REASONS
FOR JUDGMENT
Decision delivered from the bench on
October 6, 2017, in Montréal, Quebec.
Tardif J.
[1]
This is an appeal of a determination in which
the respondent found that the work performed by the appellant on behalf of and
for the benefit of the intervener from January 1, 2014 to November 1,
2014, had not been done as part of a contract of service, but instead as a
self-employed worker.
[2]
After reading the response to the notice of
appeal, the respondent limited her analysis to a single aspect, namely the
work, which consisted of transporting employees to the intervener’s workplace.
[3]
However, the notice of appeal identified and
affected all the work performed by the appellant on behalf of and for the
benefit of the intervener during the period in dispute, which extends from
January 1, 2014 to November 1 of the same year.
[4]
The intervener, 9250-1469 Québec Inc., operates
in the staff placement business for various companies that require temporary
employees. In particular, this was for companies that manufactured pillows,
produced floral arrangements, and lastly, slaughtered chickens.
[5]
In the response to the notice of appeal, we can
see the following:
[translation]
8. To arrive at her decision, the
respondent assumed the following facts:
The payor
(a)
the payor was a corporation that offered staff
placement services;
(b)
the sole shareholder in the payor was Rochdi
Elahamar;
(c)
the payor was licensed on August 22, 2011;
The appellant
(d)
the appellant and the payor had reached a verbal
agreement in Laval, Québec;
(e)
the appellant was hired as an employee in 2013;
(f)
when the appellant was the payor’s employee, he
packaged flowers;
(g)
by the end of November 2013, the payor had
granted a mandate to the appellant, but as a self-employed worker;
(h)
the appellant’s work consisted of transporting
employees who did not have a car to the workplaces of the payor’s clients;
(i)
the appellant transported employees to their
work sites during both mornings and evenings;
(j)
the appellant used his personal vehicle;
(k)
the appellant paid the operating costs of his
vehicle;
(l)
the appellant was completely free to accept or
refuse work;
(m)
the appellant was not accountable to the payor;
(n)
the appellant was free to leave at any time;
(o)
the appellant gave time to the payor based on
his own availability;
(p)
the appellant was free to use his own methods
for work and performing it;
(q)
the appellant did not receive any benefits;
(r)
the appellant did not receive vacation time;
(s)
the appellant supplied his own work tools;
(t)
the appellant and the payor had agreed upon a
fixed daily rate for the appellant’s earnings during the verbal agreement;
(u)
the appellant was paid $50 per day;
(v)
the appellant was paid by cheque;
(w)
the appellant received a cheque from the payor
in May 2014 in the amount of $550;
(x)
after January 2014, the appellant was no longer
working for the payor;
(y)
the appellant had left the country to go to
Tunisia from February 20, 2014 to April 10, 2014, and later from
August 5, 2014 to October 2, 2014;
(z)
no deductions had been taken from the amount
paid to the appellant; and
(aa)
the payor had sent the appellant a T4A for the
work performed in 2014.
[6]
Thus, the assumptions of fact to support the
determination being appealed essentially cover the work performed as a
transporter of employees to the intervener’s workplaces. The work in question
was paid by cheque; however, the evidence refers to one single cheque in the
amount of $550.
[7]
The agreement for transporting people
established pay at $50 per day. As a result, it appeared that the appellant
made 11 trips, suggesting that the appellant would have been paid in cash
for other trips. On the one hand, I recall that the period at issue was 10 months
long, and on the other hand, there is only reference to one single cheque.
[8]
When asked by the Court to admit to, deny, or ignore
the facts that were alleged in support of the determination, the appellant
admitted to the majority of the assumptions of fact; at first glance in this
case, the appellant’s admissions validated the basis of the determination that
he was challenging.
[9]
However, the appellant was quick to explain that
that was a marginal and very secondary aspect of the work performed on behalf
of and for the benefit of the intervener during the period in dispute. He also
explained and justified in a very clear manner why that work was secondary and
very occasional. He insisted on the fact that his notice of appeal did not
identify that work, but rather the work that he had performed in 2013, which
had continued in 2014 according to the same parameters and under the same
conditions.
[10]
He therefore insisted on the fact that the
analysis had to focus on the actual work performed on behalf of and for the
benefit of the intervener regarding the slaughter of chickens, floral arrangements,
and the manufacture of pillowcases.
[11]
In fact, the appellant testified as to the
nature of the work behind his notice of appeal. This was work related to the
flower business, the manufacture of pillows, and the slaughter of chickens. The
explanations provided by the appellant were also consistent and coherent with
his statements during the investigations that led to the determination.
[12]
According to the intervener, the respondent
shared the same position, i.e. that the appellant worked as a self-employed
worker by using his own car to transport the intervener’s workers during the
period at issue.
[13]
In such a context, can the Court proceed with an
analysis of the merits of the determination? I respond in the affirmative
because on the one hand, the notice of appeal identifies the whole period from
January to November 1, 2014, and on the other hand, does not affect the
transportation of people.
[14]
The respondent clearly and obviously erred by
deciding without either reason or valid grounds to consider a minuscule portion
of the work performed by the appellant. It appears that, with a wave of the
hand, the respondent had first dismissed all the appellant’s explanations and
statements, and second, had taken the intervener’s version for granted, in an
atmosphere of great tension between the appellant and the intervener. It was
clear and obvious to me that when writing her response to the notice of appeal,
the respondent only took the intervener’s view for granted and completely
obscured the appellant’s version without reason.
[15]
At the hearing, both the intervener and the
respondent maintained that the appellant did not work as an employee, but
essentially as a self-employed worker who transported the intervener’s
employees, in accordance with a verbal agreement to which the appellant
admitted spontaneously and directly.
[16]
Essentially, the appellant admitted to that aspect
of the record, but was quick to state and demonstrate that the purpose of his
appeal had nothing to do with that marginal, unimportant and occasional job as
a transporter, for which the short duration was established by a single cheque.
[17]
In addition, the appellant stated that he had
done essentially the same job in 2013, which had been determined to be
insurable, to which the intervener had also admitted.
[18]
Did this job end in December 2013 or did it
continue in 2014?
[19]
The evidence highlights two theories and two completely
contradictory versions.
[20]
First, the appellant explained that he had
worked during the period at issue from January to November 1, 2014 for the
intervener at three different companies: one that manufactured pillowcases,
where he had the same responsibilities as other employees; another involved
floral arrangements; and lastly, one where chickens were slaughtered. He also
admitted and acknowledged reaching a verbal agreement to occasionally transport
co-workers at his expense using his personal vehicle at a rate of $50 per day.
[21]
He explained that the respondent’s claims, which
were shared by the intervener, were unfounded for the very simple reason that
he had no interest in that; he in fact explained that the respondent’s version
was unreasonable, even far-fetched. He explained that that version was such
that the transportation of the workers was done starting at a metro station,
where he picked up passengers to drive them to the slaughterhouse in northern
Montréal.
[22]
The appellant explained that the intervener and
respondent’s version was totally absurd, since it would have in fact caused him
to lose money, something that he allegedly never accepted. He also stated that
that version discredited itself.
[23]
The appellant maintained that he had agreed to
make two round trips for a set rate of $50; for him, this was going to the
place where he himself performed the same work as his passengers. The agreed
$50 was then added to the pay for the work that he performed as an employee.
[24]
The respondent’s theory discredits itself; in
fact, both possible interpretations are completely unreasonable.
[25]
The result of the first interpretation would be
that the appellant would have had to make four trips for $50 and not two: one
round trip to drive the workers in the morning and a round trip in the evening
to pick up his passengers.
[26]
The result of the second interpretation would be
that he would have to go to his passengers’ places of work and would have to
wait the whole day to bring them back in the evening.
[27]
Both interpretations would have had to deal with
a completely unacceptable reality: never knowing the precise time of the return
trips, since the workers finished work at times that varied greatly.
[28]
In the facts, the $50 per day proved to be
interesting in that he used his own vehicle and transported co-workers; at the
end of the day, he brought them to the starting point, thus completing a round
trip for $50, while the respondent’s version was such that he would have had to
ensure that he made two round trips, meaning four trips and not two.
[29]
As for the rarity of the trips, the appellant
explained that his involvement was only necessary when there were too many
workers in relation to the usual routine, in which the intervener generally
took care of transporting workers and by which the appellant thus explained the
small number of trips made.
[30]
The appellant explained the type of work that he
performed for the intervener; he also stated that he was always paid by the intervener,
most of the time in cash. In support of his claims, the appellant argued that
he had received pay that he had reported to the Canada Revenue Agency. He also
filed documents stating that he had received amounts that correspond to his
claims.
[31]
He stated that the intervener’s business was
managed in a nebulous manner in that there were various entities that exchanged
operations and activities. Generally speaking, cash was the way that salaries
were paid.
[32]
For her part, the respondent maintained and
repeated that the appellant’s claims had to be set aside on the grounds that
there was no proof of payment for the work performed. However, the respondent
accepted and acknowledged the reality of cash payment for work by self-employed
workers. That evidence was deficient and incomplete, to the point that it must
be set aside.
[33]
In fact, the only proof of payment for
transporting people is a cheque in the amount of $550 representing 11 round
trips over a 10-month period (January 2014 to November 2014).
[34]
For matters of insurability, the burden of proof
falls to the person who is challenging the determination of insurability.
[35]
In this case, in support of the appeal, the
appellant testified at great length and produced a certain number of documents
that were often imprecise and incomplete, but were consistent and reasonable, decisively
validating his theory.
[36]
For their part, the respondent and intervener
submitted as their only evidence the testimony of the intervener’s representative
and various documents that were just as imprecise and incomplete as those of
the appellant, but was not determining for the respondent’s theory, which
relied essentially on non-credible evidence.
[37]
Thus, we are dealing with completely contradictory
evidence. Although the appellant was not represented by counsel, the evidence
showed that he had very good command of his file. In addition, he appeared to
be very skillful and effective during the cross-examination of the intervener.
[38]
The appellant stated with conviction and resolve
that his job as a transporter had been completely secondary, marginal, and
performed on an occasional basis. For that job, he acknowledged being paid by a
cheque for $550, which represented a total of 11 trips.
[39]
However, the period identified by the
determination is from January 1, 2014 to November 1, 2014. Clearly,
during a similarly long period, there may have been several types of work and a
multitude of legal relationships, which must be analyzed and assessed, given
the period at issue referenced by the notice of appeal.
[40]
However, the job that was identified by the intervener
and the respondent only affects one very isolated aspect that was done at the
same time as his real job. In fact, according to the evidence submitted by the
appellant in accordance with his notice of appeal, nearly all the work
performed during the period at issue had nothing at all to do with transporting
people, which essentially proved to be a very small surplus, adding to his
typical and current workload.
[41]
However, the respondent and the intervener
maintained that the appellant’s work during the period at issue had essentially
been that of transporter-driver, even though only one cheque had been paid in
compensation.
[42]
The respondent argues that most of them had been
done using cheques, but submitted only one cheque as evidence; the intervener
maintains that very often, payment was in cash. However, when the appellant claims
to have been paid in cash, the respondent doubts his explanation. The
respondent therefore supports her theory with a fact that she had used to
discredit the appellant’s theory.
[43]
From these two contradictory versions, the issue
on record essentially becomes one of credibility. Before assessing the case in
that light, it seems important to me to make a specification as to the Court’s
ability to rule on the nature of the work that had been hidden from the
analysis in a biased manner, which had stood out from the response to the
notice of appeal, even though the appellant had clearly expressed, explained,
and described the nature of the work that he had performed on behalf of and for
the benefit of the intervener during the investigation that had preceded the
formal determination. The respondent relied only on the intervener’s version
and from the start assumed for no reason that the appellant was lying or
fabricating, in a context of great tension between the parties to the disputed
contract of service.
[44]
The appellant testified at great length and in a
very precise, even very nuanced manner; I did not note any contradictions. The
explanations were reasonable and consistent. In addition, the cross-examination
of the intervener by the appellant himself clearly highlighted contradictions,
half-truths, inconsistencies, and several aberrations.
[45]
The behaviour and attitude of the intervener’s
representative was shaped by a profound resentment of the appellant. His
responses were incomplete and confused; for several questions, he simply
refused to answer. The appellant’s skill, perspicacity, and tenacity with the intervener
allowed for several aberrations and contradictions to be highlighted.
[46]
For example, he first stated that he knew
nothing regarding a corporation with whom the appellant had had relationships
and communications; however, the cross-examination led by the appellant
revealed that said corporation shared the same business address as the intervener
and the person responsible was a friend and was related to the intervener.
[47]
When questioned about the method for paying the
amounts owing to the appellant, the intervener’s representative had first
indicated that he paid by cheque. Faced with the appellant’s insistence, he
ended up admitting that he also paid in cash, adding that this was completely
legal; when trapped by a written item, the intervener’s representative
maintained that it was a stolen document that had a forged signature on it, but
did not give any further explanations.
[48]
For his part, the appellant testified in a
simple, clear, consistent, and reasonable manner. In addition, some documents
validated his theory, although the figures do not completely match his reported
total earnings.
[49]
According to the respondent’s and intervener’s
theory or version, the appellant would have had to report employment income
that was much greater than what was assigned by the respondent. To justify her
interpretation, the respondent put forward that the income could have come from
another source.
[50]
The appellant explained that he had in fact
transported workers who were in fact co-workers. He picked up passengers and
went to the work sites. Everyone, including the appellant, completed their work
day; at the end of the day, the appellant finished his shift at the same time
as his co-worker passengers and went back to the starting point in the morning,
in return for $50, an amount that was added to his pay as an employee. The
trips in question were essentially occasional.
[51]
This explanation is simple, clear, and
consistent, while being reasonable, characteristics that are totally absent
from the respondent’s evidence.
[52]
Both the testimonial evidence and the
documentary evidence validate the appellant’s theory. As for the respondent’s
evidence, which consisted mainly of the testimony from the intervener’s
representative, it is not credible and was flimsy, relying mainly on theories
and speculations, and was shaped by profound resentment for the appellant.
[53]
The appellant discharged the burden of proof
that fell to him, in that a very decisive amount of the evidence validated the
position expressed in his notice of appeal.
[54]
The respondent clearly and obviously conducted
her analysis in a biased manner in that she essentially espoused the intervener’s
theory, which relied on contradictions, inconsistencies, and explanations that
were not credible.
[55]
For all these reasons, I am satisfied that the principal
work performed by the appellant on behalf of and for the benefit of the intervener
for the period at issue (January 1, 2014 to November 1, 2014) was a
genuine contract of service. As for the very secondary and even marginal job that
consisted of transporting workers on behalf of the intervener, that work was
performed as a self-employed worker. For that work, the appellant admitted to
receiving $550, which represented 11 round trips over a period of nearly 10
months.
Signed at Ottawa,
Canada, this 19th day of December 2017.
“Alain Tardif”
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