This
appeal
raises
the
question
as
to
whether
section
10
of
the
Income
Tax
Act
which
deals
with
the
valuation
of
an
inventory
property
applies
to
a
property
held
as
an
adventure
in
the
nature
of
trade.
In
the
affirmative,
it
calls
for
a
decision
as
to
when
such
property
is
eligible
for
inventory
write-down.
To
put
it
another
way,
we
are
asked
in
this
respect
to
decide
whether
accrued
but
unrealized
losses
due
to
a
decrease
in
the
value
of
the
property
still
owned
by
the
appellant
at
that
time
could
be
deducted
from
his
income.
The
decision
under
appeal
The
Trial
Division
of
this
Court
upheld
the
Minister’s
decision
to
disallow
the
appellant's
claims
for
the
1983
and
1984
business
losses
on
two
grounds.
Broadly
stated,
the
learned
judge
of
the
Trial
Division
held
that
when
a
business
has
only
one
item
in
inventory,
business
profit
or
loss
cannot
be
ascertained
until
the
disposition
of
that
item
since,
before
disposition,
there
would
be
no
business
income
against
which
to
set
off
the
costs.
As
a
result,
subsection
10(1)
of
the
Income
Tax
Act
which
allows
for
the
writing
down
of
a
property
described
as
inventory
would
not
apply
and
therefore,
in
a
year
when
the
property
is
not
sold,
costs
would
not
be
included
in
the
computation
of
income
for
tax
purposes
for
that
year.
He
also
found
that
subsection
10(1)
does
not
apply
to
a
business
which
is
an
adventure
in
the
nature
of
trade
as
this
would
lead
to
an
absurdity.
As
a
result,
subsection
10(1)
would
be
applicable
only
when
the
business
income
derives
from
the
carrying
on
of
a
business
as
opposed
to
a
mere
adventure
in
the
nature
of
trade.
These
are
the
two
questions
that
I
will
address
but
in
reverse
order.
Whether
subsection
10(1)
of
the
Income
Tax
Act
applies
to
an
adventure
in
the
nature
of
trade
Counsel
for
the
respondent
contends
that
subsection
10(1)
was
introduced
in
the
legislation
to
statutorily
recognize
the
common
law
rule
that
only
"ordinary
trading
businesses”
could
use
the
lower
of
cost
or
market
rule
and
that
it
was
not
intended
to
extend
the
use
of
that
rule
to
cases
where
there
is
only
a
single
transaction.
It
may
be
as
counsel
suggested
that
this
is
what
was
intended
but,
with
respect,
this
is
certainly
not
what
was
done.
Subsection
248(1)
of
the
Act
defined
"business"
in
the
following
terms:
“business”
includes
a
profession,
calling,
trade,
manufacture
or
undertaking
of
any
kind
whatever
and,
except
for
the
purpose
of
paragraph
18(2)(c),
an
adventure
or
concern
in
the
nature
of
trade
but
does
not
include
an
office
or
employment.
[Emphasis
added.]
It
is
clear
from
this
extended
definition
that
an
adventure
in
the
nature
of
trade
is
a
business.
This
is
not
disputed
by
the
respondent.
What
the
respondent
wants,
however,
is
to
read
into
that
definition
the
words
"except
for
the
purpose
of
section
10”
and
thereby
to
add
another
exception
to
the
definition
which
would
in
effect
deny
those
engaged
in
an
adventure
in
the
nature
of
trade
the
possibility
of
valuing
an
inventory
property
under
section
10.
We
cannot
do
that
especially
as
there
is
evidence
from
the
very
definition
itself
as
it
then
read
and
as
amended
in
1988
that
Parliament
has
excluded
an
adventure
in
the
nature
of
trade
when
it
saw
fit
to
do
so.
Except
in
the
context
of
a
charter
challenge,
judicial
discretion
does
not
enable
a
judge
to
read
into
a
provision
what
he
or
a
party
to
a
proceeding
would
like
to
see
in
it.
It
is
true
that
the
inventory
rule
makes
more
sense
in
the
context
of
an
ordinary
trading
business
where
goods
are
regularly
bought
and
sold,
making
it
difficult
to
keep
track
of
the
actual
cost
and
sale
price
of
each
piece
of
property.
The
rule
becomes
then
the
only
sound
basis
for
computing
the
profits
from
the
sales
made
in
the
year.
Like
Martland,
J.
in
M.N.R.
v.
Irwin,
[1964]
S.C.R.
662,
[1964]
C.T.C.
362,
64
D.T.C.
5227,
at
page
665
(C.T.C.
364-65,
D.T.C.
5229),
I
doubt
that
there
is
a
need
for
the
rule
to
apply
in
a
case
like
the
present
one
when
there
is
only
one
item
and
its
actual
costs
and
eventual
sale
price
can
easily
be
established.
But
I
cannot
conclude
that
its
application
to
an
adventure
in
the
nature
of
trade
necessarily
leads
to
an
absurdity.
The
fact
that
there
are
fewer
transactions
when
it
is
a
mere
adventure
in
the
nature
of
trade
than
there
would
be
if
it
were
an
ordinary
trading
business
does
not
render
section
10
nugatory
with
respect
to
adventures
in
the
nature
of
trade.
On
the
legislation
as
it
reads,
a
property,
including
a
raw
land,
which
is
not
held
as
a
capital
asset
but
which
is
held
for
resale
and
as
an
adventure
in
the
nature
of
trade,
can
be
inventory
under
subsection
10(1)
and
is
eventually
eligible
for
inventory
write-down
(see
Bailey
and
Van
Dongen,
supra,
note
1).
The
question
is
not
whether
it
is
eligible
but
rather
when
it
is
so
eligible.
Whether
the
appellant
could
apply
subsection
10(1)
to
the
taxation
years
1983
and
1984
As
was
found
by
our
Court
in
Cyprus
Anvil
Mining
Corp.
v.
Canada,
[1990]
1
C.T.C.
153,
90
D.T.C.
6063,
at
page
158
(D.T.C.
6067)
(F.C.A.),
section
10
of
the
Income
Tax
Act
is
a
provision
of
general
application
which
confers
to
the
taxpayer
the
possibility
of
making
a
choice
of
his
method
of
inventory
valuation
without
reference
to
any
time
period
and
subsection
10(1)
is
not
a
specific
provision
overriding
the
general
one,
to
wit,
section
9,
which
establishes
the
basic
rules
for
determining
business
income.
It
therefore
means
that
section
10
becomes
relevant
only
when
it
comes
to
the
computation
of
the
business
income
and,
under
section
9
of
the
Act,
such
computation
does
have
a
time
reference
and
must
relate
to
the
taxpayer's
taxation
year.
It
is
clear
that
the
valuation
of
inventory
property
authorized
by
subsection
10(1)
of
the
Act
is
"for
the
purpose
of
computing
income
from
a
business".
Under
subsection
9(1)
of
the
Act
a
taxpayer's
income
for
a
taxation
year
from
a
business
is
his
profit
therefrom
for
the
year.
Furthermore,
the
definition
of
"inventory"
in
subsection
248(1)
of
the
Act
is
also
linked
to
a
taxpayer's
income
from
a
business
for
a
taxation
year:
"Inventory"
means
a
description
of
property
the
cost
or
value
of
which
is
relevant
in
computing
a
taxpayer's
income
from
a
business
for
a
taxation
year.
In
Canada
v.
Dresden
Farm
Equipment
Ltd.,
[1989]
1
C.T.C.
99,89
D.T.C.
5019,
a
case
dealing
with
consigned
goods
in
which
the
taxpayer
had
no
property,
Urie,
J.A.
concurred
in
by
the
two
other
members
of
our
Court,
described
in
the
following
terms
the
relationship
between
subsections
9(1),
10(1)
and
248(1)
at
pages
105-06
(D.T.C.
5023):
First
and
foremost,
it
is
clear
from
the
definition
that
for
property
to
be
"inventory"
in
a
taxation
year,
its
cost
or
value
must
be
relevant
in
the
computation
of
income
from
a
business
in
that
year.
By
virtue
of
subsection
9(1),
income
for
a
taxation
year
from
a
business
is
the
profit
therefrom
for
the
year.
The
significance
of
the
inclusion
of
"inventory"
in
the
calculation
of
income
from
a
business
in
a
taxation
year
is
well
illustrated
in
the
following
passage
from
the
unanimous
judgment
of
the
Supreme
Court
of
Canada
delivered
by
Martland,
J.
in
M.N.R.
v.
Shofar
Investment
Corp.,
[1979]
C.T.C.
433,
79
D.T.C.
5347,
at
page
435
(D.T.C.
5348)
citing
with
approval
the
judgment
of
Jackett,
C.J.
in
this
Court:
As
Chief
Justice
Jackett
points
out,
the
practice"
hardened
into
a
rule
of
law"
in
the
computation
of
the
profit
of
a
trading
business
is
to
deduct
from
the
aggregate
proceeds
of
all
sales
the
cost
of
sales
computed
by
adding
the
value
placed
on
inventory
at
the
beginning
of
the
year
to
the
cost
of
acquisitions
to
inventory
during
the
year,
/ess
the
value
of
inventory
at
the
end
of
the
year.
[Emphasis
added.]
The
Act,
in
subsections
(2)
and
(3)
of
section
14
[new
subsections
10(1)
and
9(3)]
contains
mandatory
provisions
as
to
inventory
valuation:
14.(2)
For
the
purpose
of
computing
income,
the
property
described
in
an
inventory
shall
be
valued
at
its
cost
to
the
taxpayer
or
its
fair
market
value,
whichever
is
lower,
or
in
such
other
manner
as
may
be
permitted
by
regulation.
(3)
Notwithstanding
subsection
(2),
for
the
purpose
of
computing
income
for
a
taxation
year
the
property
described
in
an
inventory
at
the
commencement
of
the
year
shall
be
valued
at
the
same
amount
as
the
amount
at
which
it
was
valued
at
the
end
of
the
immediately
preceding
year
for
the
purpose
of
computing
income
for
that
preceding
year.
The
value
of
inventory,
which
is
used
in
determining
profit,
is
determined
on
the
basis
of
cost
or
fair
market
value,
whichever
is
lower,
or
in
such
other
manner
as
may
be
permitted
by
regulation.
By
virtue
of
subsection
14(2),
therefore,
the
cost
of
an
inventory
item
is
a
factor
which
has
relevance
in
determining
inventory
value.
It
is
clear,
then,
that
the
property
to
be
designated
as
inventory
for
tax
purposes
in
a
year
in
which
it
is
not
sold,
it
must
be
property
that
would
be
included
in
the
computation
of
income
(i.e.,
profit)
for
tax
purposes.
That
is
what
the
definition
in
subsection
248(1)
says.
If
it
is
that
kind
of
property
its
value
must
be
calculated
in
accordance
with
subsection
10(1),
i.e.,
at
the
lower
of
its
cost
to
the
taxpayer
or
its
market
value
or
in
such
other
manner
as
may
be
permitted
by
regulation
of
which
there
is
none
applicable
in
this
situation.
Nor,
in
the
circumstances
prevailing
in
this
case,
can
there
by
any
"cost"
to
the
taxpayer
until
the
sale
of
the
consigned
goods
has
been
effected.
As
it
appears
from
this
decision
of
our
Court,
a
property
is
inventory
in
a
taxation
year
because
its
cost
or
value
is
relevant
in
the
computation
of
the
business
income
in
that
year.
This
is
so
in
the
year
in
which
the
property
is
sold.
A
property
can
be
designated
as
inventory
in
a
taxation
year
in
which
it
is
not
sold
if
that
property
is
included
in
the
computation
of
the
income
produced
by
that
business
in
that
year.
However,
there
has
to
be
a
computation
of
income,
i.e.,
profit
or
loss,
from
the
business.
In
cases
where
the
business
itself
consists
in
the
buying
and
reselling
of
a
parcel
of
land
as
in
the
present
case,
there
are
no
business
receipts
or
proceeds,
and
therefore
no
possible
determination
of
a
business
profit
or
loss
within
the
terms
of
subsection
9(1),
unless
and
until
the
land
bought
is
disposed
of.
The
valuation
of
inventory
property
according
to
subsection
10(1)
then
becomes
relevant
in
assessing
the
profit,
i.e.,
the
business
income,
for
that
year
because
it
determines
the
cost
of
the
sale.
When
there
is
more
than
one
sale
and
more
than
one
property
held
in
inventory,
the
cost
of
sales
is
“computed
by
adding
the
value
placed
on
inventory
at
the
beginning
of
the
year
to
the
cost
of
acquisitions
to
inventory
during
the
year,
less
the
value
of
inventory
at
the
end
of
the
year”
(see
M.N.R.
v.
Shofar
Investment
Corp.,
[1979]
C.T.C.
433,
79
D.T.C.
5347,
at
page
435
(D.T.C.
5348)
(S.C.C.)).
As
can
be
seen
from
these
provisions,
the
value
of
inventory
is
relevant
in
determining
the
profit
of
a
business,
and
the
cost
of
an
inventory
item,
as
the
Supreme
Court
of
Canada
ruled,
"can
affect
the
ascertainment
of
the
gross
profit
of
the
business,
but
it
is
not,
in
itself,
deductible
from
the
taxpayer's
income”
(page
436
(D.T.C.
5349-50)
per
Martland,
J.).
A
similar
conclusion
was
reached
by
our
Court
in
Oryx
Realty
Corp.
v.
M.N.R.,
[1974]
C.T.C.
430,
74
D.T.C.
6352,
at
page
434
(D.T.C.
6354)
(F.C.A.)
when
ascertaining
the
profit
resulting
from
the
business
income
of
a
private
company
dealing
in
real
estate.
The
Court
found
that
prior
to
the
sale,
the
cost
of
the
land
was
not
deductible
because
there
was
no
sale
price
to
deduct
it
from.
In
my
view,
the
learned
trial
judge
was
right
in
holding
that
the
cost
or
the
value
of
the
"Styles
property"
could
not
be
deducted
until
there
was
disposition
of
it
as
it
was
the
only
item
in
inventory
and
therefore
that
the
appellant's
losses
could
not
be
claimed
in
1983
and
1984.
This
was
consistent
with
the
"matching"
principle
which
requires
that
in
the
determination
of
income
revenues
be
matched
with
the
expenditures
made
to
earn
them.
Here
there
was,
firstly,
no
business
income
and
no
statement
of
such
income
in
1983
and
1984
to
be
matched
with
the
losses
claimed
by
the
appellant
and,
secondly,
these
losses
incurred
to
eventually
produce
a
business
income
in
an
adventure
in
the
nature
of
trade
could
not
be
matched
with,
and
deducted
from,
an
income
from
another
source
when
they
were
not
engaged
to
earn
that
income
from
that
other
source.
I
would
dismiss
the
appeal
with
costs.
Marceau,
J.A.:—
I,
too,
have
reached
the
conclusion
that
this
appeal
should
not
succeed.
I
have
some
difficulty,
however,
with
the
views
expressed
by
my
colleague
Létourneau
and
I
wish
to
submit
my
own
reasons.
These
do
not
need
to
be
elaborate
though
and
I
shall
be
brief.
My
colleague
responds
affirmatively
to
the
initial
question
of
whether
subsection
10(1)
of
the
Income
Tax
Act
applies
to
an
adventure
in
the
nature
of
trade;
the
question
for
him
is
only
when
it
is
to
be
applied.
The
reasoning
advanced
appears
to
be
straightforward.
Once
it
is
accepted
that
the
purchase
of
the
Styles
property
for
resale
was
an
adventure
in
the
nature
of
trade
(thereby
classifying
the
returns
as
income
from
a
business
rather
than
capital
gains),
the
activity
falls
within
the
definition
of
"business"
in
subsection
248(1)
of
the
Act,
and
since
subsection
10(1)
is
not
one
of
the
sections
for
which
assimilation
of
an
adventure
in
the
nature
of
trade
to
a
business
is
excluded,
the
provision
applies.
With
respect,
I
disagree.
To
me,
the
provision
does
not
apply
either
in
the
year
of
disposition,
when,
in
any
event,
it
would,
as
I
see
it,
be
too
late
and
of
no
use,
or
in
the
intervening
years
between
acquisition
and
disposition.
I
leave
aside
the
reasons
developed
by
counsel
for
the
respondent
based
on
the
proposition
that
an
application
of
the
section
would
go
against
the
basic
requirement
that
a
taxpayer
use,
in
computing
his
profit
or
loss,
the
method
that
leads
to
the
most
accurate
or
truest
picture
of
his
income.
I
more
simply
believe
that
the
very
wording
of
the
section
does
not
permit
application
in
the
circumstances
and
I
share
the
view
of
the
trial
judge
that,
were
it
not
so,
an
application
of
the
disposition
would
lead
to
an
absurdity.
As
to
the
wording,
I
note,
first,
that
section
10
can
only
be
relied
on
"for
the
purpose
of
computing
income
for
a
taxation
year
from
a
business”.
I
suggest
that
there
is
no
calculation
of
income
involved
when
absolutely
nothing,
no
transaction
that
could
lead
to
a
receipt
or
expense,
is
performed
throughout
the
year
with
respect
to
that
business.
The
mathematical
formula
with
zero
figures
suggested
by
counsel
is
simply
that:
a
mathematical
formula.
I
note,
second,
that
section
10
applies
to"
inventory"
which
is
defined
in
section
248
of
the
Act
as
"a
description
of
property
the
cost
or
value
of
which
is
relevant
in
computing
a
taxpayer's
income
from
a
business
for
a
taxation
year".
It
seems
to
me
that
the
definition
makes
no
sense
when
the
whole
business
is
itself
the
one
property.
As
to
the
absurdity
I
contemplate,
it
would
result
from
the
fact
that
nowhere
is
there
a
provision
in
the
Act
that
would
require
a
taxpayer,
who
has
claimed
a
loss
for
a
decrease
in
the
market
value
of
a
property
acquired
in
the
context
of
an
adventure
in
the
nature
of
trade,
to
pay
tax,
in
all
the
subsequent
years
until
he
disposes
of
the
property,
for
increases
in
that
market
value.
Only
section
9
of
the
Act
could
be
invoked
based
on
the
proposition
that,
once
a
taxpayer
has
chosen
to
report
on
his
"continuing
adventure",
he
is
bound
to
follow-up
each
subsequent
year
in
spite
of
the
obvious
practical
problems
involved.
It
appears
to
me
that
section
9
could
hardly
be
construed
as
having
implicitly
such
an
extraordinary
effect.
The
valuation
of
inventories
in
a
trading
business
flows
naturally
from
the
carrying
on
of
the
business;
the
same
can
obviously
not
be
said
for
an
adventure
in
the
nature
of
trade
involving
a
single
property.
In
other
words,
section
10,
in
the
case
of
a
trade,
necessarily
implies
writing
up
and
writing
down
inventory
values,
where
the
market
value
of
the
inventories
are
used
in
computing
the
cost
of
goods
sold
year
after
year,
but
not
so
in
the
case
of
a
so-called
adventure
in
the
nature
of
trade,
involving
a
sole
property.
As
my
brother
Létourneau,
J.,
therefore,
I
would
dismiss
the
appeal
with
costs.
Appeal
dismissed.