Date: 19990210
Docket: T-354-98
BETWEEN:
THE MINISTER OF CITIZENSHIP
AND IMMIGRATION,
Applicant,
- and -
SUK CHING LINDA CHING,
Respondent.
REASONS FOR ORDER AND ORDER
CAMPBELL, J.
[1] My decision in this appeal by way of trial de novo is rendered according to my findings respecting the test for residency in s.5(1)(c) of the Citizenship Act as expressed in MCI v. Wing Tung Thomas Yeung (F.C.T.D. No. T-1256-98, rendered 3 February 1999).1
[2] In the present case, the Crown's appeal has been brought on the fact that, during the 4 years preceding her application for citizenship made on January 25, 1997, Ms. Ching was only physically present in the country a total of 167 days. While the Crown properly agrees that, on the evidence, Ms. Ching did establish a home in Canada during the 8 months of residence immediately following her landing, the Crown argues that long and regular absences thereafter militate against a finding that she maintained that residence.
[3] The uncontested facts proved on the appeal are: prior to coming to Canada, Ms. Ching was a Missionary resident in Hong Kong but working in China; as the last member of the Ching family to immigrate to Canada, upon landing, Ms. Ching established her residence in the home of her brother; to maintain her calling as a Missionary, Ms. Ching accepted an assignment to Mongolia, the agreement to do so providing that she could only return to Canada once per year for each of the 4 years following her landing; Ms. Ching returned to Canada for periods of 3 to 8 weeks each for the 4 years in question; and, during her returns, Ms. Ching resided at her established residence and fulfilled her obligations to report on her activities in Mongolia and to gather support for her work there.
[4] There is no suggestion that, while performing her Missionary work in Mongolia, Ms. Ching attempted to establish any residence there. Indeed, the evidence is that, as a requirement of her job from the moment Ms. Ching began her Missionary work in Mongolia, she was in the process of finding a successor. This fact proves that the Missionary work in Mongolia was, from the beginning, of limited duration. Therefore, I find that the only place Ms. Ching maintained a residence following her landing in Canada is in Canada.
[5] On the evidence, I find that the quality of Ms. Ching's attachment to Canada is high. Given Ms. Ching's calling as a Missionary, and given her proven need to maintain it, I find that the absences from the country are understandable and warranted. Therefore, I find that Ms. Ching has met the residence requirements of s.5(1)(c) of the Citizenship Act.
[6] Accordingly, this application is dismissed.
(Sgd.) "Douglas Campbell"
Judge
Vancouver, British Columbia
10 February 1999
FEDERAL COURT TRIAL DIVISION
NAMES OF COUNSEL AND SOLICITORS OF RECORD
COURT NO.: T-354-98
STYLE OF CAUSE: THE MINISTER OF CITIZENSHIP AND IMMIGRATION
- and -
SUK CHING LINDA CHING
PLACE OF HEARING: Vancouver, BC
DATE OF HEARING: February 9, 1999
REASONS FOR ORDER AND ORDER OF CAMPBELL, J.
dated February 10, 1999
APPEARANCES:
Ms. Brenda Carbonell for the Applicant
| Mr. Andrew Wlodyka for the Respondent |
Ms. Julie Fisher Amicus Curiae
SOLICITORS OF RECORD:
Mr. Morris Rosenberg for the Applicant
Deputy Attorney General
of Canada
| Mr. Andrew Wlodyka for the Respondent |
Vancouver, B.C.
Ms. Julie Fisher Amicus Curiae
Watson, Goepel, Maledy
Vancouver, BC
__________________
1. [2] I am in agreement with Rouleau, J.'s decision in MCI v. Hin Keung Hung (F.C.T.D. No. T-1345-98, rendered 21 December 1998), that under the new rules, citizenship appeals are no longer trials de novo, and, therefore, are governed by s.18.1(4) of the Federal Court Act. In this respect, for a decision of a citizenship judge to be set aside, it is necessary to find reviewable error. Apart from clear errors of law, which are rare, citizenship appeals under the new rules focus on s.18.1(1)(d), about which Rouleau, J. in Hung at 4 says as follows:
Section 18.1(1)(d) essentially codifies the way the courts have viewed findings of fact made by administrative tribunals. In Kibale v. Transport Canada (1988), 90 N.R. 1 (F.C.A.) at 4, leave to S.C.C. refused (1989), 101 N.R. 238 (S.C.C.), Pratte J.A. stated that "even if the court is convinced that a decision is based on an erroneous finding of fact, it cannot intervene unless it is also of the opinion that the lower court, in making its finding, acted in a perverse or capricious manner, or without regard for the evidence." Not only must the finding of fact be perverse or capricious or without regard to the evidence before the adjudicator, this court must make such a finding if it is to interfere pursuant to s.18.1(4)(d).
[3] The present case turns on whether the citizenship judge correctly interpreted the terms of s.5(1)(c) of the Citizenship Act (the "Act") which reads as follows:
5. (1) The Minister shall grant citizenship to any person who (a) makes application for citizenship; ( b) is eighteen years of age or over; (c) has been lawfully admitted to Canada for permanent residence, has not ceased since such admission to be a permanent resident pursuant to section 24 of the Immigration Act, and has, within the four years immediately preceding the date of his application, accumulated at least three years of residence in Canada calculated in the following manner: (i) for every day during which the person was resident in Canada before his lawful admission to Canada for permanent residence the person shall be deemed to have accumulated one-half of a day of residence, and (ii) for every day during which the person was resident in Canada after his lawful admission to Canada for permanent residence the person shall be deemed to have accumulated one day of residence; ( d) has an adequate knowledge of one of the official languages of Canada; (e) has an adequate knowledge of Canada and of the responsibilities and privileges of citizenship; and (f) is not under a deportation order and is not the subject of a declaration by the Governor in Council made pursuant to section 20. [Emphasis added].
[4] There is divided opinion on this Court as to the interpretation to be placed on the residency requirement set out in s.5(1)(c). I find that Thurlow, J.'s reasons in Re Papadogiorgakis, [1978] 2 F.C. 208 at 214, are compelling, and, therefore, accept the test to be applied as follows:
A person with an established home of his own in which he lives does not cease to be resident there when he leaves it for a temporary purpose whether on business or vacation or even to pursue a course of study. The fact of his family remaining there while he is away may lend support for the conclusion that he has not ceased to reside there. The conclusion may be reached, as well, even though the absence may be more or less lengthy. It is also enhanced if he returns there frequently when the opportunity to do so arises. It is, as Rand J. appears to me to be saying in the passage I have read, "chiefly a matter of the degree to which a person in mind and fact settles into or maintains or centralizes his ordinary mode of living with its accessories in social relations, interests and conveniences at or in the place in question.".
[5] On the basis of Re Papadogiorgakis, it is clear that to meet the residency requirement in s.5(c) of the Act a person must have an "established home" in Canada and not cease to be a resident there. However, also according to Thurlow, J.'s reasoning, the 1095 days of residence in Canada prior to the date of a citizenship application required by s.5(c) of the Act is not a rigid standard.
[6] With respect to determining whether a person has established a home in Canada or, if so, ceases to be resident there, I completely agree with the approach of Dubé, J. in Re Banerjee (1994), 25 Imm. L.R. (2d) 235 (F.C.T.D.) stated at 238 as follows:
However, each case must turn on its own facts. It is the quality of the attachment to Canada that is to be ascertained. No specific item or number of items will, in all cases, be determinative of the issues .... The length of the absences of itself is not determinative. However, taken together with the circumstances which surround the absences, the length of the absences may be a factor in determining a person's quality of attachment to Canada .... [citations omitted] [Emphasis added].
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