in Sidhu v. Minister of Citizenship and Immigration, 2004 FC 39 [TRANSLATION]: [26] Paragraph 97(1)(a) of the Act specifically refers to the concept of torture within the meaning of the first section of the Convention and therefore incorporates the principles set out in section 3 of it. ...

Nature de l’affaire [1]   En l'espèce, le demandeur soutient que la Section d'appel des réfugiés [SAR] a commis une erreur susceptible de contrôle lorsqu’elle a conclu que le demandeur est visé par l’article 1E de la Convention des Nations Unies relative au statut des réfugiés, 28 juillet 1951, 189 RTNU 137 [Convention] puisqu’il ne possède pas véritablement le statut de résident permanent et n’a pas accès aux droits et obligations qui découlent de la résidence permanente. ... » [2]   Le demandeur sollicite le contrôle judiciaire de la décision de la SAR concluant qu’il est visé par l’article 1E de la Convention et qu’il est exclu de la protection par opération de l’article 98 de la Loi sur l'immigration et la protection des réfugiés, LC 2001, c 27 [LIPR]. [3]   Comme je l’expliquerai, l’analyse de la SAR était raisonnable et conforme à la jurisprudence de notre Cour concernant le statut accordé aux immigrants haïtiens qui se trouvaient au Brésil. ... Discussion [18]   En ce qui concerne la présente affaire, la SAR a confirmé la décision de la SPR portant que le demandeur était visé par l’article 1E de la Convention vu sa qualité de résident permanent au Brésil. ...

The Minister’s application for cessation of her status as a Convention refugee was allowed and her claim deemed rejected (subsections 108(2) and (3) of the IRPA). ... However, in neither case is the RPD required either by the provisions of the IRPA or by the jurisprudence to make a finding that the individual has been a Convention refugee as of a specific date or that the individual’s refugee status has ceased as of specific date. ... If the answer is positive, is the tribunal required to make clear findings of fact as to why and when the Applicant ceased to be a Convention Refugee? ...

The preamble recognizes the legal obligations of Canada and the United States under the principle of non- refoulement, set out in the 1951 Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees, 189 U.N.T.S. 150 (Convention) and the 1967 Protocol Relating to the Status of Refugees, 606 U.N.T.S. 267. ... I-2, which preceded the IRPA, refugee claims were decided by two members of the Convention Refugee Determination Division of the IRB. ... They were not, on the basis of the RPD adjudication, being returned to a country where they would face persecution on Convention grounds. ...

In particular, she asserted her right to the protection of the provisions of the Canada-United States Tax Convention Act, 1984 (S.C, 1984, c. 20, Schedule I) (the "Treaty"). ... For the purposes of this Convention, the term "Resident of a Contracting State" means any person that, under the laws of that State, is liable to tax therein by reason of that person's domicile, residence, citizenship, place of management, place of incorporation or any other criterion of a similar nature... 1. Au sens de la présente Convention, l'expression « résident d'un État contractant » désigne toute personne qui, en vertu de la législation de cet État, est assujettie à l'impôt dans cet État, en raison de son domicile, de sa résidence, de son siège de direction, de son lieu de constitution ou de tout autre critère de nature analogue... 2. ...

I have been discriminated against based on my marital/family status which is a violation of Section 15 of the Canada Charter of Rights and Freedoms, the Canadian Human Rights Act, The Universal Declaration of Human Rights, The International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, The United Nations Charter, and The Convention on the Elimination of all Forms of Discrimination Against Women. It is also illegal to add my wife's income to mine because it violates the Married Womens Property Acts, Article 2. [5] If section 122.5 is contrary to the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms then the Court may, to the extent necessary, strike it down for that reason. [1] The various international conventions which are referred to in the Notice of Appeal may inform the construction of the statute, but they cannot render it invalid. [2] The Appellant, in argument, did not suggest that the Minister had misconstrued the Act. ... (Labour Conventions) [1937] A.C. 326. [3]               R.S. c.H-6. [4]               [1993] 4 S.C.R. 695. [5]               Schachtschneider v. ...