THURLOW,
J.:—This
is
an
appeal
by
the
Minister
of
National
Revenue
from
the
judgment
of
the
Income
Tax
Appeal
Board.
14
Tax
A.B.C.
160,
allowing
the
appeal
of
the
respondent
against
its
income
tax
assessment
for
the
year
1951.
The
respondent
company
had
an
operating
loss
in
the
year
1952
which
was
augmented
by
an
expenditure
of
$42,086.71
made
in
that
year
to
purchase
and
install
a
new
engine
in
one
of
its
tugboats.
It
treated
this
expenditure
as
an
operating
expense,
and
pursuant
to
Section
26(d)
of
the
Income
Tax
Act,
1948.
S.C.
1948,
¢.
52,
it
claimed
a
deduction
from
its
1951
ineome
in
respect
of
the
loss
incurred
by
it
on
its
operations
for
the
year
1952.
The
Minister,
in
assessing
the
appellant
for
the
year
1951,
disallowed
the
expenditure
as
a
charge
against
revenue
and
thereby
reduced
the
amount
of
the
1952
loss
in
respect
of
which
the
deduction
could
be
claimed
from
the
respondent’s
income
for
1951.
The
expenditure
was
disallowed
on
the
ground
that
it
was
capital.
The
respondent
thereupon
appealed
to
the
Income
Tax
Appeal
Board,
which
held
that
the
expenditure
was
a
current
expense
incurred
by
the
taxpayer
for
the
purpose
of
gaining
or
producing
income
from
its
business
and
that
the
engine
was
a
replacement
in
the
nature
of
a
repair
of
a
subsidiary
part
of
an
integral
whole,
i.e.,
the
tugboat,
and
was
not
an
outlay
of
capital.
From
this
Judgment,
an
appeal
to
this
Court,
as
above
mentioned,
was
taken
by
the
Minister.
The
grounds
of
appeal
taken
by
the
appellant
are
that
the
expenditure
in
question
was
not
an
outlay
or
expense
incurred
for
the
purpose
of
gaining
or
producing
income
within
the
meaning
of
Section
12(1)
(a)
of
the
Income
Tax
Act
and,
further,
that
it
was
an
outlay
on
account
of
capital
within
the
meaning
of
Section
12(1)(b)
of
the
Act.
The
respondent,
on
the
other
hand,
submits
that
the
expenditure
was
not
a
capital
expenditure
but
a
normal
recurring
repair
item
known
to
the
towing
industry
in
British
Columbia,
that
the
installation
of
the
engine
was
the
restoration
or
replacement
of
a
subsidiary
part
of
the
whole
rather
than
a
replacement
of
the
entirety,
that
the
installation
of
the
engine
involved
no
change
of
design
or
over-all
improvement
of
the
tug
and
brought
about
no
lasting
benefit
and
that,
accordingly,
the
expenditure
was
properly
charged
against
revenue.
The
respondent
company
operates
a
tugboat
service
on
the
Pacific
coast
of
Canada.
Its
tugs
operate
between
Vancouver
and
many
other
ports
and
cover
distances
up
to
and
exceeding
800
miles
in
a
single
voyage.
Trips
from
Vancouver
to
the
ports
and
return
take
from
five
to
fifteen
days,
depending
on
the
distances
to
be
covered.
The
voyages
take
the
tugs
and
the
barges
and
cargoes
which
they
are
towing
into
open
waters,
where
there
is
always
the
danger
of
storms.
A
tug,
the
two
barges
it
tows,
and
the
cargo
together
frequently
represent
a
value
in
excess
of
a
million
dollars.
Many
of
the
ports
served
have
no
rail
service,
and
it
is
necessary
to
operate
the
towing
service
on
a
schedule
in
order
to
maintain
satisfactory
continuity
in
supplying
and
serving
these
ports
and
their
industries.
Facilities
for
repairing
tugs
and
their
engines
are
available
at
Vancouver,
but
only
very
minor
repairs
can
be
effected
at
the
other
ports.
The
service
is
carried
on
throughout
the
year,
and
regardless
of
weather,
and
it
is
clear
that
the
success
of
the
operation
depends
to
a
very
great
extent
on
maintaining
the
tugs,
their
engines
and
equipment
in
an
efficient
and
dependable
state
of
repair.
In
1951
the
respondent
company
had
nine
tugs
engaged
in
the
service,
seven
of
which
it
owned
and
two
of
which
it
had
chartered.
One
of
the
tugs
owned
by
the
respondent
company
and
operated
by
it
in
1951
was
the
LaVerne.
This
was
a
wooden
motor
vessel
which
had
been
built
in
1944
as
a
mine
sweeper
and
had
been
purchased
by
the
respondent
company
in
1947
from
War
Assets
Corporation
for
$20,000.
When
purchased,
the
vessel
was
equipped
with
a
single
600
b.
h.
p.
Vivian
diesel
propulsion
engine
which
had
had
practically
no
use
up
‘to
that
time.
The
respondent
company
had
the
LaVer
né
refitted
to
suit
its
purposes
as
a
tug
at
an
additional
cost
of
approximately
$24,000.
In
1949
she
was
employed
in
the
respondent’s
towing
service
and
operated
satisfactorily,
using
the
same
engine
which
was
in
her
when
the
respondent
company
bought
her.
However,
in
1950
and
1951
more
and
more
repairs
to
this
engine
were
required
and,
as
a
result
of
frequent
breakdowns
of
the
engine
the
tug
was
tied
up
for
repairs
an
abnormal
amount
of
its
time.
In
1952
the
respondent
company
was
faced
with
the
necessity
of
carrying
out
a
complete
overhaul
and
rebuilding
of
this
engine,
which
would
have
cost
$20,000.
To
replace
the
engine
with
a
new
Vivian
engine
of
the
same
type
would
have
entailed
a
cost
estimated
at
$60,000.
An
opportunity
having
arisen
for
the
respondent
company
to
purchase
a
suitable
new
engine
at
a
greatly
reduced
price,
the
respondent
company
did
so
and
had
it
installed,
the
engine
costing
some
$26,500
and
the
freight
and
installation
of
it
costing
$15,586.71,
thus
making
up
the
$42,086.71
in
dispute
in
this
proceeding.
The
Vivian
engine
removed
from
the
tugboat
was
not
repaired
but
was
scrapped,
the
respondent
having
tried
without
success
to
sell
it.
The
new
engine
installed
in
the
LaVerne
was
a
1944
model
600
b.h.p.
Washington
diesel
engine,
heavier
in
weight
than
the
Vivian
engine
but
not
regarded
as
capable
of
producing
more
power
than
the
Vivian
engine.
When
it
had
been
installed,
the
tug
could
not
go
any
faster
than
before
and
thus
could
not
make
additional
voyages
by
reason
of
increased
speed.
She
could
haul
the
same
number
of
barges
as
before,
but
because
the
engine
did
not
break
down
so
often
and
the
vessel
did
not
spend
so
many
hours
undergoing
repairs
she
was
able
to
make
more
voyages
and
thus
earn
greater
revenue.
The
tugs
operated
by
the
respondent
company
have
no
definite
predictable
life
span,
but
some
are
service
after
thirty
years,
and
it
is
not
unreasonable
to
expect
of
the
new
one
that
it
will
have
a
useful
existence
of
twenty
years.
Engines,
on
the
other
hand,
have
a
shorter
useful
existence,
some
lasting
five
years,
some
eight,
some
ten.
It
will
be
observed
that
the
useful
life
of
the
Vivian
engine
was
apparently
three
years.
The
respondent
company
hoped
that
the
Washington
diesel
installed
in
its
place
might
last
for
more
than
ten
years,
but,
of
course,
there
is
no
means
of
knowing
whether
it
will
do
so
or
not.
In
any
case,
it
is
not
expected
to
last
as
long
as
the
tug.
With
a
fleet
of
tugs
in
operation,
the
matter
of
replacing
engines
is
obviously
one
that
must
be
faced
frequently,
though
at
irregular
intervals.
The
financial
statement
attached
to
the
respondent’s
income
tax
return
for
1951
shows
the
capital
cost
of
the
LaVerne
as
$44,052.17,
that
to
the
end
of
the
year
1951
total
capital
cost
allowance
in
respect
of
the
tug
amounted
to
$18,216.02,
and
that
the
undepreciated
capital
cost
at
December
31,
1951
was
$25,836.15.
The
evidence,
however,
shows
that
the
cost
of
replacing
the
LaVerne
would
be
in
the
vicinity
of
$225,000.
While
the
appellant
relies
on
both
subsections
(a)
and
(b)
of
Section
12
of
the
Income
Tax
Act,
the
real
problem,
as
I
apprehend
it,
is
to
determine
whether
or
not
the
expenditure
in
question
was
one
of
a
capital
nature,
as
mentioned
in
Section
12(1)
(b).
If
so,
the
expenditure
is
not
deductible.
In
my
opinion,
it
requires
no
detailed
analysis
to
classify
the
expenditure
in
question
as
one
made
in
accordance
with
the
ordinary
principles
of
commercial
trading
or
well
accepted
principles
of
business
practice,
as
that
consideration
is
explained
in
Royal
Trust
v.
M.
N.
R.,
[1957]
C.T.C.
32,
for
I
think
it
is
clear
beyond
doubt
that
the
expenditure
was
not
merely
reasonable
but
one
such
as
any
prudent
businessman
would
make
under
similar
circumstances,
in
carrying
on
a
business
of
the
kind
carried
on
by
the
respondent.
I
am
also
of
the
opinion
that
the
expenditure
meets
and
passes
the
test
of
Section
12(1)
(a)
as
one
made
or
incurred
for
the
purpose
of
gaining
or
producing
income
from
property
or
a
business
of
the
taxpayer,
at
the
very
least
in
the
sense
that
it
enabled
the
taxpayer
to
use
the
tug
for
more
working
hours
each
year.
The
problem
thus
narrows
down
to
a
consideration.
of
whether
or
not
the
expenditure
is
excluded
by
Section
12(1)
(b)
as
an
admissible
deduction.
That
subsection
is
as
follows:
"‘12.(1)
In
computing
income,
no.
deduction
shall
be
made
in
respect
of
(b)
an
outlay,
loss
or
replacement
of
capital,
a
payment
on
account
of
capital
or
an
allowance
in
respect
of
depreciation,
obsolescence
or
depletion
except
as
expressly
permitted
by
this
Part,’’
The
line
between
what
are
capital
expenditures
in
general
and
what
are
revenue
expenditures
is
not
easy
to
define,
and
it
is
no
less
difficult
to
lay
down
any
hard
or
fast
rule
to
determine
when
expenditures
similar
to
the
one
in
question
on
capital
assets
will
and
when
they
will
not
be
considered
to
be
capital
expenditures
within
the
meaning
of
the
subsection
above
quoted.
Nor
is
the
problem
simplified
by
the
consideration
that
good
business
practice
would
probably
sanction
the
charging
of
the
expenditure
in
question
to
either
capital
or
revenue,
depending
pretty
much
on
how
cautious
the
attitude
of
the
particular
businessman
or
accountant
in
computing
profits
may
be.
Moreover,
in
seeking
to
solve
the
problem
by
reference
to
cases
decided
in
other
countries
it
must
be
borne
in
mind
that
there
are
very
material
differences
in
the
taxing
statutes
from
one
country
to
another,
which
often
accounts
for
the
difference
in
the
results
of
cases
having
many
factual
features
in
common.
For
example,
in
Rhodesia
Railways
Ltd.
v.
Collector
of
Income
Tax,
Bechuana-
land,
[1933]
A.C.
368,
the
provisions
of
the
income
tax
proclamation
there
considered
were
quite
different
from
those
of
the
Income
Tax
Act.
While
prohibiting
the
deduction
of
losses
or
outgoings
of
a
capital
nature,
the
proclamation
expressly
authorized
the
deduction
of
expenditures
for
repairs
to
property
occupied
for
the
purpose
of
trade—in
that
case,
a
railway.
It
also
expressly
prohibited
any
allowance
for
depreciation
on
structures
or
works
of
a
permanent
nature.
It
did,
however,
make
provision
for
an
allowance
for
wear
and
tear
on
machinery
but
directed
the
Collector,
in
making
the
allowance,
to
take
into
account
the
amount
allowed
for
repairs.
The
appellant
sought
to
charge
to
revenue
the
cost
of
renewing
rails
and
sleepers
on
about
one-fifth
of
its
line,
but
only
insofar
as
the
cost
of
such
renewal
was
necessary
to
restore
the
line
to
its
original
condition.
Lord
Macmillan,
in
delivering
the
judgment
of
the
Privy
Council,
after
holding
that
such
expenditure
was
not
capital
but
was
chargeable
to
revenue
as
a
cost
of
repairs
within
the
meaning
of
the
proclamation,
said
at
p.
375:
"‘The
appellants
received
no
allowance
for
depreciation
of
their
rails
and
sleepers
under
para.
(c)
and
the
Court
below,
following
a
decision
of
the
Appellate
Division
of
the
Supreme
Court
of
the
Union
under
a
similar
statute,
held
that
they
were
not
entitled
to
any
such
allowance,
on
the
ground
that
a
railway
line
was
a
work
of
a
permanent
nature.
Oddly
enough,
the
inference
was
drawn
from
this
that
what
the
appellants
could
not
get
by
way
of
depreciation
they
cannot
have
been
intended
to
get
by
way
of
repairs.
The
inference,
their
Lordships
would
have
thought,
was
rather
the
other
way—namely,
that
having
been
allowed
a
deduction
in
name
of
repairs
the
appellants
were
not
intended
to
get
a
deduction
in
name
of
depreciation
in
respect
of
the
same
permanent
structure.”
And
in
Samuel
Jones
and
Co.
(Devonvale)
Lid.
v.
G.I.R.,
32
T.C.
518,
where
the
cost
of
replacing
a
chimney
which
was
an
integral
part
of
a
factory
was
allowed
as
a
proper
charge
against
revenue,
it
is
to
be
noted
that
the
expenditure
for
the
chimney
was
one
to
restore
property
on
which
there
was
no
allowance
for
depreciation.
The
Income
Tax
Act,
on
the
other
hand,
has
provision
for
deduction
from
income
of
such
part
of
the
capital
cost
of
property
as
may
be
allowed
by
regulation
and
mentions
such
allowance
in
the
same
subsection,
that
is
12(1)(b),
by
which
the
deduction
of
capital
expenditures
from
revenue
is
prohibited.
Moreover,
Section
12(1)
(b)
is
precise
and
comprehensive
in
its
prohibition
in
that
its
prohibits
the
deduction
of
any
outlay,
loss,
or
replacement
of
capital,
any
payment
on
account
of
capital,
or
any
allowance
in
respect
of
depreciation,
obsolescence,
or
depletion
except
as
expressly
permitted
by
the
Act.
I
think
it
makes
no
difference
whether
the
expenditure
here
in
question
is
called
an
outlay
or
a
replacement.
If
it
is
capital
in
its
nature,
it
seems
to
me
to
be
equally
well
described
as
an
outlay
or
a
replacement,
depending
on
the
time
in
relation
to
which
it
is
viewed.
Contemplating
the
tug
as
it
was
in
1947,
the
provision
and
installation
of
a
new
engine
in
1952
is
readily
classified
as
a
replacement.
Considering
the
expenditure
in
relation
to
the
tug
as
it
was
immediately
before
the
work
was
done,
it
seems
to
me
that
the
word
"‘outlay’’
is
apt
to
describe
it.
Now
then
is
the
question
whether
or
not
this
expenditure
was
of
a
capital
nature
to
be
resolved?
While
there
is
no
single
determining
test,
a
number
of
tests
have,
from
time
to
time,
been
expressed,
their
usefulness
in
any
particular
case
depending
more
or
less
on
the
particular
circumstances.
In
Vallambrosa
Rubber
Co.
Ltd.
v.
Farmer
(1910),
5
T.C.
529,
the
Lord
President
at
p.
936
stated
a
test
as
follows:
"‘Now
I
don’t
say
that
this
consideration
is
absolutely
final
or
determinative,
but
in
a
rough
way
I
think
it
is
not
a
bad
criterion
of
what
is
capital
expenditure
as
against
what
is
income
expenditure
to
say
that
capital
expenditure
is
a
thing
that
is
going
to
be
spent
once
and
for
all
and
income
expenditure
is
a
thing
that
is
going
to
recur
every
year.”
The
annual
or
continuous
or
recurring
nature
of
the
expense
is
thus
one
indication
of
an
income,
as
opposed
to
a
capital,
expenditure.
The
test
above
mentioned
was
commented
on
by
Rowlatt,
J.,
in
Ounsworth
v.
Vickers
Ltd.,
[1915]
3
K.B.
267,
at
p.
273
as
follows:
66
take
it,
and
indeed
both
sides
agree,
that
no
stress
is
there
laid
upon
the
words
‘every
year’:
the
real
test
is
between
expenditure
which
is
made
to
meet
a
continuous
demand,
as
opposed
to
an
expenditure
which
is
made
once
for
all.
Mr.
Foote
was,
I
think,
right
in
saying
that,
assuming
that
dredging
the
channel
is
income
expenditure
if
the
respondents
dredged
year
by
year,
it
is
none
the
less
income
expenditure
because
the
dredging
was
not
done
for
a
year
or
two
because
it
was
not
worthwhile
to
do
so
and
was
only
done
when
it
was
seriously
required
to
get
rid
of
the
mischief
which
had
been
growing
all
the
time
and
which,
theoretically,
ought
to
have
been
kept
down
coincidently
with
its
growth.
Mr.
Foote
contended
that,
so
far
as
the
dredging
of
the
channel
was
concerned,
what
was
actually
done
was
on
the
same
footing
as
dredging
actually
done
in
the
year,
that
is,
that
the
respondents
did
in
a
single
year
dredging
which
they
ought
to
have
spread
over
a
series
of
years,
and
therefore
that
the
expenditure
was
income
expenditure
which
as
a
matter
of
fact
has
been
defrayed
in
one
year
although
it
ought
to
have
been
spread
over
several
years.
As
regards
the
construction
of
the
deep
water
berth,
Mr.
Foote
contended
that
the
expenditure
was
incurred
in
order
to
get
out
the
particular
ship,
the
Princess
Royal.
He
argued
that
expenditure
might
be
income
expenditure
although
the
work
on
which
it
was
incurred
endured
beyond
the
year.
I
do
not
differ
from
that
altogether,
but
it
seems
to
me
that
the
question
must
always
be
one
of
fact
whether
particular
expenditure
can
be
put
against
particular
work,
or
whether
it
is
to
be
regarded
as
enduring
expenditure
and
serving
the
business
as
a
whole.’’
In
applying
the
test
so
expressed
to
the
facts
before
him,
Rowlatt,
J.,
said
at
p.
276:
“.
.
.
After
lengthy
negotiations
they,
as
I
understand
it,
did
this:
they
did
not
simply
put
right
the
default
of
the
harbour
authority;
they
entered
into
an
agreement
by
which
a
new
thing
was
done.
They
did
not
dredge
only
to
enable
their
ships
to
get
out
merely
by
virtue
of
the
dredging;
they
adopted
a
different
plan,
namely,
by
constructing
a
deep
water
berth
in
which
their
ships
could
lie
between
the
two
tides,
and
therefore
it
seems
to
me
that
being
placed
in
a
difficulty
they
said
to
themselves
‘While
we
cannot
get
rid
of
this
diffi-
culty
we
shall
create
a
new
state
of
things
to
get
round
it.’
The
position
is
just
the
same
as
if
they
had
found
that
there
was
some
new
way
by
which
they
could
get
to
the
sea
by
digging
a
new
channel
at
an
insignificant
expense.
I
think
the
true
view
of
the
facts
in
this
case
is
that
the
whole
of
this
expenditure
by
the
respondents
was
incurred
in
making
what
was
in
fact
a
new
means
of
access
from
their
works
to
the
sea,
and
that
it
was
therefore
not
income
expenditure
but
capital
expenditure,
and
cannot
therefore
be
deducted.”
The
creation
of
a
new
means
of
access
to
replace
the
old
one
was
thus
a
capital
item,
even
though
the
new
means
may
not
have
been
as
advantageous
as
restoration
of
the
old
would
have
been.
It
was
a
new
means
of
access,
it
was
enduring
expenditure
for
the
benefit
of
the
business
as
a
whole
rather
than
to
enable
the
company
to
get
one
particular
ship
through
the
channel,
and
accordingly
it
was
classified
as
a
capital
item.
This
case
indicates
that
the
method
adopted
to
provide
for
something
which
might
otherwise
be
a
matter
chargeable
to
revenue
may
stamp
the
expenditure
as
a
capital
one.
In
British
Insulated
and
Helsby
Cables
v.
Atherton,
[1926]
A.C.
205,
a
test
which
has
been
quoted
and
applied
many
times
since
was
propounded
by
Lord
Cave,
L.C.,
at
p.
213
as
follows:
"But
when
an
expenditure
is
made
not
only
once
and
for
all
but
with
a
view
to
bringing
into
existence
an
asset
or
advantage
for
the
enduring
benefit
of
a
trade,
I
think
that
there
is
a
very
good
reason
in
the
absence
of
special
circumstances
leading
to
an
opposite
conclusion
for
treating
such
an
expenditure
as
attributable
not
to
revenue
but
to
capital.’’
In
this
test,
the
elements
indicating
that
the
expenditure
is
capital
are,
first,
that
it
is
made
once
and
for
all
and,
secondly,
that
it
is
made
with
a
view
to
bringing
into
existence
an
asset
or
an
advantage
for
the
enduring
benefit
of
the
trade.
Yet
another
test
is
propounded
by
Lord
Sands
in
C.I.R.
v.
The
Granite
City
Steamship
Co.
Ltd.
(1927),
13
T.C.
1,
where
he
says
at
p.
14:
"‘Under
the
Income
Tax
legislation
no
allowance
is
permissible,
in
estimating
annual
profits,
by
way
of
deduction
from
annual
income
of
capital
outlay
during
the
year
of
charge.
As
I
had
occasion
to
point
out
in
the
Law
Shipping
Co.,
Ltd.
v.
Inland
Revenue
(12
T.C.
621),
1924
S.C.
74,
this
is
an
arbitrary
and
artificial
rule
when
the
subject
is
a
wasting
one
that
exhausts
the
capital,
so
that,
if
the
business
is
to
continue,
there
will
have
to
be
a
renewal
of
capital
outlay
in
a
few
years.
In
such
a
case
a
portion
of
the
capital
outlay
is
consumed
in
each
year
in
earning
the
annual
income.
But
the
Income
Tax
Acts
take
no
account
of
this
consideration.
Broadly
speaking,
outlay
is
deemed
to
be
capital
when
it
is
made
for
the
initiation
of
a
business,
for
extension
of
a
business,
or
for
a
substantial
replacement
of
equipment.’’
It
was
conceded
at
the
argument
that
the
cost
of
repairs
to
capital
equipment
is
ordinarily
a
deductible
item
provided
they
have
become
necessary
through
the
income-earning
operations
of
the
taxpayer.
And
it
was
not
disputed
that
in
general
such
repairs
would
ordinarily
entail
the
replacement
of
parts
that
have
become
worn
out.
On
the
other
hand,
one
of
the
arguments
advanced
by
the
appellant
in
the
case
was
that
the
life
of
the
tug
was
limited
by
the
life
of
its
engine
and
that
consequently
when
the
engine
was
worn
out
the
tug
ceased
to
exist
as
a
tug.
Thus
in
essence
the
tug
was
substantially
being
replaced
when
a
new
engine
was
installed.
The
same
argument
could
be
applied
in
the
case
of
the
wearing
out
of
any
minor,
though
vital,
part,
such
as
a
drive
shaft,
a
propellor,
or
a
rudder,
and
would
lead
to
the
conclusion
that
replacement
of
such
minor
parts
would
be
capital
expenditure.
This
would
leave
small
scope
for
repairs
as
a
revenue
item.
The
argument
for
the
respondent,
on
the
other
hand,
stressed
the
view
that
the
capital
unit
is
the
tug
and
that
all
repairs
including
replacements
necessary
to
restore
the
tug
to
its
initial
condition
are
revenue
items
so
long
as
the
parts
replaced
are
subsidiary
parts
of
the
tug
and
not
in
substance
a
replacement
of
the
tug
itself.
No
doubt
the
meaning
of
the
expression
"repairs”
is
broad
enough
to
encompass
all
items
necessary
to
restore
the
property
to
its
original
condition,
but
unlike
the
proclamation
applied
in
Rhodesia
Railways
Ltd.
v.
Collector
of
Income
Tax,
Bechuanaland
(supra)
the
Income
Tax
Act
nowhere
mentions
or
declares
all
repairs
to
be
deductible,
and
I
do
not
think,
especially
in
view
of
the
provisions
in
the
statute
for
capital
cost
allowances,
that
the
costs
of
all
items
that
can
be
classed
as
repairs
are
ipso
facto
revenue
items.
In
my
opinion,
the
provisions
of
the
Income
Tax
Act
are
converse
to
those
interpreted
in
Rhodesia
Railways
Ltd.
v.
Collector
of
Income
Tax,
Bechuanaland
with
respect
to
structures
or
works
of
a
permanent
nature.
One
might
usefully
paraphrase
the
last
clause
of
the
passage
above
quoted
to
apply
it
to
this
case
as
follows:
‘‘.
.
.
that,
having
been
allowed
a
deduction
for
wear
and
tear
in
the
name
of
capital
cost
allowance,
the
respondent
is
not
entitled
to
a
deduction
in
the
name
of
repairs
to
restore
the
same
property
to
its
original
condition.’’
This
view
does
not
eliminate
as
a
revenue
item
the
ordinary
run
of
repairs
necessary
to
keep
the
tug
in
operation
but,
in
my
opinion,
it
does
introduce
the
necessity
to
judge
each
expenditure
for
repairs
by
the
tests
above-mentioned
in
the
light
of
the
particular
facts
to
determine
whether
or
not
such
repair
item
is
of
a
capital
nature.
In
the
case
at
bar,
the
Vivian
engine
might
have
been
restored
to
its
original
condition
at
a
cost
of
$20,000.
And
on
the
evidence
this
would
probably
have
been
the
course
followed
if
the
opportunity
to
purchase
the
new
engine
at
a
low
price
had
not
presented
itself.
Had
this
course
been
followed,
presumably
the
prospect
would
have
been
that
the
engine
would
become
unsatisfactory
again
in
approximately
the
same
length
of
service
and
.
again
require
abnormally
heavy
repairs
and
become
undependable.
I
do
not
think
it
is
necessary
to
resolve
whether
or
not
such
expenditure,
had
it
been
made,
could
have
been
wholly
charged
to
revenue.
To
overcome
the
drawbacks
with
the
Vivian
engine,
whatever
they
were,
when
the
opportunity
to
do
so
arose,
the
respondent
undertook
another,
and
undoubtedly
a
very
reasonable
course,
namely
the
replacement
of
the
engine
with
a
new
one.
It
was,
nevertheless,
a
different
course,
one
that
resulted
in
an
expenditure
more
than
twice
as
great
as
that
of
restoring
the
Vivian
engine,
and
one
that,
in
my
opinion,
was
undertaken
once
and
for
all
in
the
expectation
that
the
new
engine
would
be
more
reliable
than
the
rehabilitated
Vivian
would
be
and
would
operate
more
constantly,
and
with
fewer
repairs
and
over
a
greater
number
of
years
than
could
be
expected
from
the
Vivian
even
if
it
were
rehabilitated.
This
expenditure
was
not
an
annual
one,
nor
was
it
one
made
solely
to
cover
the
accumulation
of
wear
and
tear
incurred
in
a
number
of
past
years.
Presumably,
that
much
could
have
been
accomplished
by
the
complete
overhaul
of
the
Vivian
engine
estimated
to
cost
$20,000.
Presumably
too,
the
respondent
expected
something
additional
for
the
expenditure
of
twice
that
amount.
I
think
it
may
safely
be
said
that
the
expenditure
was
to
cover
the
accumulations
of
past
wear
and
tear
and
to
prevent
the
necessity
for
so
many
repairs
and
so
much
loss
of
time
in
the
future.
While
the
expense
of
replacing
engines
is
a
recurring
one
in
the
sense
that
it
recurs
in
respect
of
each
tug
once
in
five,
eight
or
ten
years,
I
do
not
think
the
expenditure
can
be
classed
as
one
made
to
meet
a
continuous
demand.
There
may
be
more
or
less
continuous
demand
for
repairs
to
the
tug
and
to
the
engine
in
it,
but
there
is
no
continuous
demand
for
replacement
of
the
engine
any
more
than
there
is
continuous
demand
for
replacement
of
the
hull
as
a
whole.
Moreover,
in
my
opinion,
the
respondent’s
trade
has
gained
an
advantage
by
the
expenditure,
in
that
the
expenditure
has
provided
an
engine
which
makes
the
tug
more
reliable,
keeps
it
more
constantly
in
service,
and
enables
it
to
earn
greater
revenue
and
at
the
same
time
avoids
the
abnormal
repairs
formerly
required.
And
such
advantage
is
of
an
enduring
nature
in
that
the
anticipated
life
of
the
new
engine
is
ten
years.
No
doubt
there
will
be
wear
and
tear
each
year
beyond
what
is
restored
by
repairs
in
the
year
and
the
advantage
will
ultimately
be
exhausted,
but
in
my
opinion
that
does
not
affect
the
nature
of
such
advantage
as
capital.
If
any
deduction
from
income
is
to
be
allowed
in
respect
of
such
exhaustion,
in
my
view,
it
must
be
by
way
of
an
allowance
of
the
kind
permitted
under
the
exception
to
Section
12(1)
(b).
In
arriving
at
my
conclusion,
I
attribute
little,
if
any,
importance
to
the
fact
that
the
exnenditure
to
replace
the
engine
exceeds
the
undepreciated
capital
cost
of
the
tug
and
is
almost
equal
to
the
whole
original
capital
cost
of
the
tug
to
the
respondent.
The
price
at
which
the
respondent
bought
the
LaVerne
was,
no
doubt,
affected
by
many
factors
other
than
the
cost
of
replacement,
and
I
do
not
regard
the
price
paid
as
any
indication
of
the
replacement
value
of
the
ship
at
that
time.
But
I
am
somewhat
influenced
by
the
size
of
the
expenditure
in
question
in
relation
to
what
were
described
as
abnormally
high
repairs
to
the
tug
in
the
years
1949,
1950,
and
1951,
amounting
to
$15,833,
$12,849,
and
$10,899.59
respectively.
These
amounts
were
for
repairs
to
the
tug
as
a
whole,
not
to
its
engine
alone.
In
the
light
of
this
evidence
and
the
evidence
that
a
normal
year’s
repairs
should
run
to
somewhat
less
than
$10,000,
I
think
it
is
apparent
that
the
expenditure
of
a
sum
of
$42,068.71
to
replace
a
single
part
of
the
tug
is
one
to
replace
a
substantial
portion
of
the
capital
asset
rather
than
to
renew
some
minor
item
in
the
course
of
carrying
out
the
ordinary
run
of
repairs.
I
find
that
the
outlay
in
question
was
an
outlay
or
replacement
of
capital
within
the
meaning
of
Section
12(1)
(b)
of
the
Income
Tax
Act
and,
accordingly,
was
not
deductible
from
income.
The
appeal
will,
therefore,
be
allowed
and
the
assessment
restored.
The
appellant
is
entitled
to
his
costs.
Judgment
accordingly.